The objective of this study was to determine the ultrasonication-assisted extraction conditions that maximize the DPPH radical scavenging activity of extracts obtained from the stems of Lespedeza bicolor Turcz through the application of the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Before delving into the analysis of extraction conditions using the RSM model, we conducted efficiency validation of ultrasonication-assisted extraction and executed single-factor experiments for ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature. The data obtained from these single-factor experiments were employed to construct the Box-Behnken Design (BBD). In these results, in the single-factor experiments, it was evident that the parameters for ethanol concentration, extraction time, and extraction temperature exhibited quadratic trends. The single-factor experiments allowed us to discern the trends for each parameter leading to the maximum antioxidant capacity, and this data was subsequently applied to the BBD. Following the completion of initial experiments, a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) model was constructed based on Box-Behnken Design (BBD). According to the predictive model developed in this study, it was anticipated that performing ultrasonic-assisted extraction for 85.0412 minutes at an ethanol concentration of 32.573% and an extraction temperature of 51.5608°C will result in a DPPH radical scavenging activity of 79.7146%. The predictive results were statistically verified through a comparative analysis with actual measurements and ANOVA analysis, confirming the statistical significance of the model. The finding of this study underscore the significance of optimizing extraction conditions in the precise quantification of the antioxidant potential for economic advantages in both experimental and industrial contexts.

This study evaluated the effects of heat treatment on gastrodin and gastrodigenin content, and antioxidant activities, in Gastrodia elata Blume. Gastrodin and gastrodigenin content was analyzed post-method validation, and antioxidant activity evaluation, including assessing total polyphenol content, DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging activities, was done. The validation of the analysis method demonstrated excellent linearity. The limits of quantification of gastrodin and gastrodigenin were 2.89 and 3.47 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the results of intra- and inter-day precision analysis demonstrated relative standard deviation values, within 5%. The recovery rates for gastrodin and gastrodigenin were 97.22~98.85 and 97.99~99.91%, respectively, indicating good accuracy. Under different heat treatment conditions, gastrodin and gastrodigenin content significantly increased (p<0.05), ranging from 91.15 to 310.27 and 559.66 to 830.02 mg/100 g DW, respectively. Additionally, the total polyphenol content exhibited a significant (p<0.05) increasing trend, ranging from 1,444 to 1,798 mg/100 g DW, as the temperature and time of heat treatment increased. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities demonstrated an increasing trend at 120℃ during heat treatment. These research findings are expected to enhance our understanding of the changes in gastrodin and gastrodigenin content, and antioxidant effects in Gastrodia elata Blume during heat treatment.

Pollution of agricultural soil by alkaline salts, such as Na2CO3, is a critical and long-lasting problem in cultivable land. The aim of the study was to examine the putative role of citric acid (CA) in alleviating Na2CO3-stress in alfalfa. In this study, Na2CO3 significantly induced leaf chlorosis, inhibited plant growth and photosynthesis related parameters, increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and reduced major antioxidant enzymes (SOD ,CAD, APX) in alfalfa. However, the presence of CA these negative effects of Na2CO3-stress largely recovered. Interestingly, expression of antioxidant and ion transporter genes (Fe-SOD, CAT, APX, DHAR and NHX1) involved in Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and oxidative stress tolerance in alfalfa. These findings suggest that CA-mediated Na2CO3 stress alleviation is an ecofriendly approach that would be useful to local farmer for alfalfa and other forage crop cultivation in alkaline soils.

계종버섯은 중국에서 맛과 향에서 최고의 버섯으로 평가받고 있으며, 본초강목에 그 효능이 기록되어 전해지고 있으나 효능과 물질연구 및 인공재배법 개발이 요구되고 있는 상황이다. 항산화 활성과 항염증 활성을 가지는 기능성 물질의 확보와 기능성식품 개발을 위한 기초자료를 확보하기 위하여 유기용매 추출물과 열수 추출물을 제조 하고, 활성이 높은 분획물을 얻고자 하였다. CH2Cl2와 MeOH 혼합용매로 추출한 다음 비극성용매와 극성용매로서 용해성에 따라 분획하고, 열수 추출로 추출물을 확보하였다. 분획물과 추출물을 이용한 항산화 활성 조사에서 는 열수 추출물(TA4)의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능에 대한 IC50값이 1.5 mg/mL로 나타났고, MeOH 분획물(TA2)에서는 IC50값이 1.93 mg/mL로 높게 나타났다. NO생성 억제율로 조사한 항염증 활성은 EtOAc 분획물(TA1)은 조추출물이지만 100 μg/mL 처리농도에서는 79% NO생성이 억제되고, 200 μg/mL 농도에서는 NO가 전혀 생성되지 않았다. TA1 물질을 2차례 TLC로 분리한 TA1-5-6물 질은 15 μg/mL 처리농도에서 대조구와 비교하여 NO생성이 86% 억제되었고, 30 μg/mL 농도에서는 NO 생성이 완전히 억제되었다. 그리고 세포독성 실험에서는 50 μg/mL 농도에서도 전혀 독성이 나타나지 않았다. MeOH 분획물 (TA2) 유래의 TA2-1-5물질은 30 μg/mL 처리농도에서 75% 이상 NO생성이 억제되었으며, 세포 독성은 50 μg/mL에서도 아주 낮게 나타났다. 선택적 용매의 선별과 추출 방법의 개발을 통하여 세포 독성이 없고, 생리활성이 뛰어난 계종버섯 분획물 확보가 가능하였고, 기능성식품 및 건강 기능성소재로서의 충분한 잠재력을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구는 아이스플랜트의 기능성 소금 대체제로서의 가능성을 조사하고자 천연 및 정제소금과의 NaCl, Dpinitol, 총 페놀, 총 플라보노이드 및 DPPH 라디칼 소거능에 대한 기초자료를 비교 조사하였다. 아이스플랜트 동 결건조분말의 NaCl 함량을 분석한 결과 19%이었고 Dpinitol의 함량은 777 mg/100 g으로 천일염 및 정제염에 비해 NaCl 함량은 유의적으로 낮으나 D-pinitol을 함유하고 있어 건강기능성에는 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다. 또한, 아이스플랜트 동결건조분말의 총 페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 115 mg/100 g 및 985 mg/100 g을 함유 하고 있어 DPPH라디칼 소거능의 항산화효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 아이스플랜트 분말의 bioactive compound을 함유한 대체 소금 천연소재로서 가능성을 확인한 기초 연구를 제공하였다.

울금(Curcuma longa L.)의 산화억제 및 질소산화물 소거활성 등 기능성 소재로서 활용 가능성을 검토한 결과, 프로안토시아니딘(proanthocyanidin) 함량은 69.000±2.737 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/g dry weight으로 확인되었으며, 증류수(distilled water, DW), 70% 에탄올 및 노르말 부탄올(n-butanol)의 3가지 용매를 사용한 추출 수율은 DW (17.11%), 70% 에탄올(15.26%), 노르말 부탄올(4.12%) 순으로 관찰되었다. 총 플라보노이드(total flavonoid) 함량은 DW, 70% 에탄올 및 노르말 부탄올에서 각각 0.032, 0.512 및 2.221 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g의 함량으로 나타났고, 노르말 부탄올에서는 유의적인 차이를 보이며 높게 관찰되었다(p<0.05). Nitric oxide (NO) 라디칼 소거 활성은 농도 별(0.2~0.8 mg/mL) DW에서 15.64~26.20%, 70% 에탄올 10.52~20.76%, 노르말 부탄올 에서 13.39~69.92%로 확인되었다. Nitrite (NO2) 소거활성은 DW 및 70% 에탄올과 비교하였을 때 노르말 부탄올에서 강한 NO2 소거활성을 보였다. β-carotene 탈색 저해활성은 DW에서 8.81~25.93%, 70% 에탄올 1.20~20.20%, 노르말 부탄올 12.08~43.93%로 나타났다. 지질과산화 저해활성은 DW, 70% 에탄올 및 노르말 부탄올에서 각각 5.60~27.54%, 37.78~50.79% 및 41.79~46.39%로 동정되었다. 이에, 천연 항산화제 등 기능성 소재로서의 활용 가능성이 있을 것으로 사료된다.

The change of phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of black soybean flours after germination and roasting treatment were evaluated as a part of the purpose of setting the quality of black soybean flours for each application. The moisture content of roasted black soybean flours decreased significantly according to roasting temperature and time, and the crude ash, protein, and fat contents increased. Water binding capacity of roasted black soybean flours without and with germination increased significantly according to roasting temperature and time, however water solubility index and swelling power decreased. The lightness of roasted black soybean flours was significantly decreased, and the redness and yellowness increased. The phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity of roasted black soybean flours increase with increasing roasting temperature and time. The total polyphenol contents of roasted black soybean flours without and with germination were 5.43∼7.81 and 4.52∼6.17 mg GAE/g, and total flavonoid contents were 2.90∼3.50 and 2.34∼3.01 mg CE/g, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity of roasted black soybean flours without and with germination was 254.98∼415.05 and 171.95∼295.15 mg TE/100 g, and ABTS radical scavenging activity was 459.74∼596.37 and 422.95∼526.85 mg TE/100 g, respectively. As a result, it is necessary to set quality standards for each application considering the quality and antioxidant properties of roasted black soybean flours.

양파의 이용 다변화를 위하여 껍질과 육질을 각각 100∼300℃의 조건에서 아임계수로 추출하여 그 특성을 조사하였다. 양파 껍질과 육질 모두 추출 온도가 상승함에 따라 아임계수 추출물의 페놀 함량이 증가하였다. 양파 껍질 추출물은 250℃에서 quercetin, quercetin 3,4'-diglycoside, quercetin-3- glucoside의 함량이 가장 높았고, 육질 추출물은 quercetin 3,4'-diglycoside 의 함량이 200℃에서 가 장 높았으나 quercetin 및 quercetin-3-glucoside의 함량은 상대적으로 미미하였다. 양파 껍질과 육질 추출물의 quercetin및 그 배당체 함량은 300℃에서 급격히 감소하였다. 양파 껍질과 육질 모두 추출 온도가 증가할수록 아임계수 추출물들의 DPPH 라디칼 소거능과 alcohol dehydrogenase 활성을 향상시 켰다. 이상의 결과는 적절한 아임계수 조건이 양파 추출물의 생리활성을 향상시킬 수 있음을 시사한다.

치자 껍질의 70% methanol, ethyl acetate (EA) 및 distilled water (DW)의 용매 별 추출물 의 total phenol 함량 및 질소 산화물 소거능, 환원력, β-carotene 탈색을 이용한 항산화력 및 지질과 산화 저해능 측정을 통하여 치자의 기능성 식품 소재로서의 가치를 검토한 결과, anthocyanin 함량은 3.519±0.635 mg/100 g DW로 나타났으며, 용매 별 추출 수율은 DW (39.87%), 70% methanol (36.26%), EA (2.88%) 로 관찰되었다. 추출 용매 별 항산화 활성은 농도(0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/mL)가 증가 할수록 유의적으로 증가하였으며 control로 사용된 ascorbic acid, BHA, trolox 보다는 낮은 활성이 확 인되었다. 치자 껍질의 total phenol 함량은 EA, 70% methanol, DW 추출물 순으로 EA 추출물에서 26.59±0.20 CAE (caffeic acid equivalents) mg/g으로 가장 높았으며, Nitric oxide (NO) radical 소거 능에서는 70% methanol (70.32~76.15%), DW (52.66~59.31%), EA (34.65~46.98%) 추출물 순으로 나타났다. Nitrite (NO2) 소거능은 70% methanol (34.57~39.33%), DW (32.53~38.47%), EA (27.59~32.62%) 순으로 관찰되었다. β-carotene 탈색 저해능은 DW (41.55~50.97%), 70% methanol (23.37~44.80%), EA (13.37~25.24%) 순으로 동정되었다. Reducing power (optical density)는 70% methanol (0.044~0.127), DW (0.033~0.099), EA (0.026~0.097) 순으로 확인되었다. 지질과산화 저해 능은 껍질 추출물 중 70% methanol (56.51~76.21%), EA (54.59~63.34%), DW (47.92~61.11%) 순 으로 관찰되었다(p<0.05). 이에, 치자 껍질은 기능성 식품 및 천연 항산화제로서의 가치가 매우 높을 것 으로 판단된다.

This study investigated the changes in chemical components, antioxidant compounds, and activity before (BG) and after germinated (AG) brown rice in order to promote the availability of these beneficial factors. The GABA content of BG and AG brown rice were 0.07~6.61 and 11.13~49.72 mg/100 g, respectively. The α-amylase activity of AG brown rice was 1.77~70.25 unit/g fold higher than it was in BG brown rice. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, which are known to be related to antioxidation, were higher in BG brown rice than in AG brown rice. The total polyphenol contents of BG and AG brown rice were 10.52~36.38 and 11.38~26.33 mg/100 g, and the total flavonoid contents were 3.55~13.39 and 3.52~9.78 mg/100 g, respectively. Also, DPPH radical scavenging activity was 57.64~251.34 and 50.49~213.35 mg TE/100 g, respectively. ABTS radical scavenging activity and total tannin content showed a similar trend to DPPH radical scavenging activity. We expect that this data will be useful in the manufacturing of food products.

영지버섯과 기타 약용버섯류를 에탄올 용매로 추출하여 농축한 뒤, 100 μg/ml의 농도로 처리하여 아질산염 소거 능을 실험한 결과 양성대조구인 Ascorbic acid는 25%의 소거능을 보이는데 반해 영지버섯 중 ASI 7080은 40%이 상 소거하는 것으로 나타났으며, 그 다음으로는 상황버섯 이 37%를 보였다. ASI 7002도 양성대조구보다 높게 나 타났.고, 그 이외의 다른 실험구는 양성대조구인 Ascorbic acid보다 낮은 아질산염 소거능을 보였다. NO assay 실험을 한 결과, 양성대조구로 쓰인 Ascorbic acid는 항염증 효능이 55%인데 반해 ASI 7002는 78.5% 로 가장 높은 항염증 효능을 보였으며, 그 다음으로 ASI 7063이 67.5%를 보였다. 기타 약용버섯류인 동충하초는 71.2%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 노루궁뎅이 버섯은 59.7%의 소거능을 보였다. 영지버섯 ASI 7002를 에탄올 용매로 추출하여 농축한 뒤, 농도별(10, 50, 100 μg/ml)로 처리하고 LPS 10 μg/ml 처리한 RAW 264.7 cell 에서 RNA를 추출하여 cDNA를 합성한 후 Real-time PCR kit 를 이용하여 염증 관련 유전자인 iNOS와 COX-2와 TNF-a의 primer를 Table 1과 같이 제작하였고, iNOS와 COX-2와 TNF-a의 발현정도를 본 결과 세 유전자 모두 농도 의존적으로 발현이 억제되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 국산밀 품종에 대해 발아시간에 따른 항산 화 성분 및 항산화 활성을 측정하였다. 발아시간에 따른 국산 밀 에탄올 추출물의 총 폴리페놀, 플라보노이드 및 탄닌 등 페놀성분의 함량은 발아시간에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보이 는 것으로 나타났다. 무처리 금강밀, 조경밀, 백중밀 및 고소 밀의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 13.74, 15.05, 16.84 및 13.02 mg GAE/100 g이었으며, 발아시간이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 총 플라보노이드 함량은 각 각 5.11, 6.72, 6.28 및 5.43 mg CE/100 g이었으며, 발아시간이 증가함에 따라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 유의성을 보이는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 총 탄닌 함량은 각각 9.19, 8.86, 8.93 및 8.66 mg TAE/100 g이었으며, 발아시간이 증가함에 따 라 큰 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 유의성을 보이는 것으로 나타 났다(p<0.05). 금강밀, 조경밀, 백중밀 및 고소밀의 DPPH 라 디칼 소거활성은 각각 30.77, 23.88, 25.35 및 18.73 mg TE/100 g이었으며, 25℃에서 72시간 발아 시료가 각각 47.47, 44.17, 38.22 및 42.85 mg TE/100 g으로 유의적으로 높은 활성을 보 이는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). ABTS 라디칼 소거활성은 각 각 83.42, 88.53, 88.87 및 79.97 mg TE/100 g이었으며, 발아시 간이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다 (p<0.05). 이상의 결과 국산밀의 발아를 통하여 페놀성분 및 라디칼 소거활성이 증진된 효과를 얻을 수 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

This study was conducted to investigate the total phenol contents, antioxidative activities and antibacterial activities of twenty species of entomopathogenic fungi. The total phenol content was highest in Aspergillus flavus (553.0±52.15 ㎍/g) and A. parasiticus (529.9±60.10 ㎍/g). On the other hand those in other strains were within the range of 26.6～121.9 ㎍/g. The antioxdative activity was shown in the most of strains and the highest DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity was observed in A. flavus (90.9±2.90%) and A. parasiticus (77.9±4.13%). This result indicated that the antioxidative activities were very correlated with the total phenol contents. The antibacterial activitiy was found in the every tested pathogenic bacteria. Especially, the antibacterial activity was strongest against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherchia coli.

Tremella fuciformis were collected from dead Quercus limbs at Haenam, Jeonnam province in 2003 and cultured in artificial media with Hypoxylon sp., a symbiotic fungi. Various extracts were prepared from this cultured mushroom according to three experimental settings and their antioxidant properties were examined. Antioxidant activity of extracts from Tremella fuciformis was evaluated by scavenging activity of 2,2´-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS+), 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase(SOD)-like activity. Among the extracts, the chloroform extract from in experimental setting I showed the most potent radical scavenging activity in each assay, showing 56% of DPPH radical scavenging activity at 1,000 ppm and 35.7% of ABTS+ scavenging activity at 1,000 ppm. Total phenolic content were estimated in various extract by using caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and ferulic acid as standards. Correlations of phenolic content in each extracts with antioxidant activity will be discussed in this study.

Tremella fuciformis were collected from dead Quercus limbs at Haenam, Jeonnam province in 2003 and cultured in artificial media with Hypoxylon sp., a symbiotic fungi. Various extracts were prepared from this cultured mushroom according to three experimental settings and their antioxidant properties were examined. Antioxidant activity of extracts from Tremella fuciformis was evaluated by scavenging activity of 2,2´-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS+), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase(SOD)-like activity. Among the extracts, the chloroform extract from in experimental setting I showed the most potent radical scavenging activity in each assay, showing 56% of DPPH radical scavenging activity at 1,000 ppm and 35.7% of ABTS+scavenging activity at 1,000 ppm. Total phenolic content were estimated in various extract by using caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, and ferulic acid as standards. Correlations of phenolic content in each extracts with antioxidant activity will be discussed in this study.

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are among the representative probiotics that have been used for a long time in fermented food. Although there are many studies on detecting the radical scavenging activity of LAB, few studies have been conducted on the environmental factors that improve scavenging activity. This study investigated the environmental factors affecting the DPPH radical scavenging and various antioxidant activities of Kimchi-derived Lactobacillus plantarum K-21 with antihypertensive and radical scavenging activities. The optimal conditions for scavenging DPPH radicals were glucose 2%, bactopeptone 0.5%, Tween 80 0.05%, L-cysteine 0.05%, and an initial pH 6.5 at 35℃. Under optimal conditions, the DPPH radical scavenging activity was 94.8±2.2%, which was 1.5 times higher than that of the basic medium. In addition, L. plantarum K-21 had other antioxidant activities; ABTS radical scavenging (93.6±1.5%), hydroxyl radical scavenging (8.5±0.9%), metal chelating (65.9±0.5%), NO scavenging (53.1±19%), SOD-like (25.1±1.5%), and reducing power (11.7±1.4%) activities were detected. Therefore, L. plantarum K-21 may act not only as a starter for lactic acid-fermented foods with improved functionality but also as a drug for various diseases caused by oxidative stress.

This study is conducted to investigate the effects of growth characteristics (GC) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (DRSA) of the heading lettuce ‘Fidel’ depending on four concentrations of activated mineral groups (AMG: 1.6% active minerals and 0.03% CaO) added to basic nutrient solutions (diluted by 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%) and on four different light-emitting diodes (LED; B:R:W ratio = 0:1:12, 0:1:9, 0:5:5, and 2:3:5). Both 0.1 and 0.2% AMG showed better GC of lettuce in plant width, plant length, leaf width, leaf length, and the number of leaves than those of other AMG, while leaf thickness and chlorophyll value did not show significant difference among all AMG. Moreover, 0.1 and 0.2% AMG showed heavier shoot fresh weights than those of other AMG. As for the combinations of AMG and LED, B0:R5:W5 showed the best lettuce GC regardless of AMG compared to other AMG and LED combinations. As shown in the above results of LED, although there was a difference in lettuce growth by LED, the differences of lettuce growth by AMG were statistically significant. The DRSA was the highest at 82.8% in B2:R3:W5, followed by B0:R5:W5 at 77.8%. LED showed differences but AMG did not affect DRSA. Therefore, the optimal conditions in plant factory for GC and DRSA of the lettuce were 0.1% AMG and B0:R5:W5.