Erte was one of the most influential fashion illustrators of the twentieth century, shaping the visual identity of Harper's Bazaar through more than two decades of cover artwork. This study analyzed the formative characteristics of Erte's fashion illustrations on the covers of Harper's Bazaar from 1915 to 1936. A total of 126 cover illustrations were analyzed across three periods: the Art Nouveau period (1915–1919), the transitional period (1920–1924), and the Art Deco period (1925–1936). Six formative elements were used as analytical criteria: line expression, light and shadow composition, color, exotic motifs, human proportion, and surface detail. The results indicated a shift from organic curves to geometric straight lines, preserving a delicate and decorative vitality. The use of shading and flat color planes set his work apart from realism. Color evolved from soft pastel tones to bold primary colors and metallic hues. Exotic motifs from Egyptian, Persian, and Asian cultures were reinterpreted through his unique decorative style. Elongated human proportions functioned as an independent decorative form, while intricate surface patterns created a dual structure of simplicity and detailed complexity. Furthermore, four aesthetic meanings were identified: visual communication of the zeitgeist, feminine elegance and delicate sensibility, exoticism and orientalism, and innovative modernity. These findings show how Erte's illustrations bridged decorative art and mass media, capturing shifting aesthetic values across two major stylistic movements. The findings are expected to provide practical references for contemporary fashion design and visual content production.
This study analyzed the body measurements of women aged 20–59 using the 8th Size Korea anthropometric data to provide basic data for improving the sizing system of women’s one-piece swimsuits. Mahalanobis distance was calculated using 4 main sizes which are height, bust circumference, waist circumference, and hip circumference. 2,246 subjects were selected as the final sample based on the p<.01 criterion of Mahalanobis distance. A regression analysis was conducted to predict trunk circumference using height and major circumference measurements, aiming to improve the length fit of one-piece swimsuits. The final regression residuals were used for 3-cluster K-means analysis to classify subjects into short-, regular-, and long-torso body types. Body measurement comparisons by body type showed no significant differences in height or major circumference measurements. Conversely, significant differences were found in trunk circumference, vertical trunk length, and waist height at the omphalion. Accordingly, 12 sizes designations representing 3.0% or more in the cross-distribution of torso-length body types and 5-cm bust circumference intervals were selected, with major and supplementary reference body measurements presented for each designation. This study provides useful basic data for developing body-type-specific products and grading criteria by incorporating informing regarding torso-length body types into the conventional bust-based swimsuit sizing system.
Developing adaptive clothing for wheelchair users is challenging because lower-limb paralysis and a permanent seated posture limit conventional fitting and feedback. 3D virtual fitting technology offers a promising alternative by enabling garment evaluation using digital avatars. This study developed an adaptive jacket for female wheelchair users using 3D virtual fitting and verified its suitability through usability evaluation. A virtual avatar representing the average body measurements of Korean female wheelchair users was created from the 6th Size Korea anthropometric survey. A jacket pattern reflecting wheelchair users' body characteristics was developed and evaluated using the CLO 3D program. Virtual fitting was performed in sitting and wheelchair propulsion postures to analyze garment pressure distribution and visual fit. Virtual fitting identified excessive garment pressure and poor fit around the hem, chest, shoulders, and sleeves, particularly during wheelchair propulsion. The pattern was refined based on simulation results, reducing garment pressure and improving fit and mobility. The final jacket design was produced, and five female wheelchair users tested the design in daily activity scenarios. Participants reported high satisfaction with comfort, fit, mobility, and overall usability, indicating that the jacket outperformed conventional ready-to-wear jackets during daily activities. The results demonstrate that 3D virtual fitting can be an effective option when direct fitting is difficult. The combination of digital avatar-based fitting and usability evaluation offers a practical approach for developing functional and aesthetically appropriate adaptive clothing for wheelchair users and suggests broader applications in adaptive apparel design.
This study aims to investigate how user experiences with generative AI assistants influence consumers’ perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and usage intention in a fashion shopping context. Drawing on the technology acceptance model (TAM), user experience was categorized into three dimensions—cognitive, affective, and relational—and their effects on consumers’ behavioral intention were examined. Data were collected through an online survey of 220 adult consumers and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with AMOS. The results were as follows. First, cognitive and affective experiences had significant positive effects on both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, whereas relational experience did not. Second, both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use had significant positive effects on usage intention, with perceived usefulness derived from cognitive experience having the strongest influence. These findings suggest that consumers place greater importance on accurate and useful information and positive emotional experiences than relational connections with AI assistants. This study contributes to the literature by extending the TAM through the incorporation of multidimensional user experiences in generative AI services within fashion shopping contexts. It also provides practical implications for fashion companies by suggesting strategic directions for effectively designing and implementing AI assistant services to enhance consumers’ user experience and increase usage intention.
As text-to-image (TTI) generation becomes increasingly integrated into fashion image creation, understanding prompt language has become increasingly important. This study examines how fashion design vocabulary is reorganized as prompt language in TTI, analyzing user-generated Midjourney prompts to identify frequent fashion-related terms, their co-occurrence patterns, and the semantic network through which fashion images are linguistically constructed. A large-scale prompt corpus from the Midjourney Discord dataset was used, and fashion-related prompts were selected through two-stage filtering based on fashion items or style/aesthetic terms and visual representation language. After preprocessing, 119,409 prompts and 60,437 unique vocabulary items were analyzed using term frequency, term frequency-inverse document frequency, keyword co-occurrence network analysis, and VOSviewer cluster analysis. “Photography” was the most frequent and distinctive term, followed by visual representation terms such as “depth of field,” “volumetric,” “natural light,” and “cinematic lighting.” Co-occurrence analysis showed that “photography” functioned as a central hub, strongly connected with lighting, focus, mood, and image-quality terms. In contrast, fashion item terms such as “dress” and “suit” appeared frequently but exhibited lower co-occurrence centrality, indicating that item vocabulary was dispersed across varied prompt combinations. Cluster analysis revealed semantic groups related to atmosphere and glow, color and clothing items, lighting effects, image quality and texture, body features, editorial styling, portrait framing, and aesthetic mood. The findings suggest that in TTI environments fashion prompt language extends beyond garment description and operates as a photographic–editorial image syntax and that fashion design vocabulary is reorganized through visual representation language into AI-readable commands for generating fashion imagery.
This study analyzed the consistency of AI-generated product descriptions for New Hanbok images to examine the feasibility of applying generative AI to product pages in online fashion shopping malls. A total of 2,004 product and styling images were collected, and product descriptions were generated using ChatGPT. Document similarity analysis was conducted to evaluate the consistency of the generated descriptions. The result showed that the AI tool maintained a generally consistent interpretation of New Hanbok product designs, although the level of consistency varied depending on item and the styling method. In comparisons between product images and styling images, dresses and coats showed relatively high similarity, whereas jackets and T-shirts showed lower similarity. When an item primarily determined the overall design and was less affected by coordination with other garments, the AI tool consistently generated similar descriptions across images. In contrast, for items whose appearance and impression were more strongly influenced by styling combinations, it tended to produce more varied descriptions reflecting the overall styling context. Comparisons among styling images revealed relatively high similarity for skirts and jackets, while coats and dresses exhibited greater variation depending on styling. Overall, the tool tended to give products with similar design characteristics and styling directions consistent descriptions across different images. These findings demonstrate the potential of generative AI to support the drafting of product descriptions for online fashion shopping malls. The study also provides foundational evidence for the development of AI-assisted product detail pages and effective prompt design strategies for fashion e-commerce.
This study examined how generative artificial intelligence represents cultural identity in fashion images and explored the coexistence of aesthetic differentiation and homogenization. Ninety-six female fashion images were generated using Midjourney across eight conditions, combining four identity categories—White, Black, East Asian, and South Asian—with contemporary and traditional styles. Four coders evaluated the images independently using a structured framework that included clothing type, color, decorative patterns, cultural symbols, facial appearance, hairstyle, body shape, makeup, pose, and composition. Final data were established through inter-coder agreement assessment and consensus coding, frequency analysis, and visual analysis of representative images. The results revealed two main patterns. First, cultural identities were mainly differentiated through clothing silhouettes, decorative patterns, head coverings, jewelry, colors, and culturally identifiable symbols. Traditional conditions included more cultural elements, whereas the White contemporary condition was largely represented through modern clothing, suggesting an association between White identity and default modernity. Second, despite cultural differences, all identity conditions shared a highly homogeneous ideal of beauty characterized by youthfulness, smooth and refined skin, ideal facial features, and predominantly slim bodies. These findings indicate that generative AI creates cultural diversity primarily through external fashion elements while maintaining a standardized aesthetic template for female appearance. Therefore, apparent cultural diversity in AI-generated fashion images may not reflect broader aesthetic diversity but may reproduce existing cultural stereotypes and dominant beauty standards.
This study examines how university students perceive and describe fashion behavior in relation to Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) personality types and considers the resulting implications for fashion marketing education. The data comprised written responses generated during a learning activity in a fashion marketing course involving 32 university students. The participants described the characteristics of their MBTI personality type and discussed how these traits might relate to their fashion-related behaviors, including styling preferences, consumption tendencies, brand selection, trend acceptance, and shopping decision-making. To identify recurring themes and patterns, the responses were analyzed using qualitative content analysis with MAXQDA through open and axial coding. The analysis showed that the participants’ descriptions of fashion behavior were organized around four main domains: fashion-styling attitudes; consumption and brand-selection tendencies; responses to fashion trends; and shopping and decision-making practices. In addition, the participants interpreted and explained their fashion behavior in distinct ways across Keirsey's four temperament groups—Rationals (NT), Idealists (NF), Guardians (SJ), and Artisans (SP)—reflecting different value orientations and consumption perspectives. In contrast to previous studies, which have primarily examined statistical differences in fashion preferences or consumer behaviors across personality types, this study focuses on how students use personality-type discourse to interpret and make sense of their own fashion behaviors. The findings suggest that MBTI functions not only as a personality classification tool but also as an interpretive framework through which students construct and communicate meanings related to fashion consumption.
This study examines consumer perceptions and emotional responses across three major vertical commerce platforms—Musinsa, Olive Young, and Market Kurly— using consumer-generated online texts. Rather than prioritizing category-specific differences, it emphasizes the combination of shared consumption-related elements within each platform’s usage context. A total of 50,055 posts from Naver blogs and cafés were analyzed using TEXTOM through word frequency and TF-IDF analysis, sentiment analysis, and LDA topic modeling. Results showed that category-specific product characteristics were reflected in platform discourse, while recommendation, purchase, and review-related elements appeared across all three platforms. However, their combinations, however, differed: Musinsa linked recommendation with seasonal styling and brand exploration; Olive Young combined reviews and recommendations with product efficacy and usage experience; and Market Kurly connected self-funded purchase reviews with price benefits and delivery experiences. Although positive sentiment predominated across all platforms, the objects and contexts of emotional expression varied. Platform-specific thematic structures emerged from topic modeling, indicating that product characteristics, service attributes, and usage contexts jointly shape consumer perceptions. Overall, this study compares community-based consumer-generated texts across various platforms, extending previous research on single-platform and product reviews. Additionally, it shows how shared consumption elements are embedded differently in various platform contexts.
In online apparel shopping, the visual presentation of product images functions as a critical surrogate for tactile experience, significantly influencing consumer perceptions and brand-relational outcomes. Drawing on information processing theory and cue utilization theory, this study examines the structural mechanism through which product wrinkling influences consumer responses, focusing on brand trust and brand commitment. This experimental study adopted a between-subjects design to investigate the cognitive pathways through which product wrinkling (high versus low) affects brand relationships. The results revealed a significant sequential mediation process. Low product wrinkling enhances brand trust, demonstrating that product wrinkling is a powerful cue for professional brand value. Furthermore, perceived premiumness and perceived quality were identified as crucial mediators that bridge the gap between visual cues and brand trust. Notably, low product wrinkling enhances perceived premiumness and quality, which, in turn, fosters brand trust and, ultimately, brand commitment. Collectively, these findings highlight that product wrinkling as a visual cue is not merely an aesthetic choice but a strategic quality indicator that triggers a structured value inference process. From a theoretical standpoint, this study demonstrates that product wrinkling, as a subtle visual cue in online shopping, significantly shapes the trajectory toward brand commitment through the mediation of product evaluation and brand trust. It implies that within a digital-first retail environment, the management of subtle visual cues is indispensable for establishing and maintaining meaningful brand relationships.