Human mouth environment is known to include a variety bacteria, including Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Actinomyces spp., Lactobacillus spp., Candida spp., Enterobacteriaceae, et al. Human oral microorganisms can cause dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, respiratory tract infection, and cardiovascular disease. Thus, right denture cleaning is essential to oral and general human health. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal effect of a sodium dichloroisocyanurate-based effervescent tablet (Aos Denti Germ, Aos Company, Chungbuk, Korea) against oral microorganisms. A total of 5 species Streptococcus spp. (Streptococcus anginosus, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus oralis, and Streptococcus sobrinus), Actinomyces oris, Candida albicans, and Escherichia coli were used in this study. All strains were exposed to the distilled water prepared with effervescent tablet. After the exposure, the mixture of strains and effervescent tablet was inoculated onto blood agar or MacConkey agar plate and cultured at 36℃. All strains were killed immediately on exposure to effervescent tablet. The results suggested that effervescent tablet could be used as an effective denture cleanser for dental hygiene.

The feed value of Astragalus membranaceus leaves and straws was amended by fermentation using effective microorganisms, such as molasses (T1), Rhodobacter capsulatus (T2), Bacillus subtilis (T3), Lactobacillus acidophilus (T4), or Saccharomyces cerevisiae (T5), with no supplements in the control (C). The crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents in the fermentation-treated A. membranaceus leaves decreased, whereas nitrogen free extract (NFE) content increased significantly. A decrease in the amounts of CP (except in T3), EE, CF, NDF, and ADF in the A. membranaceus straws treated with effective microorganisms was observed compared with that for the C and T1 (p<0.05). The NFE content of the straws increased with all treatments, except T1. Fermentation treatment subtly altered the fatty acid composition of A. membranaceus leaves and straws. In contrast, the calcium and vitamin E contents in A. membranaceus leaves and straws were increased after fermentation treatment (p<0.05). However, T3 yielded higher saponin content in straws compared to that by any of the other treatments (p<0.05). The effect of fermentation with microorganisms, maintained the low pH up to 48 h (p<0.05), whereas it was random for the straws. Therefore, the data suggest that fermentation treatment with microorganisms can improve digestion rate and have a positive effect on physiologically active substances and feed value.

Different pathogenic microorganisms have been reported to cause sprouts-associated outbreaks. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of corona discharge plasma jet (CDPJ) on disinfection of the natural bio-contaminants of broccoli seed and also studied the plasma effect on sprout seed germination rate and physico-chemical properties of sprouts. Aerobic bacteria, molds and yeasts, B. cereus, E. coli, Salmonella spp. were detected on the broccoli seed surface. After 0-3 min treatment using CDPJ, the detected microorganisms were reduced in the range of 1.2-2.3 log units. Inactivation patterns were better explained using pseudo-first-order kinetics. The plasma treatment of seeds up to 2 min exhibited positive effects on the germination rate and the seedling growth. The physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of sprouts were unaffected due to the CDPJ treatment of their respective seeds. The CDPJ can potentially be used for microbial decontamination of broccoli seeds.

Biological control has been tried for integrated pest management. It is often comparable, safe, and environment-friendly, making itself an alternative for chemical agents. Filamentous microorganisms, i.e., fungi and streptomystes, produce many kinds of useful metabolites, and some of them have been developed as a biocontrol agent. However, they still have a long way because of the concern of manufacturing cost. Therefore, process development was intensively studied to meet cost-effectiveness. Operating conditions of bioreactor, e.g., agitation and aeration, had an effect on biological and physiological responses such as mycelial morphology, oxygen and nutrient transfer. Understanding relationship between operating parameters and microbial responses in terms of growth, substrate and oxygen consumption, and production yield was critical for process development. This study dedicated to build strategies for mass production of biological control agent using aerobic filamentous microorganisms.

본 연구에서는 농업 분야 유용미생물 자원의 국가적 확보 현황을 파악하기 위해 이들의 생물분류학적 정보를 수집하였으며 이들에 대해 생물 종 다양성 지수를 도입하여 평가하였다. 대표적인 생물다양성 평가방법인 Margalef’s richness 및 Mehinick’s index를 각각 적용한 경우 세균은 각각 8.537, 3.546, 진균은 각각 3.349, 2.167의 값을 나타내었다. 높은 수준의 다양성을 가지고 연구·개발되고 있는 이들 농업 분야 유용미생물 및 농산물의 수확 후 선도저하를 유발한다고 보고된 주요 미생물들의 분류학적 위치를 비교하였을 때 일부 미생물이 유사한 분류학적 위치를 보이는 것이 확인되었다. 따라서 친환경 농업 분야 유용미생물의 연구개발 및 작물 내생 미생물에 관한 연구 등 농업 분야 미생물에 대한 전반 적인 연구현황을 고찰하여 농산물의 수확 후 선도관리를 위한 보완책을 제시하고자 하였다.

In this study, using soil brick with combined effective microorganisms and emergent plants was identified which it can increase the effect of conservation and improvement of water. Lab-test was consist of four kind of reactors and each of reactors were A(rawwater), B(soil brick), C(emergent plant) and D(soil brick+emergent plant). Iris pseudoacorus, Phargmites australis, Typha angustifolia and Zizania latifolia were used for emergent plant. Evaluation of application on various environment were performed on agricultural waterway and pond. The pH measurement test of soil brick was performed due to evaluate whether a strong alkaline water flows out of the soil brick. Result of lab-test, removal efficiency of D was better than removal efficiency of A presenting 20.9%, 27.9% 21.5%, 33.8% and 58.4% for CODCr, BOD5, TN, TP and TSS respectively. Removal efficiency of soil brick on agricultural waterway was revealed to be 49.5%, 45.0%, 43.7%, 37.3% and 28.6% for CODCr, BOD5, TN, TP and TSS respectively. And removal efficiency of soil brick on the pond was revealed to be 12.7%, 10.5%, 9.32%, 10.4% and 36.3% for CODCr, BOD5, TN, TP and TSS respectively. Result of pH measurement test of soil brick was neutral which was about 6 to 8.

본 연구는 저장 기간 및 온도에 따른 방울토마토와 양상추 의 미생물 종류와 성장 패턴 및 품질특성을 구명하였다. 방울 토마토와 양상추를 각각 5℃, 10℃와 15℃ 저장조건에서 1주 일 간격으로 pH, 색도, 미생물 종류와 성장 패턴을 조사하였 다. 방울토마토와 양상추 모두 저장 초기에 비해 저장기간 및 저장온도가 증가할수록 유기산 성분 용출이나 젖산균 증식 으로 인해 pH 감소가 일어난 것으로 나타났다. 방울토마토는 저장기간에 따라 색도 변화에 차이를 보였는데, 특히 저장기 간 21일째에 전 온도에서 저장 초기에 비해 명도, 적색도 및 황색도 모두 감소하였다. 양상추는 저장기간이 증가할수록 호흡에 의한 산화적 갈변으로 인해 명도가 감소하였고, 특히 15℃에서 저장한 경우에 적색도와 황색도가 유의적으로 증 가한 것으로 나타났다. 저장기간 및 온도에 따른 미생물의 종 류 및 성장 패턴의 결과를 분석한 결과, 방울토마토와 양상추 는 10℃와 15℃에서 저장한 경우, 곰팡이를 제외하고 총 균 수, 대장균군수, 효모는 저장 초기에 비해 모두 증가한 것으 로 나타났지만, 전 저장기간 및 저장온도에서 대장균과 황색 포도상구균은 검출되지 않았다. 본 연구 결과, 방울토마토와 양상추는 저장기간 및 저장온도에 따라 품질과 미생물의 생장에 영향을 미치므로 10℃와 15℃에 비해 5℃에서 7일 이하 로 저장하였을 때, 품질과 미생물 수 변화가 적었으므로, 이 점을 고려할 때 본 연구결과와 같은 적절한 저장기간 및 저장 온도를 유지한다면 품질의 안전성을 확보하여 신선한 품질 을 유지할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

방사선 조사에 의한 표고(Lentinula edodes) 돌연변이주의 균사배양 및 세포외효소 분비능의 특 성을 조사하였다. 공시균주(균주명 JMI-10041)의 돌연변이 유발을 위해 균사체를 PDA(Potato dextrose agar) 배지에 배양한 후 선량 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 Gy 등에서 X-Ray를 조사하였고 대치선 확인배양법을 통하여 균주 간에 대치선 생성 유·무에 따라 돌연변이주를 선별한 결과 500 Gy(1균 주)에서만 돌연변이가 유발되었다. 돌연변이주의 배양적 특성을 조사한 결과 모균주의 균사생장 최적온도는 25℃이였고 돌연변이주는 23 ℃로 모균주보다 2℃ 낮게 나타났으며, 최적배지 선발실험에서는 두 균주 모두 ME1(Malt Extract Agar) 배지에서 생장이 양호하였다. 최적 pH 선발실험에서는 두 균주 모두 pH 7에서 생장 이 양호하게 나타났다. 또한 세포외 효소 분비능을 조사한 결과 amylase, xylanase 및 pectinase 효 소활성이 모균주와 돌연변이주 모두에서 나타나지 않거나 약한 활성을 보였고 β-glucosidase 효소 활성에서도 두 균주 모두 활성이 약하거나 중도이상의 활성을 보여 차이점이 없었다. 그리고 Protease에서는 모균주와 돌연변이주에서 강한 효소활성을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서는 저선량보다는 고선량의 X-Ray에서 돌연변이가 유발되었으며 배양적 특성조사에는 돌연변이주가 2℃ 낮게 나타났었고 세포외효소 분비능은 뚜렷한 차이점이 없었다. 향후 자실체 실 증재배시험을 통해 돌연변이주의 형태·재배적 차이점이 규명되어져야 한다.

This study evaluated the composition two popular species of edible bamboo shoots in Korea (Phyllostachyspubescens and Sinoarundinarianigra) and the effect of their abundant dietary fiber on intestinal microorganisms in healthy young women. The ranges of total moisture, crude protein, crude lipid, crude ash, and dietary fiber content were 87.190.8, 2.943.5, 0.150.39, 0.411.05, and 4.206.15% (wet weight basis), respectively. Moisture and crude ash content increased after heat treatment; however, crude protein, crude lipid, and dietary fiber content were reduced after heating. The major minerals found in bamboo shoots were potassium, phosphorous, sulfur, magnesium, and calcium. In addition, glucose and fructose were abundant free sugars, while asparagine and tyrosine were the most abundant free amino acids. Approximately 70% of the total free fatty acids found in bamboo shoots were linoleic acid and linolenic acid. The ascorbic acid content was 6.60~17.56 mg/100 g (wet weight basis), and one phenolic compound, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, was 0.10.2% (wet weight basis) and detected by HPLC analysis. The intake of bamboo shoots for seven days significantly increased viable cell counts of Lactobacillus spp. and reduced viable cell counts of Bacteriodes spp. in feces (p<0.05). In our data, bamboo shoots may be useful in the food industry as high dietary fiber ingredients.

후춧가루의 비가열 살균기술을 개발하고자 감압방전플라즈마(LPDP)를 이용한 살균을 시도하였고 LPDP 처리에 의한 품질변화를 조사하였다. 시판 후춧가루의 미생물 오염도는 가공제품에서는 세균, 진균 모두 103 CFU/g 수준이었던 반면, 재래시장에서 벌크로 판매하는 제품에서는 세균은 106 CFU/g, 진균은 107 CFU/g 수준의 오염도를 보였다. 후춧가루의 LPDP 살균패턴은 1차 반응으로 나타났으며, 세균과 진균의 살균속도상수는 각각 0.0841min-1 과 0.0696min-1 로서 세균이 진균에 비해 LPDP에 약간 더 민감하였다. LPDP 처리는 후춧가루의 색에는 영향을 미치지 않았으나 piperine 함량을 낮추는 것으로 확인되었다. Piperine 감소에도 불구하고 후춧가루의 관능특성은 LPDP 처리에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다.

고춧가루의 품질 변화를 낮추면서 살균하는 기술을 개발하고자 감압방전플라즈마(LPDP)를 이용한 비가열살균을 시도하였고 LPDP 처리에 의한 품질변화를 조사하였다. 시중 판매 고춧가루의 오염도는 세균 7.33×104-1.07×107 CFU/g, 진균류 3.47×104-3.16×106 CFU/g의 범위를 보여 상당한 수준으로 오염된 식품으로 확인되었다. 고춧가루의 LPDP 살균 패턴은 2단계 1차 반응으로 나타났으며, 출력에 따라 살균속도상수가 증가하였다. 또한 입자가 가늘수록 살균효과가 증가하였으며, 미생물 종류별로는 세균에 비하여 진균에 대한 살균효과가 크게 나타났다. 과도한 LPDP 처리는 고춧가루의 탈색과 capsaicinoids 함량의 감소를 유발하였다. LPDP 처리 고춧가루를 사용하여 조리한 무채의 관능검사 결과 색과 맛은 5분 처리까지는 무처리구와 차이가 없었으나 10분 처리 시에는 유의하게 낮은 점수를 보였다. 반면 향과 기호도에서는 처리구와 무처리구 간에 유의차를 보이지 않아 5분 이하로 LPDP 처리 시 관능특성을 유지하면서 약 1.5 log 정도의 미생물 저감화가 가능하였다.

Cereals are the main raw material for sunsik manufacture. As the fundamental processing step, it is very important to confirm the level of the microorganism contamination in the cereals. This study was carried out a micrbiological screening of cereal samples for sunsik from 19 companies located in South Korea. Ten kinds of cereals which were glutinous rice, barley, brownrice, blackbean, blackrice, blacksesame, sorghum, millet, perilla seed, and adlay were investigated. As the results, the contaminations of general bacterial were 3.1~8.6 log(CFU/g). The results of Escherichia coli were 1.0~3.4 log(CFU/g). There was no contamination of Salmonella. spp in any cereal samples except black sesame and mold was detected in barley. The experiment for microbiological contamination during sunsik processing was also investigated in this study. The results of general bacteria were detected as 5.1~8.5, 4.4~7.5,1.0~2.3, 2.4~4.2, 1.0~4.0, 3.4~4.2, 4.3~5.2, and 3.3~5.5 log(CFU/g) during environment of warehousing, washing,steaming, 1st cooling, drying, 2nd cooling, grinding, and packaging process, respectively. The results of coliform were 1.0~2.0 log(CFU/g) during warehousing respectively. Mold was found in warehousing. In case of the instruments, the contaminations of general bacterial were 4.2~7.5, 0.1~2.0, 0.1~3.2, 3.7~4.0, 2.5~3.0, and 3.8~5.2 log(CFU/g) in cereals tanks, washing machines, grinding machines, packaging machines, and workrooms. The results of coliform were 2.4~4.0, 0.0~4.1 log(CFU/g) in cereals tanks and grinding machines, respectively. Mold were only found in cereals tanks, grinding machines, and workings. Therefore, the risk of hazard microorganisms contmination might be decrased as the exhaustive management is applied to the whole sunsik process.

This study was to evaluate the efficacy of sanitizer concentrations and treatment time against two major food-borne pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus on a stainless steel surface. As a result, stainless steel, treated with 100 ppm of chlorine showed reduction of E. coli(1.56, 1.49, 1.95 log cfu/25 ㎠) and S. aureus(0.49, 0.88, 1.27 log cfu/25 ㎠) after 0, 5 and 10 min, but none was not detected in treatment with 200 ppm. The population of E. coli(0.73, 0.90, 1.55 log cfu/25 ㎠) and S. aureus(0.37, 1.00, 1.45 log cfu/25 ㎠) reduced in 35.5% ethanol treated group, but none was not detected in treatment with 70%. The population was reduced E. coli(0.28, 0.64, 1.07 log cfu/25 ㎠) and S. aureus(0.53, 0.87, 0.99 log cfu/25 ㎠) by treatment with 45.5ppm of hydrogen peroxide, but none was not detected in treatment with 91 ppm. Quarternary ammonium compound with 100 ppm was reduced E. coli(0.82, 1.62, 1.71 log cfu/25 ㎠) and S. aureus(0.46, 0.93, 1.38 log cfu/25 ㎠), but none was not detected in treatment with 200 ppm. Predictive models of sterilization for all 4 disinfectants were suitable to use with r2 value of higher than 0.94. These models may be of use to food services and manufacture of safe products by controlling E. coli and S. aureus without the need for further detection of the organisms.

Glutamate-induced oxidative injury contributes to neuronal degeneration in many central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, epilepsy and ischemia. Inducible heme oxygenase (HO)-1 acts against oxidants that are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The EtOH extracts of Viola mandshurica (NNMBS274), Viola patrinii (NNMBS275) and Viola papilionacea Pursh (NNMBS276), origin plants of Violae Herba, showed the potent neuroprotective effects on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Among them, NNMBS275, the extract of V. patrinii possessed the protective effects against glutamate toxicity by inducing the expression of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 in the mouse hippocampal HT22 cells. These results suggest that extracts of V. patrinii could be the effective candidates for the treatment of ROS-related neurological diseases. Furthermore, it is suggested that the protective effects of V. patrinii extract due to inducing the expression of HO-1 asAs the exfoliated keratinocytes (EKs) in oral mucosa are aging and degenerating cells, of which cytoplasms are almost replaced by cross-linked keratin materials. Consequently, the EKs become apoptotic with nuclear lysis. A question is arisen what is the biological role of these EKs in oral cavity? Are they simply degrading as aging keratinocytes or do they have some essential function still remained in the exfoliated status? The buccal smear samples from ten healthy adult subjects were observed under scanning electron microscope. On the outer surface of the EKs the features of bacterial adhesion were explored. The microorganisms attached on the surface of EKs were much deformed, shrunken and teared. Only a few microorganisms were found on the EK surface, aggregated focally. The attached microorganisms were gradually fused on the cell membrane of EKs, and subsequently endocytosed. Resultantly, many round endocytotic concave cavities similar size to the cocci were remained on the surface of EKs similar to the sequels of caveolae endocytosis. These data indicate that the degenerating EKs can actively engulf microorganisms attached on their cell surface via the processes of caveolae endocytosis. Therefore, it is presumed that the oral EKs still play a role for endocytotic scavenging of oral microorganisms using the denatured cell bodies themselves, which become highly adherent to oral microorganisms and still function for caveolae endocytosis in mixed saliva environment. an antioxidant/cytoprotective target

Chungtaejeon is a traditional tea introduced in the age of the Three States and is the only "Don-cha" culture in the world that survived on the southwestern shore of Korea. To restore Chungtaejeon and to make the tea with consistent quality, the microorganisms involved in traditional type fermentation of Chungtaejeon were isolated, and the tea was prepared with high fermentation ability starters. The sensuous characteristics of Chungtaejeon were also examined. Only Bacilli were found in 3 and 5 year aged Chungtaejeon samples. The Lactobacilli were isolated from properly fermented kimchi and one of them showed high growth capability in media containing green tea extract and also showed strong antagonistic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus, Salmonella, and E. coli. It was identified and named Lactobacillus plantarum CHO25. Chungtaejeon was fermented with a single starter of L. plantarum CHO25 and with a mixed starter (L. plantarum CHO25, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CHO104). The single fermented sample had the highest cell growth after 5 days of inoculation and the level decreased slowly thereafter. The mixed fermented sample showed strong growth of S. cerevisiae. The highest hunter values were the a value of the single fermented sample and the b value of the mixed sample. The single fermented tea showed the best incense score.

Recently, speedy, convenient and easy detection technologies have been developed rapidly and on the contrary, studies on development of traditional detectors applying biochemical characteristics has gradually been decreased. This review examined trend in current studies on detection of food-borne pathogenic microorganisms in the fields of selective media, immuno-assay, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), microarray, terahertz spectroscopy &imagination and so on. Most traditional methods to detect the organisms from food matrix rely on selective media and such a method have disadvantages like long time requirement and distinguishing one species only from each selective medium although they are highly economical. Various new convenient methods such as Enzyme Linked Immuno-sorbent Assay (ELISA), paper-strip kit, fluoroimmunoassay etc. have been developed. The most ideal method for detecting food-borne pathogenic microorganisms in foods should be accurate, convenient, rapid and economical. Additionally, it is needed that capabilities of quantitative analysis and automation to be applied to industries.