일몰 후 적색 및 원적색 광처리가 토마토 묘 소질에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위해 24일간의 광처리 기간동안 12일 간격으로 묘의 초장, 제1절간장, 줄기직경을 측정하였고, 실험 마지막 날에는 묘의 뿌리와 줄기를 분리 건조하여 각 건물중을 측정하였다. 적색광 처리는 식물의 초장을 억제시키는 것으로 나타났고, 원적색광 식물의 초장신장을 촉진하는 결과를 보였다. 적색 및 원적색광 처리가 식물의 초장에 미치는 효과는 광처리 시간이 10분 또는 20분이든 큰 차이가 없었다. 또한, 적색광 처리된 식물의 줄기직경이 대조구 및 원적색광 처리된 식물의 줄기 직경보다 큰 것으로 나타났다. 적색광 처리는 원적색광 처리 및 대조구에 비해 줄기·뿌리의 건물중비가 작았다. 토마토 묘의 충실도에 미치는 광처리 효과는 적색광 처리가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났고, 원적색광 처리된 묘의 충실도가 가장 낮았으며 광처리 없는 대조구는 그 중간정도의 충실도를 나타내었다.

Following the recent policy, enlargement of foodservice and contracted management systems of high school foodservices have been accelerated, and the scales of foodservices have been gradually increased. A sudden growth of domestic foodservice companies have remarkably disparated. Yet compared to that of the foodservice control in advanced countries, domestic foodservice control has a lot more to learn. Due to the characteristics of foodservice establishment serving many people at a time, there is always a high potential of food borne outbreak. The purpose of this study was to evaluate hazard factors in the steps of production, holding and assembly and service of fried curry hair-tail, cold seaweed and cucumber, fried pork cutlet, that were served by contracted management in high school foodservice centre, then to suggest method of control with the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point(HACCP) program. Also we suggested the possibility that the contracted management of foodservice system can be established and utilized to identify the variation of holding temperature among foods up to 6 hours after cooking. The results are as follows; The hazard factors in food product had come from the temperature, time, pH, Aw, equipment and utensils. The critical control point(CCP) of each food product; curry hair-tail, cold seaweed and cucumber and pork cutlet was cooked and held before serving, prepared and held before serving, cooked and held before serving, and prepared, cooked and held before serving, respectively.

표고버섯은 담자균류 송이과에 속하는 식용 버섯으로, 영양 성분 및 약리적 효능이 높기 때문에 동양인에게 중요한 버섯이며, 점차로 생산량과 소비량이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는, 고품질 표고버섯 생산시기의 기상자료를 분석하여 표고버섯의 품질에 영향을 주는 생육 환경요인을 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 1997~1998년 국내 고품질 표고버섯이 생산되는 지역중 3지역(부여, 원주, 장흥)을 선정하였다. 표고버섯의 다량 발생시기 20일 기준으로 기상분석시기 15일을 선정하였다. 환경요인으로는 발생시기의 일 온도차, 일습도차, 일평균온도, 일 평균습도 및 풍속을 분석하였다. 발생기간중의 일 평균온도는 버섯 발생 온도 하한치인 7℃ 이하에서 적정온도 20℃까지의 변화를 보였고, 일 온도차는 주간에는 7~20℃, 야간에 0~-2℃의 범위를 나타냈다. 일평균습도 50~70%으로 강우에 따라서 변화 폭이 컸으며, 일습도차는 40~60%의 차를 나타냈다. 풍속은 1~4m.s-1이었다 .따라서 화고, 동고의 생육환경은 일반적인 표고버섯의 적정 생육 조건과는 큰 차이를 보였다. 생육기간동안의 일 온도차, 일습도차, 저 습도, 풍속 등의 환경 조건은 고품질 표고버섯 발생의 요인의 하나라고 추정된다. 이 연구결과는 버섯의 시설재배시 고품질 표고버섯 생산을 위한 환경조절기술로 적용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

마늘의 주아(珠芽)재배를 통한 우양종구(優良種球) 생산과 생산비 절감 방안을 구명하기 위하여 1996년 가을부터 1998년 여름까지 경상북도(慶尙北道) 의성군(義城郡) 안계면(安溪面)에 위치한 안계종합고등학교(安溪綜合高等學校) 실습포장에 '의성(義城)'종(種)을 사용하여 주아(珠芽)의 채취시기, 주아(珠芽)의 재배방법과 주아(珠芽)재배에서 생산된 통마늘의 생육 및 수량성을 비교분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 화경출현 15일 이후의 주아(珠芽)는 종구(種球)생산용으로 이용가능하나 채취적기는 마늘 수확직전이었다. 주아(珠芽)재배시 비닐피복 효과는 백색 PE 멀칭이 흑색비닐에서보다 현저히 좋았고, 백색비닐의 피복 및 제거 시기별로는 비닐피복은 파종직후 보다 파종 30일후, 비닐제거는 수확직전보다 4월 하순에 실시하는 것이 수확개체수가 많아 효과적이었다. 시비방법에서 석회(l50kg)와 퇴비(3,000kg)만을 시용한 구가 금파(金肥)의 관행시비구와 질소 및 가리 50% 증시구(增施區)에서보다 출현 및 생육이 양호하였고 수량성이 높게 나타났다. 파종 방법은 주아(珠芽)의 조파(早播)보다 총포파종(總苞播種)이나 모아심기에서 출현율이 높았고, 수확개체수가 많았을뿐 아니라 노동력이 56~61% 절감되었다. 주아(珠芽)재배에서 생산된 통마늘과 인편(鱗片)의 크기별 생육 및 수량성 비교에서 통마늘이 일반 인편(鱗片)마늘보다 생육이 양호하였고, 바이러스 감염율도 현저히 낮았으며, 수량은 95% 증수되었다. 통마늘의 구(球)가 클수록 생육이 좋았고, 수량성이 높은 경향이었다. 통마늘의 재식거리는 에서 보다 에서 수량이 증수되었다. 주아(珠芽)재배 l년차에서 분화된 인편(鱗片)마늘의 수량도 일반 인편(鱗片)마늘(1,071 kg/l0a)에서 보다 46% 증수되었다.

Forage quality evaluation with several grasses grown at a high altitude pasture situated at 1,000m above sea level was made to determine what is the feed value of these grasses and whether these grasses have any differences in forage quality compared with

In this study, a field study was conducted to investigate the relationship between high-resolution remote images and the volumetric moisture, and the number of compaction. Changes in the shape of the surface and soil moisture content were observed and correlated with the number of compactions using roller equipment. As the compaction is repeated, the surface is flattened and the terrain curvature decreases and converges to zero. In particular, the tangential curvature changes as the number of compactions increase. Due to soil compaction, the vegetation index changed from a positive to a negative value, and most of the test site area was homogenized with a negative index. This suggests a decrease in porosity and an increase in volumetric water content associated with increasing soil compaction. Soil moisture, measured using a frequency domain reflectometry(FDR) sensor, tends to increase proportionately with the number of vibration compactions, but the correlation between the number of compactions and soil moisture is unclear. This study suggests that while it is necessary to consider the reproducibility of the experiments performed, the compaction quality of the soil can be evaluated using high-resolution terrain factors and soil moisture.

Since the reform and opening up, China has maintained rapid economic growth for nearly 40 years, and is the country with the fastest economic growth in the world. However, the rapid economic growth has also paid a huge social price, which is directly related to the unreasonable economic structure and extensive growth mode. Traditional engines of economic growth began to fade. This paper through the analysis to the theory of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign economists study on economic growth: economic growth is an extremely complex process, many factors influence the economic growth, correctly grasp the role of these factors in economic growth, to grasp the law of economic growth, the correct understanding of modern economic growth is very important. Sustained economic growth in China, on the basis of dynamic analysis, combined with the current economic situation at home and abroad, as you can see, in the high-speed economic growth since reform, various factors have been attenuation or mutation, the major developed countries and regions for the adjustment of the external imbalance in pressure, the depth of the global economic growth and recovery of the factors of uncertainty, It is difficult to maintain and improve the driving force and source of China’s economic growth in the future. The current industrialization process has reached a historical and international high level and is nearing the end. The growth rate of industrial investment will slow down significantly in the future. The demographic dividend is gradually depleting, and the savings rate will gradually decrease in the future. The era of rapid economic growth brought by demographic dividend and high savings rate in a long period of time will change. Therefore, based on the perspective of supply side demand and the development of new industries, the paper analyzes the driving force of traditional economic growth in China in the past, and holds that the driving force of consumption upgrading and digital economy are the important driving force of economic growth, and strives to improve the consumption structure of residents, increase the consumption rate and vigorously develop digital economy. Shifting China’s economic growth from relying on external demand to relying on domestic demand will provide strong support for high-quality development.

본 연구는 벼 품종에 따른 미음 가공특성을 구명하기 위하여 국립식량과학원에서 육성한 9개 벼 품종의 호화점도 특성과 미음의 색도, pH, 점도 및 퍼짐성을 측정하고, 초미세구조를 관찰하였다. 신속점도계를 이용한 호화 점도(페이스팅) 분석에서, 치반점도는 한아름4호, 화선찰이 각각 -45.84 및 -27.50 RVU, 최종점도는 화선찰, 한아름4호가 각각 109.00, 213.42 RVU로 미음죽의 노화가 다른 품종들에 비해 느릴 것으로 판단된다. 쌀 낟알과 미음의 미세구조를 주사현미경(SEM)으로 관찰하였는데, 쌀알은 다각형의 전분립으로 구성된 구 형태의 전분체와 이러한 전분체로 구성된 전분세포로 구성되어 있었다. 도담쌀은 구 모양의 전분체가 관찰되었고 다른 품종들에 비해 빈 공간이 더 많았으며, 한아름4호는 일반 멥쌀의 형태와 같은 다각형의 전분립을 확인하였고, 화선찰벼는 전분체를 구성하는 전분립들의 부서짐이 많은 것을 관찰하였다. 그리고 이 품종들로 만든 미음죽 호화양상은 품종별로 달랐는데 이는 주로 아밀로오스 함량 차이에 기인하는 것으로 판단되나, 같은 고아밀로오스 품종이라 하더라도 도담쌀에 비해 고아미4호는 잘 풀어지고 호화가 잘 되는 것으로 나타나는 바(data not shown), 이에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다 하겠다. 품종별 미음 제조 후, 관능검사에서 통일형(초다수성) 벼품종과 자포니카 벼 품종들의 차이가 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않아 초다수성 벼 품종으로 자포니카 벼 품종을 대체할 수 있을 것으로 판단하였다(data not shown). 또한 아밀로오스 함량 차이에 따른 벼 품종들 간의 점도 차이가 확연하게 나타났는데 아밀로오스가 없는 찰벼 품종은 미음죽의 점도를 낮추고, 고아밀로오스 품종들은 미음죽의 점도를 높였다. 통일형(초다수성 벼)을 포함한 일반메벼 품종들의 점도는 찹쌀과 고아밀로오스 품종들로 만든 미음의 중간정도를 보였으며 품종간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 요컨대, 통일형 품종은 일반쌀 품종에 비해 밥용으로 식미가 나쁜 것으로 알려져 있으나, 미음에 대한 가공적성 평가 결과, 통일형쌀 품종과 일반쌀 품종 간에 품질 차이가 없었다. 쌀미음의 점도와 퍼짐성은 쌀미음의 품질을 결정하는 중요한 요소이며 9개 품종(통일형 4개 품종, 일반형 5개)의 쌀미음 가공적성을 평가한 결과, 고아밀로오스(31.8%-42.8%) 쌀 품종들은 점도가 높아(낮은 퍼짐성) 걸쭉하였고, 저아밀로오스(5.0%)인 찹쌀 품종은 낮은 점도(높은 퍼짐성)로 유동적이었다. 중간정도의 특성을 가진 멥쌀(18.2%-19.9%) 품종들이 쌀미음에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 멥쌀 품종들 중에서 생태형(통일형/일반형)에 따른 쌀미음의 점도와 퍼짐성에서 차이가 없었다.

Background : The cultivation area of Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz is 156 ㏊ ('16), which is one of my representative medicinal crops. However, since it grows by roots, the damage of the repeated cultivation and the degeneration of the seedstock are increasing. To solve these problems, we are developing new varieties every year by testing the regional adaptability of high quality system. In recent years, as the quality and quantity of new varieties have been proven to increase, the need for continuous development of excellent varieties is increasing. Methods and Results : The test material used a jihwang-1 as standard variety, the system was planted in 3-year (RGES 20), 2-year (RGES 21, 22, 23) and 3-year (RGES 24, 25). The root lengths were cut at intervals of about 2 to 3 ㎝ and immersed for 20 minutes in a fludioxonil suspension concentrate (1,000-fold dilution) and shaded for 1 day. Sowing was planted on April 30th, and planting interval was 30 ㎝ × 15 ㎝. Growth investigation was carried out on the overground growing (plant length, leaf length, leaf number, plant type, etc) and degree of generation of pests. As a result of the growth investigation, the third year RGES 20, the second year RGES 22, and the first year RGES 25 were excellent. RGES 20 was upright type and superior in overground growing, RGES 22 had strong pest resistance. RGES 25 was characterized by strong at high temperature, but growth is not as good as other high quality system. Conclusion : Recently, the difficulty of cultivation of zucchini has been increasing due to abnormal weather. Especially in this year, high temperature of 35℃ or more continued for about 30 days, and the need to cultivate varieties resistant to high temperatures is increasing. Therefore, it is expected that RGES 25 can be registered as a promising strain that is resistant to high temperature if the yield is corrected.

Background : Cirsium japonicum is a perennial medicinal crop, characterized by the fact that it does not bloom in the first year. Therefore, annual C. japonicum leaves and roots are used as medicinal materials, and biennial do not harvest for seed gathering. In addition, thistle has a very low germination rate, which means that it takes a lot of seed in planting. In order to solve these problems, we conduct to determine the optimum maturity stage and the location of the inflorescence in C. japonicum. Methods and Results : The test material was a biennial C. japonicum. The harvesting time was sampled at intervals of 10 days (7 treatments) from the beginning of June to the beginning of August, and the location of the inflorescence was sampled from 1 to 3 inflorescence, 4 to 6 inflorescence, and 7 to 9 inflorescence. The buds collected for seed selection were dried for 10 days and used as germination test seeds. Seeds to investigated germination rate were soaked in 70% alcohol for 10 minutes and then washed with distilled water. Then, 20 seeds were arranged in a petri-dish, After standing at 25℃ for 7 days, germinated seeds were counted. As a result of the germination rate, at the beginning of June, the germination rate of seeds collected from 1 to 3 inflorescence was the highest at 35%. In the middle of June, it decreased by 2 times to 3.8%, and the germination rate tended to decrease as location of the inflorescence was lowered. In late June, it decreased to 1 - 2%, and most seeds collected after July did not germinate. The decrease of germination rate according to the harvesting time and the location of the inflorescence, it is considered that sufficient nutrients are delivered in the early stage but the number of immature seeds is decreased as the amount of nutrients is decreased. Conclusion : Appropriate sampling methods for the production of high quality seed in C. japonicum, the germination rate could be maximized by sampling from 1 to 3 inflorescence at the beginning of June. but, sufficient nutrient supply is required to increase the ripened seeds. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate further research on the additional fertilizer technology.

A Cultivation method to minimize the damage caused by high temperatures was studied by investigating the effects of groundwater cooling treatment on the growth, yield, and quality of strawberries. In the groundwater cooling treatment, the daily average temperature of the rhizosphere was reduced from 26.9°C to 24.9°C . The root length increased by 0.3–9.2 cm, depending on the cultivar and growth period. The leaf number, leaf area, leaf length, leaf diameter, and plant height also increased, especially in the cultivars ‘Seolhyang’ and ‘Maehyang’, resulting in higher fresh and dry weights. The number of fruit per plant increased from 7.7 to 12.5 in ‘Seolhyang’, and the fruit weight increased by 0.3 g in ‘Seolhyang’ and 1.3 g in ‘Maehyang’. The fruit hardness increased, but no significant difference in fruit coloration was observed. The sugar content of the fruit was improved by 0.2–0.3 °Brix. Therefore, groundwater cooling of the rhizosphere was effective in improving the growth and productivity of strawberries under abnormally high temperature conditions and can be considered a cost-efficient cooling system.

Background : Rehmannia glutinose Liboschitz is a perennial herb belonging to the family of Scrophulariaceae. Its roots have been used as a traditional medicine. For cultivation of varieties of Rehmannia glutinose Liboschitz, the pure line selection method, which is to select the best line among those cultivated in farms for pedigree breeding, replicated yield test and regional adaptation test before registering as a new variety, is widely used. Until now, there are 8 registered varieties of Rehmannia glutinose Liboschitz in Korea. The needs for development of disaster-resistant varieties with better chances of surviving when high temperature, salts and disease are increasing. Therefore, this study focused on cultivation of disaster-resistant varieties among those selected for their disaster tolerance and salt tolerance through regional adaptation test. Methods and Results : As a result of examining the incidence of pest insects of the selected 1 - 2 years old varieties used in the study, among the 2-years-old crops, RGES 20 showed the lowest rate in ground parts. Among the 1-year-old crops, the lowest rate incidence of pest insects in ground parts was observed in RGES 23. In addition, RGES 20 and RGES 23 showed superior growth in under ground part with the highest dry root amount. Conclusion : Based on the above results, RGES 20 among the 2-years-old crops, RGES 23 among the 1-year-old crops showed superior growth in under ground part with the highest dry root amount.

‘Migamjosaeng’ (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) is a new pollination-variant non-astringent type (PVNA) persimmon cultivar developed by Sweet Persimmon Research Institute of Gyeongnam Agricultural Research & Extension Services. This cultivar was selected among the seedlings obtained from the cross between ‘Mazumotowase-Fuyu’ and ‘Nishimurawase’ in 1995. The seedlings were cultivated from 1996 to 2001 and ‘Migamjosaeng’ was selected in 2002. The tree growth habit and fruit characteristics of ‘Migamjosaeng’ were investigated from 2004 to 2007. The tree growth habit was moderate vigor and showed spreading shape. Flowers bloomed only in female flowers. The flowering time was similar to that of ‘Nishimurawase’ (control) in late May, but the harvest time was about 3 days earlier than ‘Nishimurawase’ in late September. ‘Migamjosaeng’ is characterized by its beautiful orange skin color with round flat shape of fruits. Average fruit size was about 160g. Soluble solids were 16.6°Brix and higher than that of control (14.5°Brix), which contributed to its excellent tastiness. It was noteworthy that occurrence of calyx-end cracked fruits and striped fruit was very rare compared with the control. Therefore, ‘Migamjosaeng’ trees produced marketable fruits much higher than the control tree. Flesh firmness was slightly high and similar to ‘Nishimurawase’.

We investigated physicochemical properties of puffed snacks with intermediate and high amylose rice varieties. The intermediate amylose rice varieties ‘Sindongjin’ and high amylose rice varieties newly developed for food processing, ‘Dodamssal’ and ‘Goami4’ were tested for this study. The crude fat and crude protein contents of the rice cultivars ranged 1.47-3.08% and 6.30-7.63%, respectively. The resistant starch and amylose contents of Dodamssal and Goami4 were higher than those of Sindongjin. The hardness of rice was the highest in Sindongjin and Dodamssal. Also, Hardness of puffed snacks decreased by 72.07% for Sindongjin, 88.21% for Dodamssal and 66.67% for Goami4 compared to raw rice samples. The sensory evaluation showed that the highest scores in taste, texture and overall acceptability of puffed snacks were obtained in Dodamssal. The results of this study indicate that Dodamssal was suitable varieties for puffed snacks. Also, the physicochemical properties of Dodamssal were improved by the extrusion process. Therefore Dodamssal can be used for the industrial production of puffed snacks.

Rice quality should be considered as a primary consumer requirement. Regarding marketing, characteristics such as appearance, physicochemical properties, and palatability of brand rice are of high economic importance. Therefore, this study was conducted to select the optimal rice cultivars representing the commercial rice brands of Gyeongsangbuk-do province in Korea. Various rice grain quality components, grain appearance, several physicochemical properties of rice grain, and texture or palatability of cooked rice grains of ten cultivars (namely ‘top quality rice’) cultivated at three different locations, such as inland mountainous and southern plain areas of Gyeongsangbuk-do province in 2013~2014, were evaluated, and the obtained data was analyzed. ‘Hiami’ showed slightly higher protein contents and lower palatability of cooked rice than the other rice cultivars. Rice production and head rice yield produced at Gumi were the highest. The protein content of milled rice produced at Andong, an inland mountainous region, was approximately 0.3% point lower than that from other locations, whereas the amylose content of milled rice was approximately 1% point higher than those from the other plain regions, Daegu and Gumi. We evaluated the texture, Glossiness value determined using a Toyo teste meter and palatability of cooked rice of ten cultivars. The hardness of cooked rice produced in Andong was slightly lower than that produced in Daegu and Gumi, and additionally, the palatability of cooked rice produced in Andong was the best, followed by that producted in Gumi and Daegu. Considering rice yield and grain quality in the major rice cultivation areas of Gyeongsangbuk-do province, the rice cultivars that may be suitable for each region could be recommended mid-late maturation: ‘Younghojinmi’ and ‘Mipum’ in Daegu, ‘Daebo’, ‘Samgwang’, Chilbo’ and ‘Younghojinmi’ in Gumi, ‘Samgwang’, ‘Jinsumi’ and ‘Sukwang’ in Andong. These results obtained in this study imply that the selected cultivars with high yield and quality could be recommended with high priority to rice farmers in the regions.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of superheated steam (SHS) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) techniques on the improvement of the quality of Bulgogi product during manufacturing process. Bulgogi product was treated with four different cooking/treatment process: conventional cooking (CC), SHS cooking (SHS), CC and then HHP cooking (CC-HHP), and SHS and HHP cooking (SHS-HHP) samples. SHS treated product increased moisture content, and decreased crude protein. Additionally, hardness, gumminess and shear force values were significantly different among the samples (p<0.05). In safety experiment after 14 days of storage at refrigeration temperature indicated that the bacterial population was lower in the case of SHS-HHP as compared to CC-HHP. Changes in texture during the storage periods at 10℃ for SHS-HHP was lowest values with compared to the initial, while shear force values for both tended to decrease with increasing storage period. The TBA and VBN values for SHS-HHP increased to 0.48 (5℃)-1.68 (10℃) mg MD/kg and 25.14 (5℃)-45.14 (10℃) mg%, respectively after 15 days of storage. Overall, it was found that the combination of SHS and HHP reduced microbial growth, thus leading to improved product quality and sanitation.

‘Manbaek’ is a bacterial blight resistant mid-late maturing rice cultivar with high grain quality. ‘Manbeak’ was derived from anther culture using the backcross combination, Hopum*2/SR30075. ‘Hopum’ is a mid-late maturing rice cultivar with high grain quality and ‘SR30075’ is a pyramid line carrying three bacterial blight resistance genes. ‘Manbaek’ was selected through the pedigree method, yield trials, and local adaptability tests. ‘Manbeak’ carrying two bacterial blight resistance gene Xa3 and xa5 showed high-level and broad-spectrum resistance against bacterial blight. ‘Manbaek’ was resistant to K3a, mostly virulent race in Korea, and exhibited resistance reaction against 16 Korean bacterial blight isolates. ‘Manbaek’ was a mid-late maturing rice. The heading date of ‘Manbaek’ was August 19th, which was 5 days later than that of ‘Nampyeong’. Manbaek’ was a lodging-tolerant rice with short culm and dark green leaf. Due to the low viviparous germination, ‘Manbaek’ could be a useful material to prevent pre-harvest sprouting. ‘Mabeak’ was resistant to bacterial blight and rice stripe virus, but susceptible to other virus diseases and insect pests. The yield of ‘Manbaek’ was similar to ‘Nampyeong’. ‘Manbaek’ showed excellent grain appearance and good tastes of cooked rice, so that it could contribute to improving the quality of bacterial blight resistant cultivars. ‘Manbaek’, bacterial blight resistant cultivar with high grain quality, is suitable for the cultivation at bacterial blight prone area and has been utilized in the breeding programs for enhancing the resistance against bacterial blight (Registration No. 6069).