Lee, Hye-Kyung. (2023). “The Speech Act of Explanation in Closure Signs”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 31(4), 1-32. This study investigates the speech act of explanation within a corpus of approximately 243 closure signs posted during the Covid-19 pandemic in Korea. Using a classification system derived from Bella and Ogiermann (2022), the explanations are categorized into four distinct groups. Category 1 explanations are further divided into three subcategories: signs revealing the relationships between government decisions and closures, those with expressions of support for official mandates, and those presenting dissent with closure directives. A comparative analysis between the third sub-category and pandemic-related activities (i.e., My Body My Choice Activities) is also conducted, highlighting similarities and differences. Category 2 centers on safety concerns, emphasizing public health and safety as the primary justification for closures. Notably, this category showcases an elevated sense of agency among sign authors. Explanations in Category 3 combine Categories 1 and 2. Category 4 explanations, which attribute closure to Covid-19, necessitate an investigation of terms referring to Covid-19. It is observed that the naming closely adheres to normative and public guidelines, reflecting a collective awareness of the crisis and a commitment to cooperation. The findings contribute valuable insights into the linguistic and cultural characteristics of explanations within Korean business closure signs, indicating phenomena specific to Korean communities.

For thousands of years, there have always been many disputes over the interpretation of the word JianShi (練實) in ZhuangZi Qiushui (《莊子·秋水》). The explanations about JianShi (練實) such as Bamboo fruits (竹實), neem fruits (楝實), white and pure fruit, and so on, but they are all debatable. The theory of “Bamboo fruits” (竹實) has no connections with the word form, which is quite abrupt and puzzling. The theory of “neem fruits”(楝實) is unreasonable and does not accord with the literal meaning of ZhuangZi Qiushui (《莊子·秋水》). The theory of “white and pure fruit” is contrary to the Ancient Chinese culture. Combined with the word form of JianShi (練實) and the literary meaning of Zhuangzi Qiushui (《莊子·秋水》), this paper holds that “練” and “揀” have the same meaning (selection), JianShi (練實) is JianShi (揀實) which means “Selected high-grade fruits”.

The Analects of Confucius, a scripture representing traditional culture, has concise and meaningful language that could be interpreted into literature, history, and philosophical humanities for moral discipline. However, there is a countless number of the interpretation for the Analects making it difficult for readers to guess which interpretation would be good. Interpretation of the Analects should be focused on surrounding evidence and intention and use literature and exegesis for precision. This procedure can only shine light on meaning and value of the Analects. For decode of the Analects, self-analysis based on literature must be done first. Major goals for exegetics research are to study meaning of old characters and language so as to decode old books. This study is to decode some of complicated lines in the Analects using methods of exegetics. In the Analects, people(In, 人)does not mean organization(Gwan, 官) and people(Min, 民) does not mean slave. Based on studies of Wang Inji and Yang Bongmin,it is fair to interpret Yi(Yeok, 易) of Xianxianyise(Hyeon-hyeon-yeok-saek, 贤贤易色) as “negligence” and entire meaning of the phrase will be “Respect inner virtue and neglect outer beauty.”

Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology publishes 359 new epitaph rubbings of the Epitaphs Recently Acquired by Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, which offers the real and reliable unearthed literatures for us to research into the new ancient epitaphs recently excavated in Shanxi Province. However, it is not easy to interpret some variant forms in the epitaph rubbings. By studying on eight variant forms in the epitaph rubbings, giving examples in characters and illustrations of literature, inquiring character meanings, clearing physical meanings, and summarizing the evolution laws of characters, this paper provides support documents and reference experiences for the research on difficult characters and the history of Chinese characters.

이 연구의 목적은 실제 관찰의 맥락을 강조한 달의 위상 변화 문제를 해결하는 과정에서 드러나는 초등 예비교사의 설명 유형과 그 특징을 파악하여 초등 교사 양성 프로그램에서 고려해야 할 부분에 대한 시사점을 제공하는데 있다. 이를 위해 초등 예비교사 30명이 관찰 가능한 달의 위상을 설명한 내용을 분석하였으며, 주요한 연구 결과는 다음 과 같다. 첫째, 달의 위상 변화에 대해 현상의 관찰과 이에 대한 과학적 추론에 바탕을 두기 보다는 달의 위상별 출몰 시간표를 도입하여 설명하는 경우가 많았다. 둘째, 태양이 뜨면 달이 보이지 않거나 또는 달이 떠 있다면 무조건 달을 관찰할 수 있다고 생각하는 유형의 대안 개념이 확인되었다. 셋째, 달을 관찰할 수 있는 시각과 방위에 대해서는 태양의 위치와 무관하게 관찰할 수 있다거나 남중할 때 관찰할 수 있다고 설명하는 경우도 있었다. 또한 달을 관찰하는 날짜는 음력으로 상정하여 접근하는 방식도 볼 수 있었다. 이상의 결과로부터 교육학적인 시사점을 논의하였다.

There was much worse to come. At the modern House of Sharing in Bukchon, a scenic village of rice farmers and fishermen on the northern coast, old women recall in graphic detail the killing of hundreds in January 1949. A guide shows visitors the burial ground where large stones are strewn as the bodies were found. Small mounds mark the graves of children. Not far from Jeju International Airport, where many were buried, most of them were killed. At that time U.S. helicopters overhead. On the slopes of Mount Halla, a U.S. army communications unit was humming away. Who was ultimately responsible for these and many other episodes, known and verified, open for anyone to examine? The Americans don't actually deny complicity. They just don't say anything. That's not to say the Americans have to accept claims of a U.S. role. It's just that they owe the world, not just the victims' families, a promise to search the records and come up with documents, reports, anything revealing what the U.S. forces were up to.

The “Hu Yingji” tripod is a new-found implement of Hu state. The experts have a variety of explanations on “ci 辭” and “幺(玄)布二乙”. In my idea, “ci” should be written as “騂”. “騂” means the red horse. “幺(玄)布二乙” should be read as “幺(玄)布二乙”. When Hu Yingji has an audience with Zhou Zhaowang, she pays the tribute of a precious horse to her monarch. So, the monarch awards her “貝十朋” and “幺(玄)布二乙”.

본 논문은 秋巒鄭之雲의 『天命圖說【이 어떠한 내력을 지녔으며, 『天命圖 說』에는 어떠한 내용이 담겨 있는가에 대해 살펴보았다. 그러나 退溪와 비교해 볼 때, 성리학의 초보적인 수준을 넘어서지 못하였다. 秋巒은 선조들이 高陽으로 이주해 오면서 그곳에 살았고, 죽기 전에 고향 인 高陽의 강위에서 밭을 갈기를 희망했던 53세를 일기로 죽음을 맞이한다. 이러한 秋巒은 士禍期를 거쳤다. 秋巒이 조용했던 삶이 그의 ｢天命圖說｣이 후에 다른 사람의 저술로까지 여겨지는 부침을 겪기도 하였다. 秋巒｢天命圖說｣의 ‘天命’은 『中庸』 1章에서 따온 것으로 天命과 人性이 같아짐을 나타낸 것이다. 즉, 天의 理致가 人間의 理致임을 말하였다. 天의 운행에는 元⋅亨⋅利⋅貞이라고 하는 4가지 德이 존재한다. 이 四德을 바탕으로 해서 理氣가 나뉘고 陰陽과 五行이 나뉘게 된다. 秋巒은 人과 物이 다르게 된다는 것은 氣의 正⋅通⋅明⋅偏⋅塞⋅暗의 다양한 차이점으로 보고 있다. 性과 情의 문제에 있어서는 四端과 七情의 문제 를 끌어들여 설명을 하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 인간의 四端⋅七情은 하늘의 四德⋅五行과 합치된다고 한다. 秋巒은 心이 發하기 전에는 善⋅惡의 나뉨이 없다가 發할 이후에 善⋅惡으로 나뉜다고 말하였다. 그렇다면 心이 發하게 되는 ‘意’가 중요하게 된다. 인간은 바름[正]을 받아 태어났지만 氣에는 淸⋅濁⋅粹⋅駁의 차이에 따라 上 智⋅中人⋅下愚로 나뉜다고 하였다. 그러나 이러한 논리대로라면 인간의 모든 것은 정해져 있다는 결정론에 빠지게 되어 修養할 필요가 없어진다. 그렇 지만 모든 것이 자질 때문만은 아니라고 한다. 또, 수양의 방법으로 存養工夫, 省察工夫, 敬工夫를 말한다. 그러나 이 부분 역시 초보적인 수준을 넘어서지 못하였다. 秋巒의 사상은 退溪와 비교해 보면 초보적인 수준에 머물렀다. 그러나 秋巒이 그의 동생 鄭之霖을 가르치기 위해 만들었던 ｢天命圖說｣은 退溪哲學의 발전에 큰 영향을 주었다.

Introduction According to the Federation of the Swiss Watchmaking Industry (FHS) in 2017, Switzerland occupies approximately 3% of the global market regarding the quantity of watches. As for value, Switzerland represents 54% of global sales that is 21 billion USD. About 95% of luxury watches with price starting from 1,000 USD are stamped "Swiss Made.” Thus, the Swiss watch industry has become an integral part of the luxury universe. However, it‟s not an easy task to get a place in this luxury market of reference. According to the estimation made by the Institute of Watch Marketing, there are approximately 200 active Swiss watch brands on the market today. In order to create an uncontested market space and stand out from the competition luxury watch brands are obliged to create a new way of dealing with concurrence. The majority of brands chose the positioning at the top of a watch pyramid. First of all, it is an economic issue: according to the recent Deloitte report (2017) on watchmaking industry, the most important increase is in the category of watches belonging to the “Haute Horlogerie” segment. While other categories have been steadily losing their shares in exports for years, the high-end category of watches is growing considerably. In the last two decades, luxury brand management has attracted much interest and discussions in academic and business circles. Among the business leaders and scientists, the debates were related to the challenges and paradoxes associated with luxury branding and management that emerged as a result of the evolution of the field (Okonkwo, 2007; Kapferer, 2008 Chevalier and Mazzalovo, 2008, Dubois B., Laurent G., et Czellar S, 2001). In order to create and maintain the position of a strong luxury brand, a number of key elements have been identified as crucial and divergent within the scientific literature (Sicard, 2008; Fionda and Moore, 2008, Merle, Chandon and Roux, 2008). Vigneron and Johnson (2004) proposes key luxury dimensions that managers should establish and monitor for creating a lasting luxury brand. Nevertheless, in our opinion there are no many researches explaining hyper luxury segment growth and the upward expansion of the Swiss luxury watchmaking to the hyper luxury. To our knowledge, there is no scientifically accepted definition of the hyper luxury segment. We attempt to define hyper luxury watch brands as “Haute Horlogerie” watch brands with a unique positioning based on the personal-oriented perceptions of customers, high experiential value and proprietary manufacturing know-how, offering mainly mechanical watches in a price range starting at roughly 60„000 USD and then passing to the price categories of 100‟000-500‟000-1‟000‟000 USD for a watch. In order to shed light on upward expansion to Hyper Luxury trend in Swiss luxury watchmaking we should formulate the following research question: What kind of resources to optimize and which processes to implement in order to create resource-based competitive advantage in a highly competitive market of Swiss luxury watchmaking? Methodology To gain a deeper understanding of the upward expansion to hyper luxury in Swiss watchmaking industry we proceed to qualitative research (semi-structured interviews with 20 CEO and Marketing managers) among watchmaking companies. We specifically focused on top managers involved in the product development and decision making and management processes. The key issues addressed were: definition of the key company‟s resources, information management, market sensing, innovative approaches in management, sources of value creation for customers and differentiation strategies, managerial vision and firm-specific practices and procedures. Qualitative research methods were selected for this study with the aim to generate data rich in details and embedded in context. This study will allow us to enlarge and enrich previous theoretical findings and illustrate it with practical evidences. Conceptual framework Last decades have seen an important economic shift from manufacturing to information and knowledge-driven services. This shift has been accompanied by an increase in the importance of intangible assets and capabilities. Thus the source of competitive advantage has changed from mostly manufacturing assets to market based intangible assets and capabilities (Ramaswami et al., 2009). The resource-based theory (RBT) provides an important framework in explanation and prediction of the firm‟s competitive advantage and superior performance based on market based insights (Barney and Arikan, 2001, Vorhies and Morgan, 2005). RBT considers a company as an idiosyncratic mix of resources and capabilities that are available for application by various departments in the company and are very difficult to imitate by competitors (Teece et al., 1997). Accordiang to Barney and Hesterly (2012), sustainable competitive advantage results only if resources are simultaneously valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable, and exploitable by the firm‟s organization (VRIO). This VRIO framework has acknowledged that resources need to be leveraged effectively by the organization, instead of simply possessed by the firm. Even if a resource is valuable, rare, and imperfectly imitable, a firm must be “organized to exploit the full competitive potential of its resources and capabilities. According to Newbert (2008), performance improvement is not directly a function of the value or rareness of a firm‟s resource-capability combinations but rather of the advantages it creates from their exploitation. Then, through insightful theoretical development researchers have expanded the RBT into the concept of dynamic capabilities. Specifically, dynamic capabilities are defined as the ability to build, integrate, and reconfigure internal and external intangible resources to address rapidly changing environments (Winter, 2003). Teece et al (1997) and Eisenhard and Martin states that sustained competitive advantage could be based on the firm‟s renewal and reconfiguration of its resources and capabilities through dynamic capabilities. The dynamic capabilities view changes from the resource-based view of the firm (Barney, 1991), by its attempts to the explanation of the conditions under which firms achieve competitive advantage based on their resources and capabilities (Molina et al., 2014). Furthermore, researchers have increased conceptual understanding of the role of marketing in enabling firms to create and sustain competitive advantage and superior performance (Ramaswami et al, 2009). In accordance with potential to improve business performance, some studies (Bruni and Verona, 2009), have introduced the term „Dynamic Marketing Capabilities‟ (DMCs hereafter). In fact, DMCs are specifically focused on releasing and integrating market knowledge that helps firms evolve. Developing DMCs could constitute the real basis for sustainable competitive advantage and superior performance in most competitive sectors (Molina et al, 2014). Fang and Zou (2009) define DMC as the responsiveness and efficiency of cross-functional business processes for creating and delivering customer value in response to market changes. It is this focus on customer value that distinguishes DMCs from dynamic capabilities in general. According to Bruni and Verona (2009) DMC are those capabilities aimed specifically at developing, releasing and integrating market knowledge that helps firm evolve. Main findings and analysis Analysis of semi-structured interviews with the CEO and marketing managers of the Swiss luxury watchmaking companies lead us to a number of findings concerning the role of DMC for the hyper luxury brand expansion. The exploratory study confirms many of the elements presented in the conceptual part of this article. Most of the Swiss high-end watchmaking companies are traditionally founded focusing on specific kind of watch and technological expertise in it. Often, these companies tend to develop and grow by mastering their technological competences. As it comes from our research nowadays rare are companies that uses dynamic DMC. Even if the majority of companies confirmed the importance of DMC, it is very difficult to implement it on practice due to the complexity of the numerous stages of industrial production, various operations and partners. Meanwhile, there are some companies that managed to integrate the concept of dynamic marketing capabilities and improve their performance. A deeper questioning into their management practices revealed that they are achieving these results because of the sophisticated and effective way of implementation marketing insights coming from partners and clients. These high performing companies generate growth because of their particular focus for constant improvement of their marketing activities. “The main idea is to question all the time our way of working and to elaborate more sophisticated marketing mix than most of our competitors. For us, sophistication of our watches has the same importance as sophistication of our marketing activities”. Our research pointed out that these few firms of Swiss luxury watchmaking industry, that successfully accomplish the search and gap-assessment stages concerning dynamic marketing capabilities have an advantage over rivals. The market-based identification of valuable resources and internal management of intangibles help managers recognize the need for improvement. In a case of such particular industry as Swiss watchmaking where any considerable changes are very costly and time consuming the companies that applies DMC through small steps and project-based development assure their presence and adaptability to the globalized changes of the economy. “Swiss luxury watchmaking industry strongly related to the overall economic and social changes in the world. So we need to be constantly aware and understand global trends, for example, emerging categories of customers and their expectations towards luxury products”. Thus, dynamic marketing capabilities are considered as very important value creation drivers. We identified marketing intelligence, customer relationships and professional networks as the most important elements for additional value creation. “It is clear that information is very important in order to stay “up to date” with the market. As most of decisions and processes depends on the feeling of the current situation on the market and clients, it’s very important to gather as much information as possible. There is no one source of information, but the multitude of different sources and various information as a puzzle helps to construct the right vision”. Organizational capabilities, information sharing and collaboration between various departments are directly related to new value creation. As it came from the qualitative analysis the main conditions are the “openness” of management vision and strategic flexibility of decision makers. Moreover, high-performing companies participated in our research confirmed that it is very important to adopt an entrepreneurial attitude and to implement “participative” way of collaboration. “On the initial stages of product development, all departments are invited to give their feedback on the product. We organize regularly a brainstorming in order to obtain various perspectives. Cross-functional teamwork brings more value”. Those companies who could create some sort of flexibility in organization of production find themselves mostly on the niche market of hyper-luxury with a very personalized, sometimes even “co-created” watches. In this approach, it is a client, his visions and his preferences that are incorporated into the watch through its design, configuration, functions and complications. This phenomenon also confirms the recent trends on the luxury market of ultimate personalization and unique experience creation that accompanying the product. “People who could acquire almost everything that they want are looking for new experiences. Millennials are willing to pay higher price for personalized high-end and luxury items. The watch became not only the symbol of the status of its owner, but the reflection and continuation of the personality of a client. In this case a unique watch for somebody unique is a great concept”. Managerial recommendations Our research revealed that the concept of the dynamic marketing capabilities as a part of intangible resources of the company could be very beneficial for swiss luxury watchmaking companies in the process of expansion to hyper luxury segment. Managerial contribution of this article lies in new approach illustration that could be used as a support for strategic decision-making in Swiss watch-making companies. The concept of dynamic marketing capabilities is a very complex phenomenon. As a first step for improvement it would be important to get more informed and deeply understand it. In order to create more value and better performance, it is important to deep “intuitive” way of decision making and to implement more explicitly insights coming from practice. Traditionally very segmented industry of Swiss luxury watches is on the road to changes due to radical social and economic changes around the world. Nowadays, company growth and performance requires connecting many elements across various sources of data. There are more opportunities and synergies in initial collaboration on the basic steps of the expansion to hyper luxury segment of watches then filling in the gaps that were not considered in the beginning. Feedbacks from customers and partners could be the most valuable data sources for sustainable changes and following up current trends on the market. Extensive data gathering and analysis, flexibility and learning has a direct impact to the performance. The more internal and external sources engaged into the flexible management and decision making process, the better performance and customer value it could bring. Nowadays, customer is placed in the center of the most of successful businesses. The level of understanding of the customer preferences and values turning to solid insights that could help for better and more efficient performance and decision making processes. Co-created value with customer‟s insights will help to achieve more recognition, exclusivity and appreciation from customers. Direct interactions with wealthy individuals are the main differentiators and value creation mechanisms of a hyper luxury segment of watches. There are numerous opportunities to engage customers in a dialogue instead of traditional for Swiss luxury watchmaking industry one-directional communication. Largely applied in other industries (luxury cars, yachts etc.) this approach is considered to be a niche in the luxury watchmaking. Thus, in our opinion even in the highly traditional industry as Swiss luxury watchmaking it is of great importance to understand and try to implement this dynamic approach and to adopt “Bottom up” management practices. From managerial point of view it is important to encourage curiosity, open-mindedness and cross-departmental communication of the employees. Our key managerial recommendation would be to state that in order to gain competitive advantage, information from the markets, partners and clients should be translated into actionable plans that, once applied, tend to yield concrete results. This transition from data to reconfiguration of processes represents the path that creates more value and competitive advantage in a highly competitive industry. More specifically, firms aimed to compete on the basis of the superior customer service and expansion to the “hyper luxury” sector are advised to invest into building new type of relationship and more dynamic organizational process based on the insights coming from various partners. Limitations and further research avenues The resource advantage theory was predominantly constructed on the theoretical level. In our opinion, such approach could be considered as the key drawback of scientific discourse. Recognition that science and practice produce distinct forms of knowledge has been longstanding. According to Van de Ven (2007), the gap between theory and practice may be a knowledge production problem. The aim of the current research is to suggest a vice versa point of view and to highlight empirical evidence coming from practice. The theoretical contribution of this article to the academic discussion lies in explaining the expansion to the Hyper Luxury Watchmaking Segment based on intangible assets management. We contribute to the development of RBT with its insights deriving from Swiss luxury watchmaking industry. These issues helps us to come up with managerial recommendations and thus to contribute to the advancement of the RBT. The main limitation of this research is in the nature of our research. The exploratory research helped us to identify the key elements in expansion to hyper luxury watch segment by Swiss luxury watchmaking companies. However, this does not allow us to understand the depth of this phenomenon. In order to confirm this results the more profound and focused analysis is needed. It could help to understand deeper micro-foundations of DMC. In addition to that, in our opinion a detailed case study of the firm with outstanding DMC‟s would be particularly valuable. Otherwise, to test quantitatively what are the links between various elements is also a promising avenue for this research.

This study was performed to improve the foaming generated in the effluent of wastewater treatment plant from March 2015 to July 2016. The main cause of foaming was air entrainment by an impinging jet and the internal accumulation by the diffusion barrier. Particularly, the foam growth was most active when there is low tide and larger discharge. To solve this problem, we experimented after installing fine mesh screen and the artificial channel device with underwater discharging outlet in the treated wastewater discharge channel and the outlet, respectively. As a result, the effects of foam reduction by devices ranged 85.0~92.0% and 70.7~85.6%, respectively. In addition, the foam and the noise were easily solved, first of all look to contribute to the prevention of complaints. Our device studies were applied to a single wastewater treatment plant. However, it is considered to be able to apply in other similar cases of domestic sewage treatment plants.

본고는 효과적인 한자교육을 위하여 한자의 字體 변천과정에서 나타난 한자 字素의 변화 과정을 분석하고 현재 우리가 사용하고 있는 한자 자형인 楷書에서 나타난 자소들의 변이현상과 기본 규율을 정리하고자 한다. 또한 그 연구 결과를 한자교육의 현장에 적용함으로써 變異 字素들의 本義를 파악하지 못하여 발생하는 字形과 字義에 대한 혼란 해결을 그 목적으로 한다. 현재 中國에서 2001년부터 정책적으로 시행하고 있는 漢字 敎育 방법인 構形學은 說文解字의 小篆 構形 체계를 시작으로 전통적인 육서의 주요한 정신을 받아들여 근본적으로 육서의 부족한 점을 보충하였다. 構形學은 구조 기능 분석법을 이용하여 한자의 本義를 설명하고 시대별 字體 변화에 따른 자형 구조상의 규칙을 찾으려는 현대 한자학 이론이다. 한자의 字體를 쉽게 이해할 수 있는 효율적인 한자 자형 분석 방법을 찾으려면 構形學을 적용하여 字素를 정확히 분석하는 것이 기초적인 작업이라고 할 수 있다. 構形學에서 기본으로 삼고 있는 說文解字는 小篆의 字形을 중심으로 한자의 구조와 형태를 분석하여 ‘六書說’을 제시했다. 하지만 그 후로 한자는 隸書와 楷書로의 변천 과정을 거치면서 자형에 많은 변화가 있었고 심지어 楷書 중의 獨體字에서는 字體가 서로 점합하여 더 이상 獨體象形字의 결합으로 볼 수 없는 경우도 나타났다. 이러한 자형 변화의 과정에서 나타난 자소의 변이와 그 규칙성을 찾아내기 위해서는 說文解字의 六書說을 기본적인 이론으로 삼아야 할 것이다. 또한 字形을 정확히 분석하기 위해서는 시대에 따른 한자의 字體 변화를 참고하여 字形을 구성하는 각각의 구성요소를 분석해 낼 수 있어야 한다. 현재 우리가 사용하고 있는 한자는 隸變의 과정을 겪은 뒤의 자형이므로 古文字 계통과의 자형상 괴리가 심하여 한자를 교육하는 현장에서 느끼게 되는 혼란이 적지 않다. 이러한 제반의 문제들을 보완하고 교육현장에서 효율적 字形 교육을 실시함으로써 수많은 변이자소들로 인한 의미 파악의 혼란을 해결하는 것이 시급한 문제라고 생각한다.

본 연구는 비쌍극자 모형이 제시된 읽기 자료만으로 교사들의 편각에 대한 이해도가 얼마나 높아질 수 있는지를 알아보았다. 그와 함께 2009 개정 교육과정 하의 "지구과학 II" 교과서에서 기술된 내용이 과거의 교과서 내용과 얼마나 차이가 있는지 알아보았다. 편각에 대한 이해도 조사는 1급 정교사 연수를 받고 있는 경기도 지역 교사 30명, 서울지역 교사 33명을 대상으로 이루어졌다. 연구 결과 첫째 교사들도 편각에 관한 여러 오개념을 가지고 있었으며 대표적으로 나침반 바늘이 자북극을 가리킨다고 하는 오개념이 있었다. 이러한 오개념은 읽기 자료만으로도 잘 수정되지 않았다. 둘째로 비쌍극자 모형이 포함된 읽기 자료를 통해 편각에 대한 이해가 높아졌으며, 셋째로 개발된 자료는 학생들에 비해 교사들에게 더욱 효과적임을 통계적인 방식으로 확인하였으며 마지막으로 현재 사용되고 있는 교과서에서 제시되고 있는 비쌍극자 모형이 포함된 설명도 보완 수정이 필요함을 알았다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the aspects of social developments and cultural lives of early China reflected in The Book of Documents(Shangshu) which is a collection of China’s ancient literature and served as the basic data of Chinese political, historical, geographical, ideological aspects in the pre-Qin period. But there are many different copies of the text which include a lot of “scribal errors” and orthographic variants, because the Book of Documents was passed down for thousands of years. Jin teng(gold box) is also important for our understanding of the historical context at the beginning of the Zhou and Tsinghua Jane(清華簡) can provide different text articles for scholars. The text is not only helpful in reading words and understanding their meanings, but also beneficial for combining the edition. This thesis focuses on the different words, sentences, and a detailed explanation.

The mushroom production reached to 1000 billion won in monetary value in Korea. We, however, do not have systematic terminology dictionary published yet. Recently new varieties of medicinal mushrooms in addition to culinary mushrooms are being introduced steadily through out the world. This makes the necessity of coordinated and consistent arrangement of terms involved in culture, cultivation and physiological aspects of mushrooms. Various components in relation to the medicinal and physiological functionality also poses ambiguity in terminology along with the terms used in breeding and genetic researches. Moreover, some of the scientific terms are being used erroneously. In order to help mushroom cultivators, students, and mushroom business personnel in understanding the terms on mushroom science and technology we intended to collect and organize all the terms related to mushroom morphology and cultivation, poison and medicinal functionality, processing and utilization, and so on. Thirteen professionals from each field participated in this project. The fields included here are : 1) Genetics and breeding of mushrooms, 2) Cultivation and physiology of mushrooms, 3) Taxonomy and ecology of mushrooms, 4) Processing and functional components, 5) Blight and insects of mushrooms

수원시 이목동에 있는 원예연구소의 사과원에서 조사한 1958년부터 1998년까지 자료를 바탕으로 사과응애와 점박이응애의 역사적 발생변동 과정을 추적하였다. 1970년까지는 사과응애가 우점하였고 1980년 이후에는 점박이응애로 우점종이 바뀌었으며, 그 변화는 1970년 중반을 전후로 나타났다. 이러한 변화를 설명하기 위하여 3가지 가정, 즉 첫째, 두 종의 경쟁에서 점박이응애가 승리한다. 둘째, 과원의 초생은 점박이응애의 수상이동 여부를 결정하는 중요한 요소이다, 즉 초생이 파괴되었을 때 점박이응애의 수상이동이 촉진된다. 셋째, 과원생태계가 교란되지 않을 때 응애류는 천적에 의하여 개체군 밀도가 조절된다 하에 약제살포(고독성 비선택적 약제 처리 및 선택적 저독성 약제처리)와 초생관리(초생재배 및 청경재배=제초제 살포)에 따른 두 종의 장기적 상호작용 결과를 추정하였다. 고독성 농약/초생재배 시스템에서는 점박이응애의 수상이동이 제한되어 사과응애는 경쟁을 피할 수 있고, 또한 천적상이 파괴되기 때문에 전 생육기간 동안 사과응애가 우점한다. 고독성 농약/청경재배 시스템에서는 계절초기부터 점박이응애가 수상으로 이동하여 사과응애를 경쟁적으로 배제시킴으로써 점박이응애가 우점한다. 저독성 농약/초생재배 시스템에서는 점박이응애의 수상이동이 제한되어 사과응애가 우점하지만 천적의 작용으로 높은 밀도를 형성하지 못한다. 저독성 농약/청경재배 시스템에서는 점박이응애가 수상으로 이동하여 사과응애와 경쟁하지만 천적의 작용으로 밀도가 낮아져서 경쟁압력이 낮아지므로 생육후기 사과응애의 발생이 가능하다. 따라서 계절초기 사과응애, 계절후기 점박이응애가 우점하는 형태로 공존할 수 있다. 본 자료에서 제시한 점박이응애 우점화 현상은 부분적으로 고독성 농약/청경재배 시스템 상태에서 두 종의 장기적 상호작용의 결과로 설명될 수 있었다. CAD를 이용하여 살펴보고자 한 것이다. 연구방법으로는 가장 일반적인 실로 묶기, 전통적인 손바느질 느낌이 나는 시침질, 현대적 느낌이 강한 깡통에 의한 묶기와 기하학적 효과가 나는 접기 등의 홀치기염색 기법으로 수작업 한 다음 CAD를 이용하였다 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 홀치기염색기법에 의해 제작된 패턴을 모티브로 하여 수작업에서 얻지 못하는 다색사용가능성이 주�