Smoking is a risk factor for oral leukoplakia and oral cancer, as well as lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases and many other systemic diseases. Smoking is considered increasing factor of some oral diseases involved indigenous bacteria. In addition, a relationship between smoking and infection of Human papillomavirus (HPV), which is associated with oropharyngeal cancer, remains unclear. The aim of this study is to assess whether smoking has an impact on increase of bacteria inducing oral disease such as dental caries and periodontitis, and HPV infection. DNA of saliva gathered from smokers and non-smokers, consisted of men and women, was analyzed using PCR. Oral disease-causing bacteria were more detected in men smokers than men non-smokers and HPV was most found in women non-smokers. Taken together, this study suggests smoking is related with variation of oral microorganism existence in some way.

This study investigated the effect of smoking on Indoor Air Quality in smoking allowed buildings. Total 26 buildings(Restaurants 3, Billiards 4, Karaokes 6, Golfs 7, Pubs 6) were surveyed for nicotine, PM₁₀, CO₂, CO, NO₂, HCHO, TVOCs, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene and xylene at quiet and busy time, respectively. The concentrations of nicotine, PM₁₀, CO₂ and benzene were significantly higher(p<0.05) at busy time compared to the quiet time. Some buildings exceeded Indoor Air Quality Standards for PM₁₀, CO₂, HCHO and TVOCs. Our results show that smoking-ban legistration should be introduced to improve Indoor Air Quality.

Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) could adversely affect health. The aim of this study was to quantify the contribution of ETS exposure in nonsmokers of entertainment facilities. We simultaneously measured nicotine and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), which are known as indicators of ETS, concentrations in indoor internet cafe, billiard, karaoke, bar and restaurant, and estimated exposure level of other harmful agents occurred from tobacco smoking. Mean nicotine concentration (10.57±2.53㎍ /m³ ) of internet cafe was the highest comparing to other facilities, whereas mean concentration of restaurant where was non-smoking area was 0.28±0.08㎍ /m³ . There was statistically not correlated between NO₂ and nicotine concentrations in entertainment facilities. Therefore, the use of NO₂ concentration as indicator of ETS exposure may not be available. To date, there are no standards about each agent occurred from ETS. Consequently administrative control and regulation, and further researches in relation to ETS exposure should be needed.

목적: 우리나라 성인에서 흡연과 사회경제적 상태에 따른 백내장의 대응위험도를 평가하여 백내장의 유병인자를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 국민건강영양조사(2009년) 안검진 데이터를 이용하여 만 40세 이상의 성인 4,976명을 대상으로 흡연과 사회경제적 상태에 따른 백내장의 유병률과 대응위험도(odds ratios)를 평가하였다. 백내장 유병률의 차이는 t-검정 및 χ2 검정을 실시하였고, 백내장 유병과 사회경제적 요인간의 관계는 로지스틱 회귀분석을 이용하여 성별, 연령 및 체질량지수(BMI), 고혈압, 당뇨, 고지혈증을 보정한 대응위험도(OR)와 95% 신뢰구간(CIs)의 산출하였다. 결과: 백내장 유병률은 40대는 10.8%이었고, 60대는 73.8%로 급격히 증가하였으며, 80세 이상에서는 97.5%로 연령의 증가와 함께 높아졌다. 백내장의 대응위험도는 성별, 연령, 체질량지수, 고혈압, 당뇨, 고지 혈증을 보정하였을 때 교육수준이 초졸 이하인 군에서는 1.28(p=0.008 CI, 1.07-1.53), 100만원 이하의 저소득군에서는 1.31(p=0.004 CI, 1.09-1.57), 흡연군에서는 1.38(p=0.013 CI, 1.07-1.78)로 통계적으로 유의하였다. 결론: 우리나라 성인에서 교육수준과 소득수준이 낮고 흡연을 하는 집단에서 백내장 유병률과 대응위험도가 높았다.

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics that affect the urinary phenol of workers exposed to phenol.
Subjects and Methods : Total 41 workers were selected at bisphenol A manufacturing plant and their urinary phenol concentration were measured before and after work along with the phenol concentration in the workplace air, and carried out a survey on work characteristics and lifestyle factors that could affect urinary phenol.
Results : The phenol concentration in air during work hours was 0.91 (non-detection~2.88) mg/m³, and the worker’s urinary phenol concentrations before and after work were 100.27±75.76 and 138.13±109. 58 mg/g creatinine, respectively, which showed a statistically significant increase. Comparing smoking and urinary phenol concentration, smokers had 194.54±137.52 mg/g creatinine while non-smokers had 108.88±80.10 mg/g creatinine, thus showing the urinary phenol concentration of smokers to be statistically significantly higher (p=0.046). The urinary phenol concentration increased as work hours, the frequency of skin exposure to phenol, and the amount of drinking increased, and there were differences in its concentration depending on the work type and whether or not workers wore protective gear. The results of carrying out a multiple regression analysis showed that phenol concentration in air, work hours, frequency of skin exposure, and smoking were statistically significant. In other words, the urinal phenol concentration increased more for smokers than for non-smokers, when work hours became longer, and when the frequency of skin exposure was over five times.
Conclusions : The factors that influenced urinary phenol in workers exposed to phenol were phenol concentration in air, work hour, frequency of skin exposure, smoking, work and lifestyle habits. Accordingly, biological monitoring for phenol exposure assessment must reflect these factors, and effort must be made to reduce skin exposure at workplace.

This study was conducted in order to investigate and compare anthropometric measurements, bone density, nutrient intake, blood composition and food habits between non-smoking, non-alcohol drinking and smoking, alcohol drinking male university students in Seoul, South Korea. The data for food habits and health-related behaviors were obtained by selfadministered questionnaires. The BQIs of the subjects were measured by Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS). The subjects were divided into two groups: NSND (non-smoking and non-alcohol drinking, n=62) group and General (smoking and alcohol drinking, n=160) group. The results were analyzed using the SPSS program and were as follows: The average heights, weights, and BMIs of the two groups were 173.3 cm, 66.5 kg and 22.1 and 173.4 cm, 68.7 kg and 22.9, respectively. There were no differences between the groups regarding height, weight or BMI. SBP and DBP, however, were significantly higher in the general group than in the NSND group (p〈0.01). The BQIs, Z-scores and T-scores of the two groups were 99.83, -0.23, and -0.31 and 98.24, -0.27 and -0.39, respectively, producing no significant differences between the two groups. The percentages for normal bone status, osteopenia and osteoporosis were 83.88%, 16.12% and 0.0% and 74.37%, 25.62% and 0.01%, respectively. Mean intakes of animal protein (p〈0.05), animal fat (p〈0.05), fiber (p〈0.05), animal Ca(p〈0.05), animal Fe (p〈0.001), Zn(p〈0.05), vitamin B1 (p〈0.05) and niacin (p〈0.05) were significantly different between the two groups, and mean serum levels of SGOT (p〈0.01), SGPT (p〈0.001), γ-GTP (p〈0.001), triglycerides (p〈0.01), total cholesterol (p〈0.05) and hematocrit (p〈0.05) were also significantly different between the two groups. Overall, there were no differences in meal regularity, frequency of snacking, reasons for overeating, exercise and defecation between the groups. However, favorite foods (p〈0.05) and night-time meals (p〈0.05) were significantly different. In conclusion, the health status of the NSND group was superior compared to the general group. Thus, students who smoke and alcohol drink should receive a practical and systematically-organized education regarding the increased health benefits of quitting smoking and alcohol drinking.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of alcohol or cigarette smoking on seminal parameters in a large group of mice model. Nine groups (n=20/group) of mice were treated intensive noxious materials that abdominal injection of 21% (v/v) of ethanol, cigarette smoke (10, 20, 30 minutes/day), and combination of ethanol and 30 minutes of smoking. In addition, vitamin C and selenium were also treated to mice exposed to combination of alcohol and smoking to identify the recovering effect. Sperm viability and motility were significantly decreased in either alcohol consumption or smoking exposed group, and combination of both materials have additive detrimental effects on seminal parameters. Mice groups that exposed to alcohol and smoking showed statistically significant decrease in motility and increase of static spermatozoa. Moreover, combination of both treatments showed cumulative effect in increase of static spermatozoa. Treatments of either vitamin C or selenium dramatically recovered detrimental effects of alcohol and smoking on seminal quality, although combination of both antioxidant molecules did not show any additive effect. In conclusion, detrimental effects of alcohol and cigarette consumption on sperm quality and motility were identified in mice model, and these detrimental effects can be compensated to uptake of anti‐oxidant molecules.

The numbers of deaths attributed by tobacco smoking have remarkably increased, reflecting the smoking patterns of previous decades. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke increases the prevalence of both upper and lower respiratory tract illnesses. Self-reports of direct and indirect smoking may not always be reliable in questionnaire method used epidemiology. A number of biochemical makers have been used to validate claims of indirect smoking among which the most widely used specific markers has been the nicotine metabolite cotinine. This study was conducted to evaluate the cotinine levels to determine smoking status. Biomoitoring to assess the validity of questionnaire method found that sensitivity and specificity coefficients of around 100% and 100% in direct smokers. On the other hand, sensitivity and specificity coefficients were 56.74% and 47.26%, respectively. This results suggest that indirect smoking status should be assessed by biomonitoring such as cotinine levels.

Secondhand smoke (SHS) is one of major public health threats in morbidity and mortality. Several national and regional comprehensive smoke-free regulations have been implemented to prevent public health exposure, but not in Korea. The purpose of this manuscript was to review impacts of the national or regional smoke-free legislations on indoor air quality, health effects and smoking behaviors. Indoor air quality has been improved significantly after smoke free policy. Such improvement was measured by fine particulates and urinary cotinine. Respiratory and cardiovascular health effects were significantly improved after smoke free policy. This is an indirect evidence of association between secondhand smoke exposure and the health effects. Respiratory symptoms were improved as short as one month after smoke free policy. Smoke free policy was also associated with improved perception of danger of secondhand smoke. Reduction of smoking prevalence was also unexpected benefit of smoke free policy. As reviewed in this paper, smoke free policy can be beneficial to indoor air quality, health effects and smoking behaviors. Since Korea does not have comprehensive smoke free policy yet, it is strongly recommended to implement national comprehensive smoke free policy.

The ciga rette smoki ng may act direct ly on the oral mucosal membrane The effects of smoking has many harrnJul effects on the oral cavi ty ‘ s uch as oral cancer. oral Icukoplakia , erythroplakia‘ nicotine stomati tis. ha iry tongue. smoker’s melanosis. acute nec roti zing ulverative gingivitis, gingivitis/periodontitis ‘ treatment of periodontitis. implant surgery a nd den tal cari es. lf pregna nt woman smokes. the tobacco can effect on the both pregnant and embryo/fetus negati ve ly. For the cessation 0 [' smoki ng, the dentists have an important role to play in preve nti ng t he harmful efTects on smoking in the oral cav ity, Conseq uently smoking cou nseling should be as a part of the dentist's job in the de ntal pract ice,

This study was performed to investigate nutritional intake, the dietary behaviors and plasma lipid profile between smokers and non-smokers of college male students in the Gyeonggi Area. Dietary behaviors and attitude toward smoking were investigated by questionnaires. The result obtained were as follows: There was no significant difference in anthropometric measurements between smokers and nonsmokers. There was no significant difference in dietary behaviors. However, smokers tended to eat more snacks and desserts than nonsmokers. In plasma lipid levels, smokers had higher levels of plasma triglyceride, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and total cholesterol than that of non-smokers(p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol level of smokers was a lower than that of non-smokers although the difference was not significant. AI(Atherogenic Index), Total /HDL cholesterol ratio and LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio of smokers were significantly higher than that of non-smokers(p<0.01). BMI and SBP showed positive correlation with triglyceride(p<0.01) and VLDL-cholesterol(p<0.01). DBP showed positive correlation with triglyceride(p<0.001) and VLDL-cholesterol(p<0.01).

본 연구는 건강한 남자 대학생을 중심으로 흡연 여부에 따른 흡연에 대한 인식 및 항산화 영양소 섭취수준과 혈장 농도를 비교하고자 흡연자 30명, 비흡연자 30명을 선정하여 신체계측과 설문조사를 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 대상자의 연령은 흡연자가 24.4세 비흡연자가 22.4세이고, 신장은 각각 173.4cm, 172.6cm, 체중은 69.8kg, 67.9kg으로 나타났으며, BMI, 체지방, 체지방량, 제지방량(LBM), 체수분량(TBW)에서 군간 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 수축기 혈압 및 이완기 혈압은 흡연자에게서 유의적으로 높았으며, 혈당은 유의적이지는 않았지만, 흡연자가 높은 경향을 보였다. 커피와 알코올을 섭취하는 비율은 모두 흡연자에서 유의적으로 높았으며, 일일 섭취하는 알코올의 양도 흡연자에서 유의적으로 높았다. 흡연자들의 흡연 이유로는 '스트레스 해소'가 가장 많았고, 다음으로는 '습관적', '대인관계 향상을 위해서' 순이었다. 흡연여부에 따라 흡연에 대한 인식도를 조사한 결과, 흡연자가 비흡연자에 비해 유의적으로 흡연에 동의하는 경향이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 식품섭취 빈도조사에 의한 항산화 비타민 섭취량은 비타민 A의 경우 흡연자 505.15±123.32gR.E. 비흡연자 519.48±111.25μgR.E.로 유의적 차이는 없었다. 비타민 C는 각각 133.13 37.76mg, 124.68±27.12mg로 유의적이지는 않았지만 흡연자가 약간 높았으며, 비타민 E 섭취량은 6.91±2.39mg, 7.09±1.73mg로 차이를 보이지 않았다. 신체 계측치와 생화학적 성분간 상관관계에서는 이완기 혈압과 연령, 체지방, 체지방량이 양의 상관관계를 보였고, 혈장 비타민 C 농도는 체중(p＜0.05), 체수분량(p＜0.05)과 음의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과 혈압이나 혈당에서 흡연자가 비흡연자에 비해 높은 수준을 보여 흡연이 건강에 부정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 흡연에 대한 인식에서는 흡연자가 흡연에 동의하는 경향이 더 높았다. 흡연자와 비흡연자의 항산화 비타민 섭취량은 차이가 없었으나 활동량이 많고, 흡연력이 짧으며, 식이 섭취량이 비교적 많은 남자 대학생을 대상으로 하였음에도 불구하고 혈장의 비타민 C 농도가 유의적으로 낮았던 것은 흡연으로 인해 비타민 C 요구량이 증가된 것이라고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 항산화 영양소의 급원이 될 수 있는 식물의 섭취를 증가시키고 올바른 식습관을 형성하기 위한 교육이 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

Stroke is a serious disease despite recent improvement in medical and surgical treatment. Hence, identification of modifiable risk factors for stroke is important. This case-control study was done to demonstrate that relationship between smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, perception of saltness and the incidence of stroke and to identify that smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity and perception of saltness, after adjusting for age, hypertension. A structured interview was carried out from April 15, 1996 to May 3, 1996 in Yonsei Medical Center. The study group consisted of 59 neurologically confirmed stroke patients as the study group and 59 non-stroke patients as controls. Analysis of the data was done by means of -test and logistic regression analysis. The results were as follows. In the study group: 1) Hypertension in males had a 10.2 odds ratio (p<0.05), cardiovascular disease in females had a 11.3 odds ratio (p<0.05) and a farnily history of stroke in males had a 3.1 odds ratio (p<0.05). 2) Females smoking one or more cigarettes had a 8.3 odds ratio (p<0.1), but males had no direct relationship with odds ratio of 1.5 (non-significant). 3) Alcohol consumption in males had a 0.4 odds ratio, and in females had a 0.8 odds ratio. The odds ratio was decreased in alcohol consumption group (non-significant). 4) Males with more than 20 cigarettes pack-years history had a 2.5 odds ratio (p<0.05), more than 25 Body Mass Index had a 3.1 odds ratio (p<0.05) and more than 220 ml ethanol weekly consumption had a 1.5 odds ratio (non-significant). 5) Female smokers had a 8.3 odds ratio (p<0.1), drinkers a 0.8 odds ratio and more than 25 Body Mass Iidex, a 43.1 odds ratio (p<0.05). 6) Females without saltness perception from a 0.5% salt solution had a 6.8 odds ratio (non-significant). 7) By logistic regression analysis independent risk factors for stroke in males were found to be hypertention, age, and obesity. The study was limited because number of subjects was too small for practical implications. However, like as other results, this study suggest that people should be advised to control hypertension, and obesity since these carry a risk of stroke.

2012년 기준 국내 사망률 중 흡연 관련 질환이 과반수를 차지하는 등 국민의 건강과 신체적 피해가 해가 갈수록 심각해지고 있다. 보건복지부는 금연 효과를 극대화하기 위해 강도 높은 금연 캠페인, 비흡연 구역 확대, 공포나 위협소구를 이용한 금연공익광고 등 다양한 금연 정책을 펼치고 있다. 영상미디어를 통한 금연 주제 TV공익광고는 감성적 소구에서 위협적 소구 등 다양한 표현 기법을 활용하여 수용자의 태도 변화를 요구하고 있다. 공익성을 특징으로 하는 금연 주제 TV공익광 고는 일반 상품광고와는 달리 공공의 이익이나 사회문화적 문제를 해결하려는 의도를 포함하게 된다. 따라서 본 논문은 금연 주제 TV공익광고는 담화나 표층에서 표출되는 메시지와 심층에 존재하는 의미가 어떻게 구조화되는지 추출하여 궁극 적인 금연 주제 TV공익광고의 의미작용을 탐색하고자 하였다.

흡연 유무의 남성을 대상으로 뇌 회백질의 손상 유무를 파악 할 수 있는 확산텐서영상을 검사하여 영상을 획득 한 후 Tract-Based Spatial Statics(TBSS)방법으로 뇌 회백질 부위의 기저핵 신경섬유로의 비등방도 FA(fractional anisotropy)값을 측정 분석한 결과 모든 영역에서 흡연자가 비흡연자보다 비등방성 측정값이 낮게 관찰되었으며 FA값은 통계적으로 유의하였다. 본 연구의 측정한 FA결과 값으로 추측하자면 즉, 흡연이 뇌 회백질 기저핵의 모든 해부학적 미세 구조성 변화에 크게 영향을 미치며 신경 섬유로를 손상시키고 이와 관련된 기능적 이상에 영향을 준다고 할 수 있다.

흡연 유무의 남성을 대상으로 뇌 백질의 손상 유무를 파악 할 수 있는 확산텐서영상을 검사하여 영상을 획득 한 후 Tract-Based Spatial Statics(TBSS)방법으로 뇌 백질 부위의 신경섬유로의 비등방도 FA(fractional anisotropy)값을 측정 분석한 결과 모든 영역에서 흡연자가 비흡연자보다 비등방성 측정값이 낮게 나타났지만 FA값은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으며 오른쪽 맥락총 부위에 대한 FA값에서만 통계적으로 유의하였다. 본 연구의 결과 값으로 추측하자면 즉 흡연이 뇌 백질의 미세구조성 변화에 크게 영향을 미치지는 않지만 맥락총 부위에는 영향을 미친다고 할 수 있다.

본 연구의 목적은 흡연을 주제로 하는 기능성 게임에 따른 흡연 태도의 차이점을 규명하고, 흡연태 도와 심리생리학적인 변인 간의 영향관계를 살펴본 뒤, 금연 활동에 도움이 될 수 있는지를 알아보는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 흡연에 대한 부정적 태도를 종속변인으로 설정하고 부정적 태도에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 심리적 저항, 심리적 디스트레스, 뇌파(Left Brain θ, Right Brain θ)를 독립변인으로 설정하여 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 흡연에 대한 부정적 태도에 심리적 저항은 부정적으로 영 향을 미치고 있었으며, 심리적 디스트레스는 정적으로 영향을 미치고 있었다. 그리고 θ파의 경우 좌뇌 에서는 부정적으로 영향을 미치고 있었고, 우뇌에서는 정적으로 영향을 미치고 있음이 확인되었다.