This study was conducted to investigate the consumers' recognition and information need for food safety, especially focused on pesticide residues, foodborne illness, and food additives. The data were collected from 350 adults living in Taegu and Pusan by the self-administered questionnaire. Frequencies and chi-square tests were conducted by SPSS. The results of the survey were as follows: (1) the consumers' concerns about food safety were high, (2) many respondents worried about eating vegetables, fruits and grains in turn because of pesticide residues, and did not trust the results from food-safety tests, (3) the major factor for foodborne illness was regarded as unfreshed or contaminated food stuffs, (4) many consumers concerned highly about preservatives among food additives, and tried to consume food containing less food additives, and (5) many respondents wanted to get the information about harmfulness of pesticide residues in foods, method to choose fresh food, and safety of food additives.
식품의 향기를 포접하여 향기성분을 순화시키는 성질을 지닌 β-cyclodextrin을 청국장에 0%, 10%, 20% 및 30%씩 첨가하여 청국장의 냄새에 대한 포접효과를 살펴보면, β-cyclodextrin을 20% 대체한 시료의 단백질과 회분양은 control 시료보다 유의적으로 감소하였다. 지방량과 탄수화물량은 대체시료가 control 시료보다 유의적으로 증가하였다. 시료의 L값은 β-cydodextrin을 30%대체한 시료가 53.99로 가장 밝게 평가되었고, 대체수준이 10%일 때 L값은 51.81으로 유의적으로 가장 낮은 수치를 보이며 색이 더 진하게 평가 되었다. 시료의 a값은 대체 수준이 증가할수록 감소하여 붉은 정도가 옅어지었다. 시료의 b값은 대체량이 증가할수록 시료의 노란정도가 점점 옅어짐을 나타내었다. 시료 입자의 내부구조 조직을 주사전자 현미경으로 관찰한 결과, control 시료의 내부구조는 점질물질이 불규칙 한 모양으로 뭉쳐져 있거나 거칠게 퍼져 있음을 볼 수 있었으며, 첨가수준이 증가할수록 불규칙하고 거친 내부조직이 점차 감소하여 30% 대체 시료에서는 매끈하고 안정된 조직감과 내부구조를 보여 주었다. 관능적 특성에 대한 결과, 청국장 시료의 구수한 냄새는 시료의 대체수준이 20% 이상으로 될 때 구수한 냄새는 6.65에서 6.78의 수치를 보이며 유의적으로 다소 감소하여 구수한 냄새가 약하게 나타났다. 시료의 이취는 β-cyclodextrin을 대체량을 20%로 증가한 시료에서 control 시료의 이취보다 유의적인 감소를 보여 주었다. (p〈0.05). 시료의 짠맛은 20% 대체시료군이 control 시료의 짠맛보다 유의적으로 현저히 감소하였으며, 쓴맛은 control 시료에 비하여 모든 대체시료군이 낮은 수치로 쓴맛이 약해지는 경향을 나타내었다. 이상으로 β-cyclodextrin으로 청국장을 포접시엔 특히, 구수한 냄새 이취 및 짠맛을 순화하는 경향이 있는 것을 알 수 있었다.
NaIO_4-산화 전분당을 Bzcillus licheniformisα-아밀라아제와 반응시켜서 시프염기 형성으로 당단백질로 변형시켜서 안정성을 확인하였다. 100℃에서의 열안정성은 10분 뒤에, pH 9.7에서 변형한 효소>pH 8.0에서 변형한 효소>비변형 효소의 순으로 높았다. 그러나 변형 및 안정성에 α-cyclodextrin(α-CD)을 사용한 결과 큰 차이는 나지 않았다. pH 8.0에서 α-CD존재 하에 변형한 효소는pH8∼11의 알칼리 쪽에서 가장 높은 안정성을 나타냈으나 pH5∼7 사이에서는 다른 효소보다 낮았다. pH 9.7에서 변형하지 않은 효소는pH 5부터 pH 13까지 서서히 증가하였고 pH 9.7에서 α-CD존재 하의 효소는pH 5부터 7까지 증가하다가 그후 pH 13까지 서서히 감소하였다. α-CD 존재 하의 비변형 효소는 pH 7과 10에서 피크를 나타낸 다음 pH 12 이후에는 급격히 낮아졌다. 변형한 효소는 HPLC의 유출시간이 빨라져서 변형하지 않은 효소보다 분자량이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 분자량 크기는 비변헝 효소 < pH 8, 0에서 변형할 효소 < pH 9.7에서 변형한 효소의 순으로 컸다.
랩포장 및 진공포장이 냉장 돈육의 저장성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 돈육의 등심부위를 랩포장 및 진공포장한 후 냉장저장하면서 저장기간에 따른 세균수, 휘발성 염기질소, pH. 보수력, 드립감량, 가열감량 및 경도의 변화를 측정하였다. 랩포장의 경우 일반세균수는 저장 10일에 2.0×10exp(7)CFU/㎠의 수준에 달하였고, 휘발성 염기질소 함량은 저장 15일에 26㎎%로서 식육의 부패수준인 20㎎%를초과하였으며, pH는 저장 7일 이후 급속하게 증가되어 저장 10일에 5.98의 수준이었다. 반면에 진공포장의 경우에는 일반세균수가 저장 30일에 7.7×10exp(6) CFU/㎠의 수준에 달하였고, 휘발성 염기질소 함량은 저장 30일에 19.8 ㎎%로서 부패수준인 20 ㎎%에 근접하였으며, pH는 저장기간이 경과됨에 따라 매우 완만하게 증가되어 저장 30일에 pH 5.75의 수준이었다. 보수력은 저장 1일에는 두 시험구가 75.0%띄 수준으로 비슷하였으나, 저장기간이 경과됨에 따라 랩포장이 진공포장에 비해 급속하게 증가되었다. 드립감량과 가열감량은 저장초기인 저장 7일까지는 진공포장이 랩포장에 비해 다소 높은 수준이었으나, 그 이후에는 랩포장이 높은 수준이었다. 경도는 두 시험구 모두 저장 1일에 가장 높았고. 저장 기간이 경과됨에 따라 점차 저하되었으며. 랩포장에 비해 진공포장이 비교적 완만하게 저하되었다.
In order to investigate the distribution of paralytic shellfish poison, we examined the toxicity during from February to October in 2000. Of 591 shellfish samples, 17(2.88%) samples were detected. Scapgarca broughtonii was highest collected 14.29%(2/14). In the monthly detection rate of PSP, April was highest 13.3%(8/60), in the regional collecting rate, Cheon-nam coastal area was highest 3.82%(10/262), and in cases of imported area, China was 8.3%(1/12). Imported area as well as domestic area samples should be strengthen to examine enduringly.
우리나라의 전통 발효식품인 고추장의 관능성 및 기능성을 더하여 품질을 향상시키기 위하여 전분질 원료인 찹쌀무게에 대하여 2%, 4%, 6% 및 8%의 다시마 분말을 첨가한 후 대조구와 함께 30℃에서 120일간 숙성시키면서 유리아미노산과 지방산 조성 및 관능적 특성을 검토하였다. 숙성 중 대조고추장과 다시마고추장 모두에서 아미노질소는 서서히 증가하는 것으로 나타났으나 아미노질소의 경우 대조고추장에 비해 다시마고추장에서 다소 낮게 나타났다. 숙성 30일째의 아미노질소량은 각각 171.3l㎎%, 172.l0㎎%, 174.l8㎎%, 185.60㎎% 및 161.70㎎%로 최고값을 보였다. 유리아미노산 중에서는 glutamic acid의 함량이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났는데 숙성이 진행될수록 증가하였다. 또한 arginine. aspartic acid. preline. serine. leucine. lysine도 비교적 높은 함량을 가졌다. 고추장에서 분리 확인된 지방산은 lauric acid- myristic acid, palmitic acid, atearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid 등이었고 이들 중 oleic acid의 조성비율이 가장 높았고 palmitic acid가 다음으로 높았으며 stearic acid. lauric acid, myristic acid의 경우 숙성 후기로 갈수록 산화되어 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 숙성 60일과 120일에 실시한 관능검사의 결과 8% 다시마 첨가구를 제외하고는 대조고추장과 비교하여 다시마 첨가가 고추장의 관능적 특성에 영향을 미치지 않았으며 다시마 첨가수준이 높아질수록 높은 값을 나타내어 고추장에 다시마를 6% 점도 첨가하는 것이 적당하였다.
Distribution of pathogenic vibrios in the seawater of live fish tank and effect of environmental factors an their existence were investigated by collecting samples from fish markets and restaurants in 6 different cities. Pathogenic vibrios and coliforms were determined by using the most probable number (MPN) procedure, and aerobic plate count was enumerated by the standard pour plate method. No Vibrio cholerae O1 was detected in all the samples tested. Detection rates of Y. cholerae non-Ol, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus in all the samples tested were 7.7%, 69.2% and 23.1%, respectively. Water temperature and turbidity of the seawaber measured were higher in the pathogenic vibrios positive samples than in those negative samples. However, higher salinity and pH were shown in the pathogenic vibrios negative samples than in positive samples. The aerobic plate counts and MPN of total and fecal coliforms in the seawater were higher in the presence of pathogenic vibrios than in the absence of pathogenic vibrios. In this study, the presence of pathogenic vibrios in the seawater tested was closely related with other physiochemical parameters and populations of coliforms, indicators for food safety.
국내산 품종별·보리, 귀리, 밀, 호밀의 식이섬유 함량과 추출물의 점성물 분석하려 생리적 기능성이 높은 식품 소재로서의 활용성을 모색하였다. 평균 총 식이섬유함량은 보리 19.9%, 호밀 18.0%, 밀 15.9%, 부리 groat 15.5%, 보리쌀 9.7%의 순이었다. 수용성 식이섬유의 함량은 보리 6.6%. 호밀 6.4%. 보리쌀 5.4% 귀리 groat 4.9%, 밀 3.8%의 순이었으며, 밀과 호밀의 제분부산물인 bran은 경제적인 측면에서 활용성이 높은 식이섬유소재 인 것으로 확인되었다. β-Glucan 함량은 보리와 귀리에서 4.4∼4.5%로 유사하게 높았으며 호밀과 밀에서는 낮게 나타났다. 총 β-glucan에 대한 수용성 β-glucan의 비율로 나타낸 용해성은 귀리와 보리순으로 높았으며 밀과 호밀에서는 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 식이섬유 추출물의 점도는 호밀. 보리, 쌀, 귀리 groat, 밀의 순으로 높았으며, 맥류 품종의 수용성 식이섬유 함량이 높을수록 점도가 높은 경향을 보여주었다. 국내산 맥류의 고점도 식이섬유는 생리 기능성이 높은 건강식품소재로서의 활용가치가 클 것으로 사료되었다.
One hundred twenty five bacterial isolates were obtained from the brown blotch-diseased oyster mushrooms collected from markets. Among them, 45 were determined as pathogenic bacteria and white line foaming organisms(WLFO) were 6 strains and white line reaction organisms (WLRO) were 6 strains. All of the white line forming isolates were identified as Pseudomonas tolaasii which is a known pathogen of brown blotch disease of oyster mushroom by GC-MIS(Gas chromatography-microbial identification system). Six of the white line reacting organisms were identified as P. chlornraphis, P. fluorescens biotype A and type C. The rest of them were P. gingeri, P. agarici, P. fluorescens biotype B, P. chlororaphis, non-pathogenic P. tolaasii, P. putida biotype A and B etc. For spectnun of activity of tolaasin, culture filtrates from pathogenic isolates were examined by browning of mushroom tissue and pitting of mushroom caps. The weak pathogenic bacteria didn't induce browning or pitting of mushroom tissue. On the other hand, strong pathogenic isolates showed browning and pitting reaction on mushroom. An extracellular toxin produced by P. tolaasii, was investigated. The hemolysis activity test of 6 strains identified as P. tolaasii were 0.80.9 at 600 nm and 3 strains of WLRO were 0.9-1.0 and Pseudomonas spp. were 1.0-1.2. Observation of fresh mushroom tissue using confocal laser scanning microscopy was carried out for images of optical sectioning and vertical sectioning. Also images of brown blotch diseased oyster mushroom tissue after contamination P. tolaasii was obtained by CLSM.
Basic materials for various making gangjung, various concentration 0-25.0%(w/v) of coating agent and 0-20.0% of substitutional materials carried out an experiment in sensory evaluation, expansion rate and hardness of substitutional materials. The results are as follows: 1. Added coating agent for improvement of decreasing aroma, arabic gum and dextrin signiffcant from 20.0% to 25.0% compared with others. A good results flavor strength score and hedonic score of added 20.0% arabic gum are highest. 2. Expansion rate is caused by substitutional waxy rice, expansion rate decreased above 20.0% as tapioca above 5.0%, rice above 10.0%, brown waxy rice and wheat flour 15.0%. 3. After flying gangjung of substitutional materials, hardness increase concentration of substitutional materials. Therefore substitutional materials added to tapioca below 5.0%, rice and wheat flour 10.0%, brown waxy rice 15.0% is thought of good.
The production results of the oriental functional beverage, which is aimed at reducing the alcohol concentration in blood, are as follows. Different kinds of herb medicine ingredients were combined to achieve the balance between Yin and Yang. They were grouped according to their respective characteristics and extracted by heat. Then they were combined and produced following the most effective mixture ratio. The drink produced by this way consisted mainly of water. Sugar, mineral, protein and fiber were partially contained. Among the minerals, the proportion of calcium, potassium, magnesium was high and iron was also contained. This drink turned out to be effective in reducing the alcohol concentration in blood within a very short time when it was taken once after drinking and taken again 30 minutes later, which would double the dosage. This result shows that development of such a functional beverage using the herbal medicine. At the same time it will play an important part in reducing the alcohol concentrate in blood after drinking liquors.
Various sterilization methods were applied to the powder of ginseng for the improving hygienic quality. Ultra-violet (UV) and Infrared ray (IR) treatments could not inhibit highly growth of bacteria in ginseng powder. However, high hydrostatic pressure treatment showed high inhibition rate against bacterial growth in ginseng powder. Changes of viable cell count by the pressure showed positive relationship between growth inhibition rates and the pressures applied. When powder was treated with 2,000 kg/㎠ for 10 min at 25℃, initial viable cell count of the powder, 2.0 × 10⁴ CFU/g, was decreased to 1.0 × 10⁴ CFU/g. When it treated with 3,000, 4,000 and s,000 kg/㎠ of pressures under the same condition, viable cell counts were 8.0 × 10³, 7.0 × 10³ and 1.8 × 10³ CFU/g, respectively. Ginseng saponins of the powders were all detected when analyzed by TLC chromatography after treatment with the pressures. Therefore, it was considered that saponin of ginseng powder was stable under the condition of 5,000 kg/㎠ of pressure, even though the treatment induced coagulation of the powder.
Lactobacillus spp. PAP1과 Lactobacillus spp. MGG2를 혼합 균주로 사용하여 밤 발효제품을 제조하기 위한 제반 조건을 조사하였다. 밤 발효액은 phytone, peptene. yeast exract, glucose를 각각 0.4. 0.2, 0.5% 이상으로 첨가할 때 산도와 생균수가 가장 컸다. 첨가물 중 phytone peptone은 대두박이나 순물로 대체해도 같은 효과가 관찰되었다. 버섯추출물의 첨가는 산도와 생육을 약간 촉진하였으나 안정제는 약간의 감소를 가져왔다. 기본 발효액은 관능성적이 나빴으나 산도를 0.54%로 낮추고. 당을 10%로 보강하고. sodium alginate를 0.2% 첨가하였을 때, 산미, 감미, 음용감이 크게 개선되었다.
To investigate the modifying effect of Kwao Kreu, Pueraria mirifica (PM), we performed two kind of studies which are the non-surgical medium-term carcinogenicity study and the modulation of gap functional intercellular communication study. The first study, a non-surgical medium-term carcinogenicity bioassay was done to investigate the modifying effect of Kwao Kent, Pueraria mirifica (PM), a rejuvenating folk medicine from Thailand, on the male F344 rat liver. Specific pathogen free, male 6-week-old F344 rats were divided into ten groups. To induce hepatocarcinogenesis, those in all groups were given a single i.p. injection of DEN (200 mg/kg) and were received two i.p. injection of DGA (300 mg/kg) at the ends of weeks 2 and 5. Rats of group 3-6 were given sodium phenobarbital (PB 0.05 % in drink). A diet containing 10 mg/kg PM was given to group 2 during the post-initiation phase and to groups 4 and 5 during promotion and initiation phase, respectively. Group 6 was given the experimental diet alone throughout the experiment (8 weeks). Rats of group 7, 8, 9 and 10 were fed 1000 mg/kg PM in the same manner as group 2, 4, 5 and 6. All animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks after DEN administration. Result of the iimmunohistochemical staining of the glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-p) indicated that the numbers and areas of the preneoplastic leisions were not significantly changed in all PM treatment group comparing to control group. A.Iso the numbers and areas of GST-p positive foci among group 7, 8, 9 and 10 were not significantly changed in comparing to control group. To study the effect of PM on the modulation of gap functional intercellular communication, the present study was performed scrape-loading dye transfer (SL/DT) assay in human keratinocytes. The results showed that PM could not modulate GJIC. These results indicate that Pueraria mirifzca may have no carcinogenic effects on experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in rats and gap functional intercellular communication in human keratinocyte.