말쥐치는 북서태평양 해역에 분포하는 군집성 어류로 수산식품으로 이용되는 경제적 가치가 높은 어종이다. 본 연구에서는 서남해에 서식하는 국내산 말쥐치 (Thamnaconus modestus)와 기존에 보고된 유사종 (Thamnaconus septentrionalis) 과의 형태적-유전적 특징을 비교-분석하였다. 이를 위해 서남해에서 채집한 말쥐치의 외부 형태와 골격을 관찰하고, 미토콘드리아 DNA의 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) 유전자 염기서열을 비교하여 유사종 (T. septentrionalis)과의 계통진화적 연관관계를 분석하였다. 서남해안 말쥐치의 외부 형태는 회갈색 바탕에 몸 전체에 흑갈색 무늬가 불규칙하게 산재된 패턴을 가지며 청록빛의 지느러미가 관찰되었다. 채집한 말쥐치에서 추출한 미토콘드리아DNA의 COI 유전자 분석결과 7종류의 염기서열 변이가 나타났으나 상동성이 전체적으로 98.8% 이상으로 유사 성이 높게 나타났다. 또한 형태적으로 말쥐치 유사종인 T. septentrionalis COI 염기서열 비교와 계통유전학적 분석 결과, 보고된 시퀀스 중 상동성이 99%로 유전적으로 말쥐치로 보여지는 두 종 (JN813099, MW485059)과 상동성 95%로 유사종으로 보이는 두 종 (EF607583, KP267619)이 확인되었다. 말쥐치와 유사종은 계통유전적 분석결과 말쥐치와 유사종의 차이를 확인하였으나 형태적 특징으로 종 분류는 어 려운 상태이다. 따라서 본 연구는 말쥐치의 외부 형태와 내부 골격 및 계통유전학적 정보를 제공함으로 말쥐치와 유사종 (T. septentrionalis)의 분류학적 재검토를 진행하는 데 주요한 정보가 될 것이다.

Various biometric and geometric measures were used to discriminate between the morphologically similar river puffer, Takifugu obscurus, tiger puffer, T. rubripes, their hybrids, and their triploid hybrids. The hybrids and triploid hybrids had greater anal fin width, nostril width, and snout length than the parental species (p<0.05). However, they had less caudal peduncle depth, inter-orbital width, head length, and head width (p<0.05). The morphometric and meristic characteristics of the hybrids and triploid hybrids were either intermediate between the parental species or more similar to those of one parental species. However, the external morphology of the hybrids and triploid hybrids was predominantly maternal. The triploid hybrids had asymmetry in the fin rays and gill raker numbers. This study identified phenotypic characteristics by distinguishing the morphological variables of river puffer, tiger puffer, their hybrids, and their triploid hybrids.

조경수로 널리 쓰이고 있는 벚나무속 중 산벚나무(Prunus sargentii), 왕벚나무(Prunus yedoensis), 벚나무(Prunus serrulata var. spontanea), 잔털벚나무(Prunus serrulata var. pubescens), 올벚나무(Prunus pendula)을 중심으로 꽃 형질 및 화분학적 특성을 비교분석하여 수종 간 근연관계 및 품종육성을 위한 유용한 자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 5 수종에 대한 꽃의 형태적 특성 12형질을 조사하여 다변량분석을 한 결과, 모든 정량적형질 특성에서 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다. 주성분 분석 결과 제 3주성분까지 65.2%의 설명력을 나타냈으며, 꽃 형질 특성으로부터 종간 유연관계를 파악하는데 있어서는 소화경 길이, 꽃 폭, 꽃잎 폭, 총화경 길이, 꽃잎 길이 등이 중요한 형질로서 높은 기여도를 나타내고 있었으며, 군집분석 결과 벚나무류 꽃의 형태적 특성에 의해 크게 3개의 group으로 구분되어짐을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 벚나무류 종간 화분의 외부형태적 특징을 분석한 결과 발아구의 형태에서만 차이가 있을 뿐 수종 간 동일한 모두 유사한 형태인 것으로 조사되었다.

최근 양식기법이 보급되어 어가의 양식이 활발해진 감태 (Ecklonia cava Kjellman)는 향후 다양한 품종개발이 예상되고, 이들의 구분을 위한 신품종 심사기준 (특성조사요 령) 작성과 기초자료가 되는 자연 개체군의 변이 폭과 지역적 형태 변이에 관한 연구 필요성은 더욱 커지고 있다. 본 연구는 감태 양식 개체군과 국내 연안 16개소에서 채집한 자연개체군의 형태를 비교하고, 주요 형태 형질의 특성과 변이 폭을 규명하고자 하였다. 감태의 품종 구분에 적합한 형질은 1차엽과 2차엽, 줄기에 대한 주요 형태와 특 징에 관한 14개 측정 형질과 4개 비율 형질, 총 18개 특성을 선정하였다. 군집 분석에서 전체 19개 개체군 중, 자연 개체군인 장길 (E4), 소록 (S7)은 동일 지역 개체군들과 유의한 차이를 보였고, 동해와 남해의 나머지 자연 개체군은 양식 2년생인 수유 (Q6, Q8, Q10)를 포함한 2개 집단으로 구분되었고, 제주의 3개 개체군은 별도의 집단을 이루어 지역적으로 구분되었다. 주성분 분석에서도 군집 분석에서 집단을 이룬 동해와 남해 개체군을 중심으로 양식 개체군은 중앙에 모여 나타났고, 장길 (E4), 소록 (S7)과 제주 개체군들은 주성분 1 (PC1)과 주성분 2 (PC2)에 연관된 2 차엽 지수, 줄기의 길이와 직경, 줄기 길이/1차엽 길이, 1차엽 길이와 너비, 2차엽 수, 2차엽 길이와 너비의 형질에 의해 각 축에 따라 구분되어 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 본 연구에서 조사한 18개 형질은 각 해역에서 유의한 차이를 보이는 개체군 구분을 위한 기준으로 유용성이 확인되었으 며, 감태의 각 지역 개체군은 향후 신품종 개발 후보 종으로 가능성이 클 것으로 기대되었다.

The hypopharyngeal gland (HPG) of the honeybee worker produces royal jelly (RJ) and has a developmental cycle closely related to the division of labor. In this study, we investigated to compare the HPG acini diameter of differently aged worker bees with high royal jelly producing colony (HRC) or less producing colony (LRC). Additionally, we also evaluated whether the fresh weight of the head is a reliable indicator of the developmental status of HPG. The HRC showed a significantly higher RJ production about two-times as compared with those of the LRC. We measured the HG-diameters on days 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15. The microscopic analysis revealed that the acini size of the HRC was significantly larger than the LRC. In addition, the acini diameter of HRC was 15% longer than the LRC on the first day after emerging. It was shown that the fastest development during 3 days which is preparing for nurse the brood. The HPG acini diameters increased in both colonies in a similar fashion until day 12 and then decreased. We also compared the fresh head weight of the experimental colonies, differences were similar to the development of HPG. Therefore, high royal jelly production may have a positive correlation between HPG acini size and the fresh head weight.

We report Conilepia nigricosta (Leech, 1988) in Korea for the first time. The female of C. nigricosta is nearly identical to the female of Lithosia quadra, and it has caused confusion in the generic classification. Therefore, we reexamined their morphology and also performed to analyze DNA barcode region compared with species of other related genera. As the results, the significant diagnoses between the two species were reconfirmed and provided in the adult appearances, wing venations, and genital structures in both sexes. The DNA barcoding results also showed a large genetic distance ranging from 6.21% to 7.16% between the two species. In phylogenetic relationship for these two species as well as 28 related species of Lithosiina, C. nigricosta was clustered as a sister to L. quadra and they formed a strong monophyletic group. It supports a possibility that these two genera may be a single genus, but more detailed molecular analysis using additional genetic markers and samples is needed to resolve reliable phylogenetic relationships between the taxa examined in this study.

The genus Panonychus has been reported only two species, P. ulmi and P. citri, in Korea. Two new species, P. mori Yokoyama, 1929 and P. caglei Mellot, 1968 were firstly identified from jujube orchards in Gyeongsan and kudzu vine in Byunsan peninsula in Korea. Morphological differences among four species have been described especially in aedeagus shape. Comparison of nucleotide sequences of both the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were compared between four species. Phylogenetic analysis of ITS2 and COI sequences using neighbor-joining method showed that P. mori and P. caglei were most similar to each other and more closely related to P. ulmi than P. citri. In addition, species-specific primer sets of each species were designed based on ITS2 sequencesand can be used to diagnose species in this genus.

Tetranychid mites are one of the most diverse group including at least 1,200 species in the world. Species identification is difficult due to the small size and similar morphology within the group. We collected 17 species of spider mites from various host plants in different regions of Korea and determined species identity by the comparison of morphological characters and nucleotide sequences of internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). In addition, we report three new species that were firstly identified in Korea. Amphitetranychus quercivorus (Ehara and Gotoh) was collected from Mongolian oak plant in Daegu, Schizotetranychus miscanthi Saito was from the common reed plant in Ulleungdo, and S. cercidiphylli Ehara was from Bamboo plant in Jeju. Morphological identification of three species were similar with those of Japanese samples, but the ITS2 and COI sequences of A. quercivorus and the COI sequence of S. miscanthi were different with Japanese species at the rates of 1/419, 2/331 and 3/332 nucleotides, repsectively. S. cercidiphylli can be identified by the aedeagus shape of males but we firstly sequenced ITS2 and COI of this species. Our results can be used for the identification of spider mites which are important in plant quarantine.

Multivariate morphomatric analyses were conducted to cluster the morphologically similar group using species units within the tribe Aphidini. Some species of the genus Aphis are morphologically very similar each other and, mentioned by aphid taxonomists as well, possibly grouped by some characteristics. To cluster the morphologically related groups and find some significant characteristics to define morphological groups for 59 Aphidini species, we perform two statistical analyses of 30 morphomatric characters, Principle Component Analysis (PCA; SAS Procedure PRINCOMP) and Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA; SAS Procedure CANDISC) using SAS/STAT version 9.1.3 (SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, North Carolina). The results of the morphological clustering analyses were compared with the molecular phylogeny of Aphidini obtained from the previous study using three molecular gene fragments: partial mitochondrial tRNA-leucine + cytochrome oxidase II (tRNA/COII), partial mitochondrial 12S + tRNA-valine + 16S (12S/16S), and nuclear elongation factor-1 alpha (EF1α) (total 3,289bp) for 37 representative species among them. The congruence or difference between morphological and molecular analyses is also discussed in Aphidini group

한국산 산개구리류 3종의 분류학적 형질을 명확히 하기 위하여 형태학적, 계량형태학적 방법을 이용하여 한국산 산개구리류 3종(북방산개구리, 계곡산개구리, 아무르산개구리)과 일본산 산개구리류 1종(R. tsushimensis)을 비교 분석하였다. 형태학적 비교 분석결과, 산개구리류는 손가락 끝과 발가락 끝의 모양, 아래턱에 형성된 반문의 발달유무, 윗입술선의 유무, 물갈퀴의 발달 정도, 서구개치열의 형태 등이 차이가 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, 계량형태학적

본 연구는 돼지 정액의 동결과정동안 flow cytometric 분석에 의한 정액내 생존정자의 비율을 조사하여 주관적으로 평가되는 활력 및 정상첨체율(normal apical ridge ; NAR)과 비교하여 정자의 손상과 생존성에 대한 적절한 평가법을 찾기 위하여 실시하였다. 동결과정 중 정액채취, 냉각, 예비동결 및 동결융해 후에 flow cytometric 분석에 의한 정자 생존율은 각각 93.03.6, 85.13.9, 28.96.8 및 26.15

Background : Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is a medicinal plant corresponding to 'raw materials for food use' in Korean food standards codex, and it is known that it has the same origin although it is classified into wild ginseng, cultured ginseng and red ginseng. It varies morphologically, molecularly, depending on the cultivation or habitat environment. In this study, we carried out experiments for the morphological differentiation of cultured ginseng (Hongcheon, Gunsan, Miryang) and adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng (by company). Methods and Results : Morphological observations were made with resin sectioning method (RSM). The test method was sampled, preprocessed, embedded, segmented, slid and then observed with an optical microscope. The epidermis, cortex and vascular tissues were identified in the inner cross section of adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng. Phloem was formed at the center, and xylem was formed at the side. In cultured ginseng, the organs of the vascular tissues were differentiated into two, whereas in the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng, one vascular tissue was formed due to the thin adventitious. Conclusion : Plant resources have the diversity of using the same or different origins depending on their distribution. The morphological differentiation method of ginseng and adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng is expected to be based on domestic fair trade to prevent discrimination.

These studies were conducted to discriminate Cynanchum wilfordii, C. auriculatum, Metaplexis japonica, andPolygonum multiflorum by morphological characters. Cynanchum wilfordii, C. auriculatum, and Metaplexis japonica(Ascle-piadaceae) were easily distinguished from Polygonum multiflorum by twining stem to the left, producing opposite leaves,having laticiferous stems and leaves at cutting cross-sectionally, and lacking lignification of the stem. Four species had differ-ent morphological characters of flower. Comparing four species to fruit type, three species of Asclepiadaceae had follicle,while Polygonum multiflorum had achene with three wings. Follicle shape was lanceolate, narrowly lanceolate, and widelylanceolate in C. wilfordii, C. auriculatum, and Metaplexis japonica, respectively. Whereas seed color of four species was darkbrown similarly, seed shape and 1,000 seed weight were useful characters to discrimate between three species ofAsclepiadaceae and Polygonum multiflorum. Shape and color of root were thickened and yellowish brown in C. wilfordii andC. auriculatum. They were thin and long and white in Metaplexis japonica, and fusiform and reddish brown in Polygonummultiflorum. They would be useful characters to distinguish Cynanchum spp., Metaplexis japonica, and Polygonummultiflorum, however, impossible characters to discriminate between C. wilfordii and C. auriculatum.

육성연대가 다른 보리품종의 생리, 형태적 특성변화와 수량성과의 관계를 구명하여 육종 및 재배법개선의 기초자료로 삼고져 보리 9품종을 2시비수준에서 재배하여 조사, 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 근년에 육성된 품종들은 과거에 육성된 품종들에 비하여 엽록소함량, 엽신질소함량, 근활력, 근중, 비엽중(SLW) 및 순동화율이 높은 반면 엽면적지수는 낮았다. 2. 근년에 육성된 품종의 건물생산은 NAR보다 LAI와 밀접한 관계가 있었으나 과거에 육성된 품종은 반대의 경향이었다. 3. 엽층의 분포가 신품종들은 상하부에 고르게 분포되어 있으나 과거에 육성된 품종은 중상부에 집중되어 있었다. 4. 수량과 상관이 높았던 요인들은 엽록소함량, 근활력, 순동화율, 엽신질소함량 등이었으며, Stepwise multiple regression분석에서 엽록소함량, 근활력, 지상부건물중이 회귀식에 들어갔을 때 분산의 90% 정도가 되었다.