This study aimed to investigate whether isometric lower limb exercise can activate contralateral trunk muscles and whether the magnitude of muscle activation is related to lower limb movement in sitting. This study included 25 healthy young subjects (20 males and 5 females). The magnitude of trunk muscle activation was measured using surface electromyography (EMG) during hip flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction, and a significant difference was observed in the activation levels of trunk muscles among the tests (p<.01). The EMG activity of the multifidus (MF) and erector spinae (ES) muscles on the contralateral side were significantly greater during hip extension. However, the activation levels of the contralateral internal oblique (IO) and rectus abdominis (RA) muscles were greatest during hip flexion. The MF : ES EMG ratio was significantly greater during hip isometric during hip isometric flexion and abduction compared to hip extension and adduction. There was no significantly difference in the IO : RA ratio during the isometric contractions toward different directions. These findings indicate that isometric lower limb exercise can elicit trunk muscle contraction on the contralateral side and may therefore be helped for developing contralateral trunk muscle strength in individuals undergoing rehabilitation.

The purpose of this study effectiveness of core strengthening exercise programs on symmetric double limb support and balance ability for elderly. The subjects that 30 persons between the ages of 65~80 elderly participated were divided into two groups randomly for 8 weeks. Tetrax interactive balance system and Berg's balance scale were used to assess support and stability. Paired t-tests were used to evaluate the changes before and after intervention. The difference between the groups was compared using an independent t-test. The experimental group showed significantly increase weight support, stability, balance(p<.05). However, the control group not showed significantly increase weight support, stability, balance(p>.05). In a variation, experimental and control groups showed significantly increased rate of weight support, stability, balance(p<.05). Consequently, core strengthening exercise program should be considered as a therapeutic method for the elderly to improve the balance ability and effectiveness on falls.

The purpose of this study was to analyze lower limb muscle activity and 3D motion analysis according to change foot arch height during walking. We selected 9 young and healthy people who have been normal foot. And we selected 7 young and healthy people who have been flatfoot. So, people were divided into 2 groups and walked platform during 2 minutes twice for checked by 3D motion analysis. These data were characterized by EMG measurements of three muscles( tibialis anterior, medial and lateral gastrocnemius) while they were walking. The collected data were analyzed by Independent t test using the SPSS statistics program(Ver 12.0). In foot arch change, there were no significant difference in three muscles 3D motion analysis also found that there were no significant difference in joint angles. In this study was to analyze lower limb muscle activity and 3D motion analysis according to change foot arch, but there were no significant difference in 6 muscles neither joint angles.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 최근 3년간 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 회복을 위해 사용된 중재방법을 알아보고자 하였다. 또한 근거 자료들을 P(Patient). I(Intervention). C(Comparison). O(Outcome). 방법에 따라 제시하여 임상에서 적용할 수 있도록 제시하였다. 연구방법 : 2008년 1월부터 2011년 4월까지 외국학회지에 게재된 논문을 PubMed와 MEDLINE을 통하여 검색하였다. 주요 검색용어(key words)는“(stroke OR CVA) AND (hand OR upper OR shoulder) AND intervention” 을 사용하였다. 최종적으로 52개의 Randomized Controlled Trials(RCT) 논문을 대상으로 분석하였다. 근거를 제시하기 위한 방법으로 P.I.C.O. 방법을 사용하여 제시하였다. 결과 : 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 회복을 위해 사용된 중재방법은 20개이었으며, 총 56회 사용되었다. 그 중 강제유도운동치료가 12회(21.48%)로 가장 많았으며, 전기적 치료 10회(17.90%), 양측성상지훈련 7회(12.53%), 근력 운동 및 로봇치료 4회(7.16%), 가상현실 치료 3회(5.37%)이었다. 연구 분석 결과 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 향상에 강제유도운동치료와 전기적 치료가 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 결론 : 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 향상을 위한 중재방법의 종류와 빈도를 제시하였고, 가장 많이 사용되는 강제유도운동 치료 및 전기적 치료의 중재방법에 대한 근거 논문들을 P.I.C.O. 방법으로 제시하였다. 결과는 임상 치료사들이 대상자의 특성에 따라 치료방법 및 기간, 평가도구를 선택하는데 근거 자료로 사용할 수 있을 것이라 생각한다. 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 회복을 위해 새롭게 개발되어 임상에 소개되는 중재방법과 중재의 효과에 대한 연구를 분석하여, 근거를 제시한 것에 의의가 있다. 앞으로는 국내의 뇌졸중 재활에 대한 체계적인 연구도 이루어져야 할 것이다.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 첫째, 체성감각 수용기의 활성화인 마찰에 의한 통증 입력이 고유수용성 감각에 미치는 영 향을 알아보고 둘째, 작업수행 기술 수준에 따른 작업수행 요인 중 하나인 고유수용성 감각의 변화를 규명하는 것 이다. 연구방법 : 실험군으로 1년 간 작업 실습에 참가한 제철 산업 전공 남자 대학생 22명과 대조군으로 일반 남자 대학 생 22명을 선정하였고. 3차원 동작분석 장비 Winarm을 이용하여 주관절 굴곡 신전, 수근관절 굴곡 신전 시 관절 위치 오차를 측정하여 고유수용성 감각 정도를 구하였다. 이 후 빗질을 이용하여 마찰 통증을 발현하였고 고유수 용성 감각을 재측정하였다. 수집된 자료는 계산식을 이용하여 오차의 평균을 산출한 뒤 통계분석 하였다. 결과 : 주관절 굴곡, 신전과 수근관절 굴곡, 신전 시 실험군과 대조군 모두 마찰에 의한 통증 입력 이후 자세 위치 오 차가 증가하였다(p<.05). 실험군과 대조군의 자세 위치 오차의 전후 차이를 비교한 결과 주관절의 y축 오차에서만 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났고 (p<.05) 다른 변인들은 모두 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 결론 : 체성 감각인 통증의 증가는 위치조절에 필요한 고유수용성 감각 활성을 감소시키고 통증 발현 시 작업수행 기술 수준과는 상관없이 고유수용성감각 감소는 일정한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 산업재해 예방을 위해서는 통증 을 감소시키고 고유수용성 감각을 증가시키는 프로그램이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Foot posture is important in the development of the musculoskeletal structure in the lower limbs because it can change the mechanical alignment. Although foot orthotics are widely used for the correction of malalignments in the lower extremities, the biomechanical effects of wedges have not yet been cleared. The aim of this study was to investigate whether medial wedges affect the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the knee and hip joints in healthy adults that are performing one leg standing. Seventeen healthy volunteers performed the one leg standing under two foot conditions: A level surface, and a medial wedge. The subjects' EMG data for the gluteus maximus (Gmax), gluteus medius (Gmed), tensor fasciae latae (TFL), biceps femoris (BF), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis oblique (VMO) were recorded, along with the surface EMG, and all were analyzed. The EMG activity of the Gmed and TFL had significantly decreased under the medial wedge condition during one leg standing. Further study is needed in order to investigate whether medial wedges influence the EMG activity and kinematic data of the knee and hip joints as well as the ankle joints in adults with flexible flatfoot, while they are performing one leg standing.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lumbar stabilization on both trunk and lower limb muscle activity and center of pressure (COP) in single leg standing. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to collect muscle activity data, the mean velocity of COP was measured using a force plate, and a pressure biofeedback unit was used for lumbar stabilization training. The findings of this study are summarized as follows: 1) The EMG activity of the erector spinae decreased significantly and the activity of the rectus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique, gluteus maximus, and gluteus medius increased significantly with lumbar stabilization single leg standing. 2) No differences in activity in the tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, rectus femoris, and medial hamstrings were found with single leg standing. 3) The mean velocity of COP in the antero-posterior and medio-lateral directions in the lumbar stabilization single leg standing decreased significantly compared with the preferred single leg standing. The findings of this study therefore indicate that lumbar stabilization can facilitate the co-activation of deep stabilization and global muscles that improve postural control capability during single leg standing.

The present study examined the effects of functional electrical stimulus( group 1), proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation(group 2) and combined training of functional electrical stimulus and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation(group 3) with scapula adductor muscles on scapula movement, upper limb function and gait in fifteen subjects stroke patients. The training was thirty minutes a day, five times a week for six weeks, obtained result as follow, upper limb function was significant difference in the group 2(p<.05) but no significant difference in other groups. The change of weight bearing were significant difference in all the groups(p<.05), and increase of gait velocity were significant difference in all the group(p<.05). In conclusion, when applied with functional electrical stimulus, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and combined training to the scapular adductor muscles, it was oberved in the course of the experiment that proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation was the most effective treatment among the three methods applied to the scapula adductors.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 수중 및 지상에서 시행된 강제유도운동치료의 효과를 비교함으로써, 수중에서 시행된 강제 유도운동치료가 편마비를 가진 뇌성마비 아동의 상지운동기능 및 일상생활동작에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보 는 것이다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 개별사례 연구 설계 중 대상자간 다중기초선을 이용한 교차설계를 이용하였으며, 편마비를 가 진 뇌성마비로 진단받은 아동 3명을 대상으로 하였다. 기초선 측정은 대상자 1이 4회, 대상자 2가 7회, 그리고 대 상자 3이 10회였으며, 치료회기는 대상자 1이 14회, 대상자 2가 11회, 그리고 대상자 3이 8회였다. 상지 기능과 일상생활동작의 평가는 Box and Block Test(BBT)와 Pediatric Motor Activity Log(PMAL)를 사용하여 시행되 었다. 결과 : 강제유도운동치료가 수중에서 적용되었을 때 대상자 1, 2, 3의 BBT 점수는 각각 27%(21.5점에서 27.3점으 로), 14%(33점에서 37.5점으로), 7.6%(46점에서 49.5점으로)로 증가되었으며, 지상에서 적용되었을 때 각각 16%(21.5점에서 25점으로), 6%(33점에서 35점으로), 0%(46점에서 46점으로)로 증가되거나 유지되었다. 대상 자 1, 2, 3의 PMAL 점수는 수중에서 적용되었을 시 각각 38%(0.8점에서 1.1점으로), 31%(1.3점에서 1.7점으 로), 17%(1.8점에서 2.1점으로)로 증가되었으며, 지상에서 적용되었을 시 각각 25%(0.8점에서 1.0점으로), 15%(1.3점에서 1.5점으로), 11%(1.8점에서 2.0점으로)가 증가되었다. 수중 강제유도운동치료와 지상 강제유도 운동치료 후 측정된 BBT와 PMAL의 측정값 사이에 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<.01). 결론 : 치료과정 동안 강제유도운동치료를 수중과 지상에서 교차 적용한 결과, 강제유도운동치료가 수중에서 시행 될 때 상지운동 기능에 보다 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of reaching distance on movement time and trunk kinematics in hemiplegic patients. Eight hemiplegic patients participated in this study. The independent variables were side (sound side vs. affected side) and target distance (70%, 90%, 110%, and 130% of upper limb). The dependent variables were movement time measured by pressure switch and trunk kinematics measured by motion analysis device. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used with Bonferroni post-hoc test. (1) There were significant main effects in side and reaching distance for movement time (p=.01, p=.02). Post-hoc test revealed that there was a significant difference between 110% and 130% of reaching distance (p=.01). (2) There was a significant main effect in side and reaching distance for trunk flexion (p=.01, p=.00). Post-hoc test revealed that there were significant differences in all pair-wise reaching distance comparison. (3) There was a significant side by target distance interaction for trunk rotation (p=.04). There was a significant main effect in target distance (p=.00). Post-hoc test revealed that there were significant differences between 70% and 110%, 70% and 130%, 90% and 110%, 90% and 130% of target distance. It was known that trunk flexion is used more than trunk rotation during reaching task in hemiplegic patients from the findings of this study. It is also recommended that reaching training is performed with limiting trunk movement within 90% of target distance whereas reaching training is performed incorporating with trunk movement beyond 90% of target distance in patients with hemiplegia.

The purpose of this study was to compare gait patterns during pregnancy. Because of the changes in hormone levels and anatomical changes such as body mass, body-mass distribution, joint laxity, and musculotendinous strength that result from pregnancy, it

The purpose of this research to find out the efficient guiding device during teaching based on the datum what were calculated kinematic and kinetic variable about the vertical jump according to the distinction of sex in elementary school. Four male, five

This study aimed to examine whether McConnell taping for deltoid inhibition affects the Electromyographic (EMG) activity of shoulder girdle muscles during arm elevation. Ten young healthy men were randomly assigned to an experimental and control groups of five men each. For the experimental group, we performed taping for deltoid inhibition on the skin over anterior and posterior deltoids with non-elastic specific tape, and sham-taping with non-elastic under-tape for the control group. Surface EMG measurements were performed three times (before, during and after the tapings) at upper and lower trapezius, mid-deltoid, and serratus anterior muscles while elevating dominant aim with loading and unloading conditions. In deltoid inhibition taping group, there were significant differences in EMG activity of mid-deltoid (p<.05) and serratus anterior (p<.05) muscles during arm elevation with loading. During arm elevation without loading, the EMG activity was significantly decreased for MD in the McConnell taping group (p<.05). The findings indicate that deltoid inhibition taping can modify the activation patterns in shoulder girdle muscles as well as in deltoid muscle. in clinical setting. it may be effectively used for the management of patients with shoulder dysfunction.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 4가지의 간단한 침상 검사(Simple bedside tests)가 뇌졸중 환자의 상지 기능 회복예측에 있어서 진단적 가치를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 34명의 급성기 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 입원 후 7, 14, 40, 80일 정기적으로 평가하였으며, 상지회복을 위한 4개의 잠재적인 예측을 평가하는 측정 도구(Active Finger Extension: AFE, Shoulder Abduction: SA, Shoulder Shrug: SS, Hand Movement Scale: HMS)와 3개의 상지 기능 결과를 평가하는 도구 (Box and Block Test: BBT, Nine Hole Peg Test: NHPT, Fugl-Meyer upper extremity: FugM)들을 사용하였다. 독립변수인 Simple bedside test(AFE, SS, SA, HMS; 입원 7일 후에 평가)가 상지의 기능적 예측 인자로서 종속변수(BBT, NHPT, FugM; 14일, 40일, 80일)에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위하여 전진적 다중 선형 회귀 분석(Forward stepwise multiple linear regression)을 이용하였다. 결과 : Hand Movement Scale은 뇌졸중 후 상지 기능 회복에서 단, 중, 장기간에 강력한 초기 예측 변수로 나타났다. 결론 : Hand Movement Scale은 급성기 뇌졸중 환자의 상지기능 회복을 예측 할 수 있는 변수로서 신뢰 할만하다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the differences in joint moment in the intact limb of uni-transfemoral amputees and to identify the implications of knee osteoarthritis. As an experimental method, three-dimensional gait analysis was performed on 10 uni-transfemoral amputees and 10 healthy males. Kinematics and kinetics at the hip, knee, and ankle joint were calculated. As a statistical method, independent t-tests were conducted to perform a comparison between the transfemoral amputee group and the control group. The results showed that the external knee adduction moment increased in the transfemoral amputee group (.22 Nm/kg) compared with that of the control group (.13 Nm/kg) at terminal stance (p=.008). External knee flexion moment also increased in the transfemoral amputee group (.24 Nm/kg) but this difference was not statistically significant. External hip flexion moment increased in the transfemoral amputee group (1.35 Nm/kg) compared with that of the control group (.45 Nm/kg) at initial stance, and external hip extension moment decreased in the transfemoral amputee group (-.26 Nm/kg) compared with that of the control group (-.76 Nm/kg) at terminal stance. Although external ankle plantarflexion moment of the transfemoral amputee group increased, it was not found to be statistically significant. The results suggest that the intact limb joint moment of the uni-transfemoral amputees during walking can be different from that of healthy subjects. In conclusion, it was found that there is a link between the increase of external knee adduction moment and the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in uni-transfemoral amputees. This result is expected to provide some objective data for rehabilitation programs related to knee osteoarthritis in transfemoral amputees.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 편마비 아동에게 수중에서 시행하는 대칭운동이 상지기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보는데 있다. 연구방법 : 연구의 대상자는 뇌병변으로 인한 좌측편마비 진단을 받은 8세 아동이었다. 본 연구는 개별사례 실험 연구방법 중 반전연구(ABA)를 사용하였으며, 각각 8회기의 기초선 과정, 치료기간, 그리고 치료 후 관찰기간 동안 상지기능을 평가하였다. 상지기능의 평가는 Bruininks-Oseretsky 운동기능 발달검사 소항목인 동전 옮기기와 Grooved 페그보드 검사를 통하여 이루어졌다. 또한 팔뻗기 과제에 대한 동작분석은 치료기간 전과 후에 각각 측정되었다. 대상자는 치료선 과정과 치료 후 관찰기간에는 일반적인 물리치료 및 작업치료를 받았으며, 치료기간에는 이에 더하여 40분간의 수중 대칭운동을 추가로 시행하였다. 결과 : 동전 옮기기와 페그보드 검사로 평가된 상지기능은 기초선과정보다 치료기간 동안에 향상되었으며, 이는 치료 후 관찰기간에도 지속적으로 유지되었다. 팔뻗기 과제에 대한 동작분석 결과 치료기간 후에 과제 완료시 체간의 굴곡 보상이 감소되었으며 견관절의 굴곡과 주관절의 신전이 움직임이 증가되었다. 또한 견관절과 주관절의 움직임 형태가 안정적으로 변하였다. 결론 : 수중 대칭운동은 편마비 아동의 상지 기능 및 움직임의 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 향후에는 많은 대상자들을 포함하고 장기간 시행된 연구가 계속적으로 이어져야 할 것이다.

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the applicability of audio-visual modeling for improving the efficiency of rehabilitative programs by analyzing the effects of observing these various models on the capacity of stroke patients to perform upper limb activities. Twenty-one stroke patients participated in the experiment and were randomly assigned to either task modeling, sport modeling, or control group. During 2 weeks of intervention, subjects in all groups participated in the physical practice of experimental tasks. These tasks comprised of a Nine Hole Peg Test, the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function tests, and locomotion. These tasks were performed 5 days a week, 30 min per day. In addition to the physical practice, the task modeling group observed a model performing experimental tasks and locomotive activities for 20 min, while the sport modeling group observed a model performing various sport activities for 20 min. Subjects' ability to perform the experimental tasks was measured 3 times, before, immediately after, and 1 week after the intervention. Analyses of the capacity to perform upper extremity activities displayed significant improvement from the pre-test to immediate and delayed post-tests in all groups. However, the amount of improvement was the highest in the task modeling group. The task modeling group was superior to the control group in the post-test of all experimental tasks, whereas the sport modeling group did not display significant differences from the control group. These results suggest that audio-visual modeling can be used as an effective cognitive intervention for facilitating the rehabilitation of stroke patients, and its rehabilitative effect can be maximized when the program is comprised of performance scenes directly related to the target task.