The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different types of frying oil on the quality of yakgwa such as expansion rate, color, moisture content and rheological properties. Yakgwa fried with corn oil showed the highest expansion in width and length, and rice bran oil in height. With regard to the overall expansion rate, yakgwa fried with rice bran had the highest value. As for lightness and yellowness, yakgwa fried with soybean oil had the highest lightness (34.74), while yakgwa fried with grape seed oil had the lowest lightness (29.82). As for redness, however, no significant difference was found. Regarding fat content, yakgwa fried with rice bran oil showed the highest value with 18.91%, while yakgwa fried with corn oil and canola oil showed the lowest value. No difference was found in moisture content according to the type of frying oil. In relation to the acid value, yagkwa with soybean oil showed the lowest value of 0.24±0.66; as for peroxide value, yagkwa fried with rice bran oil showed the lowest value of 3.59±1.74 meq/kg. No difference was found in hardness, cohesiveness and resilience according to the type of frying oil. Yagkwa fried with corn oil and canola oil showed the lowest value in terms of adhesiveness and chewiness, respectively. The results of the sensory evaluation showed not significance difference in overall preference, but yakgwa fried with rice bran oil had the highest value of 5.93±1.87.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality characteristics, antioxidant activities, and sensory properties of macaron with cabbage powder (CP). Physicochemical and sensory properties of macaron with different amounts (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) of CP were examined. The quality of macarons was evaluated based on spread factor, baking loss rate, color, texture, antioxidant activities, and sensory evaluation. As amount of CP addition increased, spread factor, baking loss rate, and L and a values decreased, whereas b value increased (p<0.05). For texture properties, hardness, cohesiveness, and springiness were increased by addition of CP (p<0.05). The gumminess and brittleness did not show significant changes up to 3% CP addition although significant changes in 5-7% CP addition (p<0.05) were evident. The total polyphenolic contents, DPPH radical scavenging activities, and reducing power were significantly increased by addition of CP at high concentrations (p<0.05). In the consumer acceptance of macarons, 3% CP showed the highest in color, flavor, texture, and overall acceptance and 5% CP showed the highest in taste. Meanwhile, macaron containing 7% CP showed the lowest scores in texture and overall acceptance (p<0.05). These data suggested that adding 3% of CP was the optimal concentration for making macaron.

Fish skin peptide-loaded liposomes were prepared in 100 mL and 1 L solution as lab scales, and 10 L solution as a prototype scale. The particle size and zeta potential were measured to determine the optimal conditions for the production of fish skin peptide-loaded liposome. The liposome was manufactured by the following conditions: (1) primary homogenization at 4,000 rpm, 8,000 rpm, and 12,000 rpm for 3 minutes; (2) secondary homogenization at 40 watt (W), 60 W, and 80 W for 3 minutes. From this experimental design, the optimal conditions of homogenization were selected as 4,000 rpm and 60 W. For the next step, fish peptides were prepared as the concentrations of 3, 6, and 12% at the optimum manufacturing conditions of liposome and stored at 4ºC. Particle size, polydispersion index (pdI), and zeta potential of peptide-loaded liposome were measured for its stability. Particle size increased significantly as manufacture scale and peptide concentration increased, and decreased over storage time. The zeta potential results increased as storage time increased at 10 L scale. In addition, 12% peptide showed the formation of a sediment layer after 3 weeks, and 6% peptide was considered to be the most suitable for industrial application.

This study investigates the quality characteristics of dough and bread added with 6% chestnut shell powder and extruded chestnut shell powder at various conditions. As extrusion process variables, melt temperature (110°C, 130°C, 150°C) and moisture (25% and 30%) were controlled. Total dietary fiber content was slightly increased in extruded chestnut shell powder group. In the farinogram, absorption was significantly increased in the group of 25% moisture content and 30% moisture content (p<0.05). After 2 hours and 3 hours, the leavening heights of dough for control showed a similar tendency to that of dough with extruded chestnut shell at a melt temperature 150°C and with moisture content of 25% and 30%. Specific volume was the highest at a control of 3.74±0.08 cc/g and extruded chestnut shell powder group was slightly higher than the chestnut shell powder group. Firmness after 1 day on control of 107.42±14.52 g was similar to that of the bread with extruded chestnut shell at a temperature of 150°C and moisture content of 25% for 113.33±6.17 g. In conclusion, the extrusion-cooking of chestnut shell powder improved the quality characteristics of dough and bread. The optimum combinations of conditions in tested range were melt temperature at 150°C and moisture content at 25%, and melt temperature at 130°C and moisture content at 30%.

The relationship of in vitro starch digestibility and gel strength was investigated at various concentrations (10-30%) of rice cultivars with different amylose contents (27.9, 17.9, and 5.2%). As the rice flour concentration increased, predicted glycemic index decreased, but gel strength increased regardless of amylose contents. Gel strength correlated strongly with amylose content, whereas in vitro starch digestibility was more highly affected by rice flour concentration than by amylose contents. Moreover, the impact of degree of gelatinization on in vitro starch digestibility of high amylose rice was also examined in terms of structural features and rheological properties. The digestion rate of fully gelatinized flour was 1.7 times higher than that of native flour, while the disrupted structure with a different gelatinization degree during starch digestion was visually demonstrated through the X-ray diffraction and molecular distribution analysis. The rice flour changed from an A-type to a V-type pattern and showed difference in crystalline melting. The low molecular weight distribution increased with increasing degree of gelatinization during starch digestion. The apparent viscosity also increased with degree of gelatinization. These results demonstrated that the starch digestibility of rice was more affected by concentration than by amylose content, as well as by the degree of gelatinization due to structural difference.

This study investigated the changes in the physicochemical properties of soybean sprout, radish, and pork loin during frozen Bibimbab production. The qualities of soybean sprout were affected by the blanching, thawing, and cooking processes, with the blanching process particularly regarded as an important process to attribute the overall quality of the soybean sprouts in the final product. High weight loss of radish was found in the thawing and cooking processes, while the weight loss was relatively lower than that of soybean sprout. However, mixing with hot rice can be attributed for the steep decrease in shear force of the radish. For pork meat, normally thermal treatment such as mixing with hot rice and cooking manifested quality deterioration. Based on the results, mixing process appeared to be the most important process which affected the final quality of the materials. To improve the quality of final frozen Bibimbab, therefore, it was recommended to freeze the food ingredient separately from rice prior to packaging, which warranted the follow up exploration.

A cultivar (Malus domestica cv. Fuji) of apple was selected to make apple peel (AP) powder by three different powdering methods. Frozen AP was thawed and subsequently was dried or ground without drying. After AP was dried by hot-air drying at 60°C or freeze-drying, the dried AP was ground using a conventional blender. Separately, the thawed AP was powered by using a cryogenic micro grinding technology (CMGT). The ground AP and three types of AP powder were extracted using deionized water, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100% methanol, followed by vacuum evaporation. The total phenolics contents (TPC), total flavonoids contents (TFC), DPPH, and ABTS radical scavenging capacities of each extract were compared to determine an efficient powdering method. Lyophilized AP powder extract using 60% methanol showed the highest TPC and DPPH radical scavenging capacity. In contrast, 60% methanol extract of the powder by CMGT, resulting in the smallest particle, exhibited the highest TFC and ABTS radical scavenging capacity. This study suggests that the extraction yield of bioactive compounds from AP may be varied according to different powdering methods and that a new powdering process such as CMGT may be applicable to develop functional foods efficiently.

Alcoholic steatosis is a fundamental metabolic disorder and may precede the onset of more severe forms of alcoholic liver disease. In this study, we isolated enzymatichydrolysate from Semisulcospira libertine by alcalase hydrolysis and investigated the protective effect of Semisulcospira libertine hydrolysate on liver injury induced by alcohol in the mouse model of chronic and binge ethanol feeding (NIAAA). In an in vitro study, the hydrolysate protects HepG2 cells from ethanol toxicity. Liver damage was assessed by histopathological examination, as well as by quantitating activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). After the administration of S. libertina hydrolysate, fat accumulation and infiltration of inflammatory cells in liver tissues were significantly decreased in the NIAAA mouse model. The elevated levels of serum AST, ALT, and ALP activities, along with the lipid contents of a damaged liver, were recovered in experimental mice administrated with S. libertina hydrolysate, suggesting its role in blood enzyme activation and lipid content restoration within damaged liver tissues. Moreover, treatment with S. libertine hydrolysate reduced the expression rate of cyclooxygenase (COX-2), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6, which accelerate inflammation and induces tissue damage. All data showed that S. libertine hydrolysate has a preventive role against alcohol-induced liver damages by improving the activities of blood enzymes and modulating the expression of inflammation factor, suggesting S. libertine hydrolysate could be a commercially potential material for the restoration of hepatotoxicity.

Weight loss that influences quality and farmer incomes is affected by the storage environment of agricultural products. The interior of storage should be maintained at high humidity to prevent the weight loss of products which contain a lot of moisture. The research had constantly proceeded with change in the heat exchanger surface areas, humidity systems, and weight loss forecast to maintain high humidity within storage. Relative humidity that exerts an effect weight loss of crop is influenced by storage temperature, leak state, and volume of product. When weight loss is predicted, different conditions of these factors are derived. In case of CA storage, ways of forecasting the weight loss become easier compared to cold storage due to sealed storage with external environment during storage period. In this study, apples were stored in purge-type CA storage and weight loss has been predicted by using operating characteristics and environmental conditions. As a result, humidity variation in the storage fluctuates with the operation of the unit-cooler. Furthermore, unit-cooler operation factor is influenced by outside temperature and respiration heat. Prediction value of weight loss according to temperature and humidity has been most accurately predicted. Prediction value through defrosting water measured shows unit-cooler work quality. K-value needs verification to calculate the VPD method.

To automate cooking processes, quantitative descriptions are needed on how quality parameters, such as texture change during heating. Understanding mechanical property changes in foods during thermal treatment due to changes in chemical composition or physical structure is important in the context of engineering models and in precise control of quality in general. Texture degradation of food materials has been studied widely and softening kinetic parameters have been reported in many studies. For a better understanding of kinetic parameters, applied kinetic models were investigated, then rate constants at 100°C and activation energy from previous kinetic studies were compared. The food materials are hardly classified into similar softening kinetics. The range of parameters is wide regardless of food types due to the complexity of food material, different testing methods, sample size, and geometry. Kinetic parameters are essential for optimal process design. For broad and reliable applications, kinetic parameters should be generated by a more consistent manner so that those of foods could be compared or grouped.

Starch is an abundant, renewable, and low cost material that has been extensively studied for its role in crystallization. Herein, we developed a facile and green approach to produce the starch-based microparticles (SMPs) that could encapsulate curcumin during the self-association of short glucan chain obtained from waxy maize starch. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis indicated that the diameters of curcumin-loaded SMPs were ranged from 1.5 μm to 3 μm. The characteristics of the curcumin-loaded SMPs were evaluated via Raman spectroscopy, confocal microscopy, UV spectrophotometer, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the suspended curcumin was encapsulated in SMPs in amorphous form with a encapsulating efficiency of about 96.36%. Photostability test confirmed that curcumin that is loaded inside SMPs was effectively protected against the photodegradation. Curcumin-loaded SMPs can be used not only in food industry for extending the shelf life of curcumin, but also in pharmaceutical industry to design effective carrier for oral delivery.

As the fruit and vegetable beverage market grows, a variety of foods are continually increasing. Therefore, when ingredients other than those indicated are added to achieve economic benefits, cases of adulteration and falsification concurrently follow. Among these, blueberry as expensive fruits, is one of the target for adulteration in juice production. This study was conducted based on the reports regarding the forgery of blueberry juice and grape juice; 32 kinds of blueberry juices, which are sold on the market, were collected and their metabolomics analysis was performed to screen out possible discriminants for blueberry juice adulteration. Metabolomes were extracted with 80% methanol and analyzed through LC-MS/MS followed by data processing with multivariate statistical analysis. Based on OPLS (orthogonal partial least squared) model, four metabolites were screened as significant discriminants among 209 metabolites found in blueberry juice and anthocyanin compounds occupied a main groups for discrimination. Marvidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside were identified as significant indicators for the existence of blueberry compared to grape juice which is main adulterates in blueberry juices. These candidates were assessed for monitoring commercial blueberry juices, which were proved as useful determinant for adulteration.

한국의 가양주는 지역별로 그 특징이 다르게 나타나며, 누룩균은 이러한 지역별 가양주의 특징을 결정 짓는데 가장 중요한 요소이다. 본 연구에서는 국내 지역별(충남, 서울, 제주) 가양주에서 분리한 누룩균 배양체의 대사체 분석을 통해, 균주별 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 총 7 지역의 가양주에서 분리된 20종의 누룩균 배양체의 대사체를 용매(Isopropyl alcohol: Methanol: Distilled water)추출 한 후, LC-MS/MS를 이용해 대사체 분석을 수행하였다. 이후 다변량 통계에 기반한 data mining을 통해 결과들을 분석하여 지역 및 균주별 대사체 변이를 규명하였다. Mass spectrometry에서 검출된 300여개의 전체 대사체들은 지역 및 균주별 특이성에 따라 분류 될 수 있었으며, Aspergillus niger 계열 균주들에서는 gluconic acid의 함량이 특이적으로 높게 나타났다. 이러한 지역 및 균주별 대사체의 변이 기여하는 유의적인 대사체들은 약 36개로 screening 되었고, 이들의 조성과 함량에 의해 지역별 가양주들의 특성이 발현되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 전통 가양주 유래 유용 미생물 자원의 발굴에 유용한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

향신료로 널리 사용되는 후춧가루를 비가열 살균 방법 중 하나인 광펄스 살균 처리를 하는데 있어서 처리용기에 따른 사멸 효과를 살펴보았다. 실험에 사용된 처리용기의 형태는 정치형, 회전 원통형, recycling fluidized bed형의 3가지 처리용기를 사용하였다. 전압1000 V, 펄스수 5 pps, 시료와의 거리 4 cm의 조건에서 10분간 처리하였을 경우 정치형 처리용기의 경우에는 흑후추 80%, 백후추는 84%의 감소효과를 나타내었으며, 정치형 처리용기 내부에 거울을 설치하였을 경우에는 같은 처리조건에서 흑후추는 86%, 백후추는 85%의 감소효과를 보였다. 회전 원통형 처리용기에서는 전압 1000 V, 8 pps, 시료와의 거리 4 cm에서 10분간 처리하였을 경우 일반세균은 흑후추 75%, 백후추 79%의 감소효과를 나타내었고, B. cereus는 흑후추 74%, 백후추 76%의 감소효과를 나타내었다. Recycling fluidized bed형 처리용기를 사용하였을 경우에는 흑후추는 일반세균 71%, B. cereus 60%, 백후추는 일반세균 73%, B. cereus 52%의 감소효과를 보였다. 모든 실험군에서 광펄스 처리 후 후추의 수분함량은 처리시간이 길어질수록 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 색도에 있어서는 흑후추의 경우 광펄스 처리 후 명도와 적색도에서 유의적인 차이를 나타냈으며, 황색도는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 후추의 지표물질인 piperin은 흑후추의 경우 증가하는 경향을 보인 반면에 백후추의 경우에는 감소하는 경향을 보였으나 유의적인 차이를 보이지는 않았다.

현미는 백미에 비해서 비타민 및 미네랄 등의 영양소가 많다는 장점을 가지고 있는 곡물이다. 초록통곡은 호숙기에 수확하여 증숙하는 과정을 거쳐 생산하는 초록색을 띠는 현미로 일반 현미보다 단백질 무기질, 그리고 식이섬유 등의 함유량이 더 풍부한 곡물이다. 그러나 이가 약한 고령자들의 경우 단단하고 거친 식감 때문에 섭취가 힘들다는 문제가 있다. 본 연구는 저작기능이 저하된 고령자들의 섭취 편의를 위해 효소처리에 의한 초록통쌀의 물성조절과 물리적 특성 변화를 비교, 분석하였다. 2가지 품종(삼광, 추청) 초록통쌀과 완숙현미의 흡습율과 가수비율에 따른 경도 변화를 분석하였다. 효소 6가지를 보온 70°C에서 1시간동안 처리하였으며 취사된 밥을 -18°C에서 1시간 1차냉각 후 20°C 에서 1시간 2차 냉각을 진행한 후 물성을 측정하였다. 최적농도 설정을 위해 효소 농도조건(0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9%) 처리에 따른 물성차이를 비교하였다. 초록삼광, 초록추청, 완숙삼광, 완숙추청의 초기 수분함량은 각각 14.6, 15.1, 14.2, 11.8%이었고, 실온 4시간 및 보온 70°C에서 1시간동안 침지하였을 때 24.7, 23.8, 27.8, 30.9%로 완숙현미가 더 높은 흡습율을 나타냈다. 낮은 가수비율에서는 취반이 제대로 되지 않았고, 높은 가수비율에서는 죽 형태가 되어, 초록통쌀과 완숙현미 모두 3:1이 적정 가수비율이었고 경도는 5.4 x 104, 5.8 x 104, 5.9 x 104, 5.9 x 104 N/m2으로 나타났다. 초록통쌀은 셀룰라아제 계열의 효소C를 처리하였을 때 4.2 x 104, 4.8 x 104 N/m2로 가장 낮은 경도 값을 나타냈고 응집성과 점착성은 감소하였다. 완숙현미는 아밀라아제 계열의 효소 A를 처리하였을 때 5.2 x 104, 5.2 x 104 N/m2로 가장 낮은 경도 값을 보였고 점착성은 감소하였으나 응집성은 차이를 보이지 않았다. 효소 농도에 따른 초록추청의 경도는 5.2 x 104, 4.8 x 104, 4.7 x 104N/m2, 4.9 x 104 N/m2로 0.3% 이상에서는 경도차이를 보이지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 일반 현미와 달리 초록통쌀은 셀룰라아제 계열의 효소를 처리하여 경도가 조절된 제품을 제조하는 것이 가능함을 보여주었다.

목이버섯(Auricularia auricula-judae)은 식이섬유가 풍부하여 변비 예방 및 치료를 위한 기능성 식품으로 이용되고 있으며, 비타민 D 함량이 높아 골다공증 예방 효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 비타민 D는 성인 52~77%가 부족이나 결핍에 해당하는 것으로 나타났으나 목이버섯에 자외선을 조사할 경우 비타민 D 전구체인 에르고스테롤이 전환되어 비타민 D2를 얻을 수 있다. 현재 목이버섯 소비는 증가되고 있으나 가공에 대한 연구는 미비한 실정으로 목이버섯의 식품 가치 제고를 위한 자외선 처리 후 다양한 가공방법별 유효성분 변화를 조사하였다. 생목이와 건목이에 UVB 처리 후 수침, 데침, 마이크로웨이브, 볶음처리 후 수분 함량, 총폴리페놀 함량, 비타민 D 함량을 측정하였다. 건목이는 수침 처리 후 수화복원력과 수분함량이 15분부터 급격히 증가하였으며 210분 이후부터는 차이가 없었다. 가공처리에 따른 무게 감소율과 수분함량 변화는 데침에서는 증가하였으나 마이크로웨이브와 볶음처리에서는 감소하였다. 총폴리페놀과 비타민 D 함량은 건목이 수침 처리 후 감소하였으며 수침 처리 시간이 길수록 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 불린 건목이는 가공처리 할 경우 비타민 D 함량이 증가하였으나 총폴리페놀 함량은 데침에서 처리 시간이 길어질수록 감소하였다. 생목이버섯의 비타민 D 함량은 가공처리에 따라 함량이 증가하였으며 특히 데침 3분, 마이크로웨이브 3분, 볶음 180°C 처리에서 가장 높았다. 가공처리별 다양한 성분변화를 보여 추후 연구를 더 진행할 필요가 있다고 판단된다.

In-vitro food mastication has been simulated by incorporating size reduction process, followed by incubation with human saliva. However, they do not suffice to simulate the actual oral breakdown process where disruption by mastication (chewing) and wetting/lubrication by salivation take place simultaneously. In this study, in-vitro oral digestion of rice gels with different amylose contents was simulated by instrumentally performing mastication and salivation. The hardness of artificial saliva-treated rice gels was distinctly lowered with increasing chewing cycles and the rice gels with high amylose contents showed the highest degradation rate. When the rice gels were subjected to non-destructive tomographic analysis, the high amylose rice gels were clearly shown to be favorably fragmented into smaller pieces by chewing, followed by the low and intermediate amylose samples. These results could be explained by their cohesive texture rather than hardness. Therefore, this study may help understanding the changes in the physical properties of cereal-based foods during oral digestion.

한국쌀가공식품협회에 의하면 쌀가루 시장은 2008년 만톤, 2012년 5만톤으로 5배 성장하였으며, 2017년은 10만톤 2500억 규모로 쌀가루 시장은 급속히 성장하여 쌀 가공제품 생산에 이용하고 있다. 또한 쌀 사용량 현황은 55,794톤이며, 총매출액은 12,380억원에 이르고 있으나 현재 대부분의 떡 제조업체에서는 쌀을 물에 불려 빻아서 쓰는 습식제분법을 여전히 사용하고 있어서 시간과 노력이 많이 투입되고 있는 실정이다. 현재 건식 쌀가루를 이용하여 각종 가공품 제조를 위한 연구를 시도하고 있으나 아직까지 떡 종류별 사용기준이 명확히 없어 이의 기준설정이 필요하여 본 연구는 건식제분한 쌀가루를 이용하여 발효떡인 증편을 만들기 위한 조건설정의 기초자료로 활용하고자 시험을 실시하였다. 공시품종으로는 2016년에 재배된 한가루, 삼광, 다산1호, 한아름2호, 보람찬 등 5품종을 사용하였고, 제분기 Air mill(AM, Nara Machinery Co., LTD, Japan)을 사용하여 쌀가루 입도를 50, 100, 150㎛ 수준으로 각각 제조하였고, 대조구로는 관행의 습식제분한 쌀가루를 사용하였다. 시험결과 색도는 대조구 대비 품종별로는 명도(L)가 낮고 황색도(b)가 높았으며, 입도별로는 입도가 작을수록 명도가 높아지고 황색도가 낮아져서 대조구에 가까운 색도를 나타내었다. 호화특성으로는 대조구 대비 건식쌀가루 품종에서 호화온도에 이르는 시간이 짧았으며, setback(노화도)이 낮은 경향이었고, 품종별로는 한가루> 보람찬> 삼광> 다산1호, 한아름 1호의 순으로 노화가 덜 되는 경향이었으며, 입도별로는 큰 차이가 없었다. 대조구 대비 pH는 높고 산도는 비슷하였으며, 당도가 낮은 경향이었다. 당도는 입도가 작을수록 높았는데, 이는 발효과정 중 당화에 의한 영향으로 판단되었다. 색도는 대조구보다 명도는 낮고 황색도는 증가하는 경향이었으며, 물성은 대조구 대비 경도, 응집성, 점착성이 입도 50~100㎛간에는 비슷한 경향이었고, 입도 150㎛에서 경도와 점착성이 높아서 떡이 딱딱하게 굳는 경향이었다. 품종별로는 보람찬과 다산 1호가 부착성이 커서 달라붙는 정도가 컸다.

단수수(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)는 1년생의 화본과 C4식물로서 바이오매스 생산량이 많고 당 함량이 높아 에탄올 생산에 유리한 작물로 알려져 있으며, 우리 나라에서는 주로 당 원료 작물로 육종 및 재배 연구를 하여 오다가 2008년 이후 바이오에탄올 생산연구를 시작하여 농촌진흥청에서 바이오에탄올 생산용 품종 ‘초롱’을 육성하였고(’12), 줄기는 물론 곡실도 에탄올 생산에 이용하기 위한 연구가 수행되었다. 일본 오카나와 흑당(사탕수수)과 같이 지역특화된 천연 감미소재 개발로 토종 단수수의 이용확대를 위한 천연당의 기초자료로 제공하고, 당을 이용한 새로운 가공품 개발로 토종자원의 보존에 기여하고 신소득 창출에 기여하고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 단수수 1차 착즙액의 색상 및 풋내를 제거하기 위하여 No.2 여과지를 이용하여 감압여과를 하여 시럽을 만들기 위한 재료로 사용하였다. 감압여과 전후의 차이로는 단수수 착즙액 여과전에는 초록색을 띄지만 여과후에는 황색계열의 색상으로 연해지면서 명도(L)는 높아지고, 적색도(a)와 황색도(b)는 낮아졌다. 당도, 염도는 증가하고, 산도는 약간 낮아졌으며 탁도는 현저히 감소하였다. 단수수 100g당 영양성분을 국가표준성분표 제8개 정안의 사탕수수, 설탕과 비교하여 보면 단수수는 사탕수수와 같이 액상상태이므로 열량은 낮고 칼슘 31mg, 칼륨 447mg, 나트륨 11.7mg, 마그네슘 21mg 등의 각종 무기질이 다양하며, 총식이섬유는 0.13~0.15%였고, 주요 당원은 glucose 6.8~7.0%, fructose 7.6~7.9%로 구성되었으며 16°Brix 이었다. 농축온도(55~100°C)에 따른 단수수 시럽의 품질 변화는 농축온도가 낮을수록 농축시간이 늘어나고 회수량이 적었으며, 100°C에서 시간은 단축되지만 카라멜화가 발생하여 명도(L), 적색도(a), 황색도(b)가 낮아졌다. 최종 농축농도를 50~80°Brix가 되도록 농축하였을 때 70˚Brix 이상에서는 회수량이 비슷하였고, 최종농도가 높아질수록 농축시간은 길어지고, 점도도 증가하였고 색도(L, a, b값)도 증가하였다.

최근 두부시장은 화학응고제 무사용, 영양성분 강화, 간편화 등의 새로운 두부 형태 제품이 출시되었으며, 기류분쇄기 보급에 따라 초미세분말 제조가 가능하게 되면서 전두부 제조가 가능하여 졌다. 전두부는 콩가루를 이용하여 만들기 때문에 콩에 포함된 단백질, 식이섬유, 이소플라본 등의 전체적인 영양성분 섭취가 가능하여 영양이 우수하며, 부산물인 비지가 생산되지 않아 생산 편리성 및 환경오염 방지 효과가 있는 제조방식이다. 본 연구에서는 건식 콩가루를 이용하여 전두부 제조를 위한 조건설정의 기초자료로 활용하고자 시험을 실시하였다. ’16년에 재배된 대원콩 품종을 사용하였고, 제분기는 Air mill을 사용하여 콩가루 입도를 50, 100, 150㎛ 수준으로 각각 제조하였으며, 두유온도를 60, 80, 90, 100°C까지 끓인 후 두유의 적정 응고조건을 설정하고자 품질특성을 조사하였다. 전두부는 유미원 전두부제조기(HTM-100A)를 이용하여 5배의 물을 넣고 제조하였고, 대조구로는 압착두부를 사용하였다. 콩분말 입도에 따른 전두부 품질분석 결과 pH, 산도, 수분활성도는 거의 차이가 없었으며, 입도가 클수록 수분이 낮아지는 경향이었다. 7점척도법에 의한 관능조사 결과 대조구인 압착두부 대비 전반적인 기호도는 낮았지만 입도별로는 향이나 맛, 씹힘성에서 콩분말 입도 50㎛에서 가장 높았으며 전반적인 기호도는 50㎛ > 100㎛ ≥ 150㎛ 순이었고, 전자현미경 관찰결과 입도가 작을수록 두부구조가 치밀하였다. 두유 온도에 따른 전두부의 품질 비교 결과 전두부는 대조구 대비 수분함량, 산도, 당도, 염도가 전반적으로 높았으며, 두유 온도 60°C에서는 두부의 응고반응이 일어나지 않았으며, 80°C 이상에서 응고되기 시작하여, 90°C에서 가장 양호하였다. 100°C 이상에서는 단시간에 응고가 되어 두부의 모양이 고르지 않았다. 전두부의 일반세균수는 모두 규격기준(106cfu/㎖) 이하로, 90°C 이상에서는 거의 발생되지 않았다.