The button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, is one of the major economical crops cultivated in Korea. This mushroom showed the 5th production to 11,493 M/T in 2014. This study examined changes in decomposition-related enzyme activity secreted by the microorganisms isolated from button mushroom composts. Among the isolated microorganisms, bacterial strains CY-36 were the most dominant and had the highest enzyme activities. 16S rDNA sequencing analysis showed 99% similarity of CY-36 to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. To define the optimum conditions for the mass production of CY-36, we have investigated optimum culture conditions and effects of various nutrient source on the bacterial growth. The optimum initial pH and temperature were determined as pH 5.0~8.0 and 30°C, respectively. The optimal culture medium for the growth was determined as follows: 2.0% dextrin, 1.0% yest extract, 0.5% NaNO3, 3 mM MgSO4, and 0.6% valine. Enzymatic activities of CMCase and PGase secreted by CY-36 were the most prominent and CMCase activity were optimal at 40°C and pH 7.0, and PGase activity were 50°C and pH 6.0. The activity of CMCase was rapidly decreased at more than 4°C and pH 5.0, and the activity of PGase was rapidly decreased at more than 30°C but didn’t affect as pH change. Accordingly, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CY-36 was potentially useful on the fermentation stimulation and softening of rice straw in the process of fermentation for mushroom cultivation.

This study examined changes in decomposition-related enzyme activity secreted by the microorganisms isolated from button mushroom composts. Among the isolated microorganisms, bacterial strains CY-24 were the most dominant and had the highest enzyme activities. 16S rDNA sequencing analysis showed 97% similarity of CY-24 to Bacillus licheniformis. To define the optimum conditions for the mass production of CY-24, we have investigated optimum culture conditions and effects of various nutrient source on the bacterial growth. The optimum initial pH and temperature were determined as pH 6.0 and 30°C, respectively. The optimal culture medium for the growth was determined as follows: 0.3% mannose, 1.5% yest extract, 0.8% (NH4)2HPO4, 2 mM MnSO4, and 0.5% asparatic acid. Enzymatic activities of CMCase and PGase secreted by CY-24 were the most prominent and CMCase activity were optimal at 50~60°C and pH 6.0, and PGase activity were 60°C and pH 6.0. The activity of CMCase was inhibited by metal ions including Ca+ and Cu+, while the activity of PGase didn’t affect. The activity of CMCase was rapidly decreased at more than 30°C and pH 7.0, and the activity of PGase didn’t affect as temperature change but was rapidly decreased at more than pH 5.0. Accordingly, This strain was potentially useful on the fermentation stimulation and softening of rice straw in the process of fermentation for mushroom cultivation.

The button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus is one of the most widely cultivated mushroom species. Mushroom growers inoculate compost beds with spawn, which is the vegetative mycelium and serves as the inoculum or seed for cultivating mushrooms. Various cereal grains, such as wheat, millet, barley, sorghum, brown rice, rye, and oat can be used in the spawn production of button mushroom. In this study rice seed bag spawn was compared with wheat grain bottle spawn in the spawn production. When the physical properties of two cereal grains were compared the 1000-kernel weight were 32.0g in wheat grain and 24.9g in rice seed. Number of kernels per milliliter were greater in rice seed compared with wheat grain with 24.5. Wheat grain showed 41.0% of total carbon level and 2.49% of total nitrogen level resulting 16.6 C/N ratio. Nitrogen content of rice seed was lower compared to that of wheat with 0.96 resulting 39.5 C/N. It was possible to produce 50kg of rice seed spawn in 22×49cm polypropylene filter bag with only 1~2 shakings compared to 0.45kg of wheat grain spawn in 1,000mL Ringer bottle with 4~5 shakings. Based on the results obtained, rice seed bag spawn would be appropriate substitute for wheat grain spawn in button mushroom.

A variety of rice cultivars have been developed and their usages are being expanded to develop value added products in relation to their physicochemical properties. Cyclodextrin (CD), commonly produced from potato starch, is widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. So far, few studies have been reported on the CD production from rice starches. In this study, the physicochemical properties of various rice starches were investigated and their substrate performance were evaluated for the CD production using cyclodextrin-glucanotransferase (CGTase). Starches of 5 Korean rice cultivars, Dodamssal (DD), Ilpummi (IP), Saegoami (SG), Sintoheukmi (SH), and Geonganghongmi (GH) were isolated by alkaline extraction method. The amylose content of DD and SG was ~66% and ~30%, respectively, while the others ranged from ~18% to ~23%. A similar amylopectin branch chain length distribution was observed in SH, GH, and IP, showing higher content of middle chains B1. SG showed higher content of the short chains A and lower content of the long chains B3+ than SH, GH, and IP, whereas DD showed opposite trends. RVA pasting properties showed the lowest values of peak viscosity, breakdown, and final viscosity in DD. The X-ray diffraction pattern of DD was the typical B-type pattern, whereas the others showed A-type patterns. Most starches had typical polygonal granular shapes, whereas DD showed round shape as revealed by SEM. In order to produce CD, starches were treated with isoamylase, CGTase and glucoamylase in a sequential order. DD showed the highest CD yield of 83% and GH showed the lowest CD yield of 70%. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the starches with high amylose contents tend to show low peak viscosity, high pasting temperature, and high CD production yield.

The optimization of brown rice replacement ratio and superheated steam (SHS) treatment conditions in production of extruded rice snack for infants were conducted using a response surface methodology. Experiments were designed using a Box-Behnken design with three independent variables (brown rice replacement ratio, SHS temperature, and SHS time) and two response variables (hardness and water uptake). The second order polynomial model showed a satisfactory description of the experimental results. Optimal conditions for extruded snack with the lowest predicted hardness (2.84 kg/cm2) were 15.81% of brown rice replacement with SHS treatment at 279.59oC for 197.40 sec. Meanwhile, optimal conditions for extruded snack with the highest predicted water uptake (384.79%) were 17.18% of brown rice replacement ratio with SHS treatment at 274.52oC for 196.22 sec.

본 연구는 한국에서 분리한 송곳니구름버섯 (Irpex consors) 균사체의 에탄올 생산 가능성을 탐색하기 위해 수행되었다. 송곳니구름버섯의 균사체를 당이 함유된 배지에 접종하여 에탄올 생산량을 측정하였다. 포도당, 만노오스, 자일로스 등 단당류와 셀로비오스 등의 이당류가 각각 1 g 함유된 발효배지에 송곳니구름버섯의 균사체를 접종하고 배양한 결과 각각의 이들 당류에서 0.23, 0.19. 0.21, 0.17 g의 에탄올이 생산되었다. 또한 볏짚을 열수, 3% 가성소다, 3% 황산용액으로 각각 전 처리한 후 송곳니구름버섯의 균사체를 접종하고 배양한 결과 1 g의 볏짚은 각각 0.12, 0.15, 0.19 g의 에탄올로 전환되었다. 본 실험을 통해 송곳니구름버섯의 균사체는 여러 종류의 환원당을 이용해 에탄올을 생산할 수 있는 것은 물론 열수, 가성소다 및 황산으로 전 처리한 볏짚을 에탄올로 전환하는 것도 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 송곳니구름버섯 균사체의 에탄올 생산 수율을 본 실험의 결과 보다 높일 수 있다면 당류뿐 만아니라 볏짚을 비롯한 리그닌셀룰로오스의 바이오매스를 이용해 바이오에탄올을 효율적으로 생산해 우리나라 에너지 수요를 자급하는데 큰 기여를 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is present in many vegetables and fruits, but not in dairy products. GABA is known to be beneficial for preventing neurological disorders and hypertension. The objective of this study was to measure the physicochemical changes, number of lactic acid bacteria, and GABA content in fermented goat milk containing rice (1%). The levels of pH and titratable acidity (TA) in each test samples were found to be pH 4.4∼4.5 and 0.74∼0.8%, respectively. The number of viable lactic acid bacteria between test samples ranged from 8.63 to 8.95 Log CFU/ml. Therefore, pH, TA, and number of viable cells in each test sample had no difference. Furthermore, the Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus SP5 (Lb. bulgaricus SP5) showed the highest GABA production in goat milk containing rice. Its maximum GABA yield was 3.4 mg/100 mL. The results suggest that GABA contents of fermented goat milk containing rice can be enriched using Lb. bulgaricus SP5.

Rice can be the contaminating with soil-borne bacteria. Furthermore, the contaminated bacteria can be grown during immersion process for produce wet-milled rice flour. Therefore, disinfectants can be added during the immersion process. Antibacterial activities of the natural disinfectant, fermented rice spent water (FRSW), and the chemical disinfectants, chlorine dioxide (CD) and sodium benzoate (SB), were respectively determined when added in pure cultures of target bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cereus or when added to immersion water in the immersion process. In addition, rinsing effects for removing bacteria were determined when rice was rinsed with water before and after the immersion process. Antibacterial activities were rapidly increased as increasing amounts of the disinfectants are added to the pure cultures of the target bacteria. Antibacterial activity of CD was the most effective among the three tested disinfectants when added to the pure cultures of the target bacteria, respectively. Those of the same disinfectants were increased when they were increasingly added to the immersion water. However those of the disinfectants were less effective when added to the immersion water. On the other hand, rinsing effects for removing bacteria were the most effective when rice was rinsed only with water without the immersion process. Collectively, rinsing rice with water only was more effective than using disinfectants in the immersion water during rice flour production.

본 연구는 지난 20년간(1990~2012) 캄보디아 우기 벼의생산성 변동과 특징 및 저해 요인에 대하여 살펴본 바 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 캄보디아는 지난 20년 동안 홍수와 가뭄 등이 생산성 증대의 저해 요인으로 나타났다. 특히 1994년, 2000년, 2002년 그리고 2004년은 생산성이 심각하게 감소하였다. 홍수피해는 하천의 수위와 직접적인 관계가 있으며 재배시기인 9월과 10월에 하천의 범람으로 수확면적과 생산량 감소를 초래하는 반면가뭄피해는 국지적인 발생으로 재배면적, 수확면적, 생산량 및수확량에 직접적인 저해를 주었다. 20년간 자료를 고찰할 때홍수피해의 발생은 많았지만 실질적으로 가뭄피해가 생산성저해에 보다 큰 영향을 주고 있다. 장기적인 가뭄은 조생종과중생종 재배면적을 감소시켰으며, 2005년 이후부터 홍수피해보다는 가뭄피해로 생산성 저해가 높아지고 있다. 캄보디아의 벼 생산성 증대를 위해서는 관개수로의 재정비와 보급이 우선이지만, 그 이전에 홍수, 가뭄피해에 대한 농가의 대처방법과 재배기술, 품종의 선택 그리고 물 관리 방법등이 개선되어야 한다고 본다. 최근 캄보디아 남부 천수답을중심으로 The System of Rice Intensification (SRI)이 확산되고 있다. SRI는 종래의 재배법을 보다 체계적으로 정리하여농가에 보급하고 있으며, 물 관리 방법, 재배 시기 등에 초점을 두고 있다.

1. 미국에서는 지난 10여년간 벼를 주식으로 소비하는 아시아계와 라틴 아메리카계 인구의 급격한 증가와 더불어 사회적 건강에 대한 관심의 증대로 인해 벼의 생산과 소비가 점차적으로 증가하고 있다. 2. 미국에서 생산되는 모든 벼의 99 퍼센트가 알칸소, 캘리포니아, 루이지애나, 미시시피, 미주리, 텍사스 등의 6개 주에서 생산되고 있으며, 주로 인디카 장립종을 재배하고 있는 다른 주에 비해 캘리포니아에서는 주로 자포니카 중립종과 단립종을 재배하고 있다. 3. 캘리포니아는 이상적인 기후와 충분한 농업용수의 공급 및 혁신적인 농업 기술의 이용으로 미국에서 가장 높은 9,000 kg/ha이상의 수량을 보이고 있으며, 레이저를 이용한 토지 평탄 시스템의 도입과 관수 시스템의 재순환을 통해 농업용수 이용효율을 지난 30년간 1/3 정도 향상시켰다. 4. 캘리포니아에 벼재배에서 사용되는 종자의 90% 이상은 종자의 순도유지 및 잡초 종자의 유입을 배제하기 위해 등록및 특화된 종자를 사용하고 있으며, 주요 파종 방법은 최아된 종자를 이용한 100% 담수직파에 의존하고 있다. 균형있는 비료의 시비를 위해 질소비료 및 다른 형태의 비료를 토양 및식물의 잎조직분석법의 의해 평가된 비료 요구도에 따라 기비및 추비의 형태로 살포한다. 5. 캘리포니아의 벼담수직파방법은 적미와 다른 잡초를 제어하는 효율적인 재배기술인 반면 담수 환경에서 발생하는 높은농업용수공급 비용, 벼유묘활착이나 초기 생육을 방해하는 수많은 무척추동물종의 출현, 새롭게 출현하는 제초제 저항성 수생잡초 등의 문제를 해결하는 것이 시급한 과제로 남아 있다.

본 실험은 6개 자포니카 품종의 벼를 이용하여 파보일드미 제조를 위한 침지조건 및 이화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 파보일드미 제조과정 중 정조의 전분이 완전하고 균일한 호화가 될 수 있도록 하기위한 최적 수분함량은 30%이며, 침지온도와 시간은 각각 65oC 및 4시간 이었다. 파보일드미의 길이와 폭은 모든 품종에서 감소되었고, 완전미율은 증가되었으며, 쇄미와 균열미 발생은 낮았다. 파보일드미의 조단백질 함량은 모든 품종에서 낮고, 조지방과 조회분 함량은 높아졌다. 파보일드미의 쌀알의 경도는 일반 백미보다 단단하고, 명도는 낮고 적색도와 황색도는 높아졌다. 환원당 함량은 일반백미 보다 파보일링 후 증가되었고 품종 중 설갱벼가 가장 높았으며, 드래찬, 보람찬, 양조 및 평안벼 등 4품종은 유의한 차이는 없었으며 신동진이 가장 낮게 평가되었다. 조리 중 취반수에 유출된 고형분 함량은 파보일링 후 모든 품종에서 감소되었다. 파보일드미의 취반후의 경도는 원료미보다 단단하고 탄성은 높아졌으며, 응집성은 낮아졌다.

본 연구는 유기 벼 재배시 주로 이용되는 유기질비료가 토양화학성과 벼의 생장 및 수량에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 전남지역 벼 유기재배지에서 많이 이용되고 있는 유기질비료를 Organic fertilizer(이하 OF) I, 식물성 성분이 많이 함유된 비료(쌀겨 위주)를 OF II, 동물성 성분이 많이 함유된 비료를 OF III, 그리고 식물성과 동물성이 혼합된 비료를 OF IV로 나누어서, 벼 이앙 전에 전층시비로 토양에 골고루 처리하였다. 유기질비료내의 탄질율이 상대적으로 낮았던 OF I과 III이 OF II와 IV에 비교하여 시기별로 유기질비료의 질소 무기화가 빠르게 진행되었다. 토양의 시기별 유기물 함량은 유기질비료 투입량이 많았던 OF II와 IV에서 높게 나타났으며, 수확 후 토양의 화학성은 대체적으로 OF II와 IV에서 높게 나타났다. 벼 생장특성은 처리에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다.

본 연구는 유기재배 벼 시비에 있어서 주로 이용되는 유기자재가 토양화학성과 벼의 수확량과 품질에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 구명하기 위해서 수행되었다. 전남지역 벼 유기재배에서 양분공급원으로 많이 이용되는 금수강산골드를 compost I으로 하였다. 식물성 성분이 많이 함유된 자재(쌀겨팰렛®)를 compost II, 생선가공부산물을 별도로 추가 제조한 자재(참달콤®)를 compost III, 그리고 동물성과 식물성이 혼합된 자재(한가위®)를 compost IV로 나누어서, 벼 이앙 후에 표층시비로 토양에 골고루 처리하였다. 유기자재내의 탄소 :질소율이 상대적으로 낮았던 compost I과 III가 compost II와 IV에 비교하여 시기별로 유기자재내 질소의 무기태화가 빠르게 진행되었다. 유기자재에 따른 토양의 화학성은 별다른 영향을 받지 않았고 토양의 시기별 유기물 함량은 유기자재 투입량이 많았던 compost II와 IV가 높게 나타났고 이는 biomass C에도 영향을 주었다. 처리에 따른 벼 수확량은 시용 첫해에는 compost I에서 높았지만 시용 2년차와 3년차에는 처리에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다.

[Introduction] Matsutake mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake), an ectomycorrhizal fungus has low activity for polysaccharide hydrolyzing enzymes such as amylase, cellulase and hemicellulase. Therefore, only glucose and a few other monoand di-saccharides can be used to grow this fungus. Then, we examined the possibility for the mass production of the mycelia using the saccharified rice bran as growth substrate. [Methods and Results] For the selection of Kouji-mold, 32 strains of Aspergillus spp. were tested. These fungi were cultivated in potato dextrose liquid (PDL) medium added rice bran and amylase activities were assayed. As a result, Kouji-mold from Isesou Mugi Kouji (Asp. oryzae) was selected to use for saccharification of rice bran. When the saccharified rice bran was used as the growth substrate, the mycelical growth was enhanced. In this mushroom, the dry weight mycelia increased at about 3.0 times (control : 50mg, saccharified rice bran : 160mg, 60days, 24℃) by using saccharified rice bran compared with that of the control without saccharified rice bran. From there results, we see that saccharified rice bran is a useful culture material for the mass production of matsutake mycelia. Chemical analysis in saccharified rice bran solution was done with TLC and HPLC. The large amounts of glucose and maltose were detected in the saccharified solution. Now, we are trying to hydrolyze of cellulose and hemicelluloses components in rice bran using Asp. kawachii or Asp. saitoi isolated from Shouchu kouji.

The principal objective of this study was to determine the optimal mixing conditions for three amounts of onion powder, sugar, and butter to prepare onion powder cookies. The experimental design was based on the central composite design methodology of response surface, which included 16 experimental points including two replicates for onion powder, sugar, and butter. The mechanical and sensory properties of the cookies were measured, and these values were applied to the mathematical models. A canonical form and perturbation plot showed the influence of each ingredient on the mixed final product. The results of the spread ratio did not show significant results, but hardness increased with increasing quantities of onion powder and sugar but decreased with butter (p<0.01). The color lightness "L" value increased with increasing quantities of sugar and butter but decreased with added onion powder. In contrast, the redness color "a" value increased with increasing quantities of onion powder and sugar. Sugar did not affect the yellowness color "b" value, but the color b value increased with increasing onion powder and sugar. The results of a sensory evaluation using the predicted model showed significant values for flavor (p<0.01), texture (p<0.05), taste (p<0.05), and overall quality (p<0.01). As a result, the optimum formulation by numerical and graphical methods was calculated as 12.58 g onion powder, 35 g sugar, and 52.38 g butter.