While the air quality of public facilities such as daycare centers is managed by law, the management of air quality in residential buildings is not mandatory. For this reason, air quality in an apartments has not been well surveyed. In this study, we investigated the influence of cooking and ventilation on the indoor air quality in an apartment. Continuous measurements were performed using real-time monitoring instruments from June 9 to 17, 2014 in Seoul, Korea. A CO2 meter was used to measure CO2 concentration and temperature. A portable aerosol spectrometer (0.25-32 μm), a nanoparticle aerosol monitor (10-1,000 nm), and an aethalometer (total suspended particulate, black carbon) were also used. During the measurement period, ventilation and cooking activities were observed 8 and 10 times, respectively. In 5 of the observed cases, both activities were done simultaneously. During the ventilation, CO2 concentration and temperature were decreased; however, particle concentrations were increased. When cooking was done, particle concentration was increased in some cases; however, CO2 concentration and temperature were unchanged. Combined cased CO2 concentration and temperature were decreased and particle concentrations were increased.

Pigs have been extensively used as mediators of xenotransplantation research. Specifically, the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) miniature pig was developed to fix major histocompatibility antigens for use in xenotransplantation studies. We generated transgenic pigs for xenotransplantation using MGH pigs. However, it has not been studied yet whether these pigs show similarity of reproductive physiological characteristics to wild types of MGH miniature pig. In this study we analyzed the estrous cycles and pregnancy characteristics of wild type (WT) and transgenic MGH miniature pigs, which were α1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) heterozygous and homozygous knock-out, and membrane cofactor protein (MCP) inserted in its locus, GalT-MCP/+ and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs. Estrous cycles of WT, GalT-MCP/+ and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs were 20.9±0.74, 20.1±1.26, and 17.3±0.87 days, respectively, and periods of estrous were 3.2±0.10, 3.1±0.12, and 3.1±0.11 days. The periods of gestation of WT, GalT-MCP/+ and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs were 114.2±0.37, 113.3±0.67, and 115.4±0.51 days, respectively. Litter sizes of WT, GalT-MCP/+ and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs were 4.8±0.35, 4.8±1.11 and 3.0±0.32 respectively. There were no significant differences on estrous cycle, periods of estrous and gestation, and litter size among WT, GalT-MCP/+ and GalT-MCP/-MCP pigs, meaning that GalT knock-out and additional expression MCP of the MGH miniature pig did not effect on reproduction traits. These results provide relevant information to establish breeding system for MGH transgenic pig, and for propagation of GalT-MCP/-MCP pig to supply for xenotransplantation research.

현행법이 강제하고 있는 사항이 아님에도 모든 사립학교법인은 정관에 소속 교원의 징계와 관련된 규정을 두고 있다. 그러나 그 내용 및 형식 은 ｢사립학교법｣ 상의 관련 규정을 완전히 동일하게 옮겨 적고 있거나 요약하는 수준에 그치고 있다. 또 현행법이 교원의 징계와 관련해 정관 등 자치규범에게 위임한 것으로 보이는 내용들을 명문으로 규정하지 않 은 채 교원징계위원회의 결정에 위임하고 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 대부분의 사립학교법인의 정관이 가지고 있는 이와 같은 문제점들은 교원에 대한 징계처분이 학교법인의 운영과정에서 일반적으로 발생하는 사안이 아니라는 데에서 비롯된 것으로 판단된다. 그러나 이와 같은 규 정 내용 및 형식은 임용권자 및 교원으로 하여금 징계와 관련된 예측가 능성을 상실하게 만들며, 그 결과 징계와 관련된 불필요한 분쟁을 발생 시키게 될 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 사립학교법인의 정관 상 교원의 징 계와 관련된 규정은 각 학교법인의 현실에 맞도록 보다 구체적이고 체계 적으로 규율할 필요가 있다. 특히 징계의 사유, 징계양정, 징계에 필요한 서식 및 기타 사립학교법에서 위임한 사항들은 반드시 정관에 포함되어 야 할 것이다. ｢사립학교법｣은 강행규정으로서 이를 위반한 정관 상의 징계규정은 무 효이다. 대표적으로 정관에서 징계위원회의 구성과 관련된 내용을 달리 규정해 놓은 경우를 생각해 볼 수 있다. 그런데 징계의 시효와 관련해서 는 달리 검토해 볼 필요가 있다. 징계시효제도의 목적은 사용자가 징계 권을 행사할 수 있는 기간을 제한함으로써 근로자가 상당 기간 불안정한 지위에 있게 되는 것을 방지하려는 데에 있는바, ｢사립학교법｣ 상의 징 계시효기간보다 단기의 기간을 설정해 놓은 정관상 징계시효규정의 유효 성에 대한 판단은 일반적인 경우와 다를 수 있기 때문이다. 그러나 ｢사 립학교법｣ 상의 징계시효기간은 수차례에 걸친 개정을 통하여 연장되어 왔다는 점과 함께 그 기간을 보다 장기간으로 연장하려는 현재의 입법 동향 등을 고려한다면, 이 또한 절대적인 기준으로서 이를 위반한 정관 상 징계시효규정은 효력이 없다고 보는 것이 타당하다.

The purpose of this study was to identify the moderating effects of internet shopping experience on appearance management in elder people, psychological adaptation and social connectedness. Data were collected from 257 elder people who living in Seoul or Gyeonggi-do. Collected data were analyzed by frequency, descriptive statistic analysis, moderated stepwise regression. The results of the study were as follows: First, appearance management of elder people was significantly related to psychological adaptation and social connectedness. Second, internet shopping experience moderated between appearance management and social connectedness. Third, internet shopping experience is not a moderator variable on between appearance management and psychological adaptation, it just was a influential factor on psychological adaptation. Based on these results, it suggests that there are strong needs of approaching of practical and political interventions to development internet shopping system for social connectedness and psychological adaptation of the elderly in future aging society.

Transplantation is considered to be a very useful approach to improve human welfare and to prolong life-span. Heterologous organ transplantation using pig organs which are similar to human beings and easy to make mass-production has known as one of the alternatives. To ensure potential usage of the pig organ for transplantation application, it is essentially required to generate transgenic pig modifying immuno-related genes. Previously, we reported production of heterozygous α 1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) knock-out and human membrane cofactor protein (MCP) expressing pig (GalT-MCP/+), which is enforced for suppression of hyperacute and acute immunological rejection. In this study, we reported generation of homozygous pig (GalT-MCP/-MCP) by crossbreeding GalT-MCP/+ pigs. Two female founders gave birth to six of GalT-MCP/-MCP, and seven GalT-MCP/+ pigs. We performed quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, and flow cytometry analyses to confirm GalT and MCP expression. We showed that fibroblasts of the GalT-MCP/-MCP pig do not express GalT and its product Gal antigen, while efficiently express MCP. We also showed no expression of GalT, otherwise expression of MCP at heart, kidney, liver and pancreas of transgenic pig. Taken together, we suggest that the GalT-MCP/-MCP pig is a useful candidate to apply xenotransplantation study.

Loan consultants assist clients with loan application processing and loan decisions. Their duties may include contacting people to ask if they want a loan, meeting with loan applicants and explaining different loan options. We studied the efficiency of service quality of loan consultants contracted to a bank in Korea. They do not work as a team, but do work independently. Since he/she is not an employee of the bank, the consultant is paid solely in proportion to how much he/she sell loans. In this study, a consultant is considered as a decision making unit (DMU) in the DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) model. We use a principal component analysis-data envelopment analysis (PCA-DEA) model integrated with Shannon’s Entropy to evaluate quality efficiency of the consultants. We adopt a three-stage process to calculate the efficiency of service quality of the consultants. In the first stage, we use PCA to obtain 6 synthetic indicators, including 4 input indicators and 2 output indicators, from survey results in which questionnaire items are constructed on the basis of SERVQUAL model. In the second stage, 3 DEA models allowing negative values are used to calculate the relative efficiency of each DMU. In the third stage, the weight of each result is calculated on the basis of Shannon’s Entropy theory, and then we generate a comprehensive efficiency score using it. An example illustrates the proposed process of evaluating the relative quality efficiency of the loan consultants and how to use the efficiency to improve the service quality of the consultants.

Medical services, converged with information technology, are going beyond simple health diagnosis to embrace health improvement. Applications installed in various personal devices such as mobile phones are quantifying and accumulating abundant data, ushering in the age of personalized medical service. Motivation for such IT-based unconstrained health enhancement service, however, has long been a challenge for both service providers and users. As such, the present study suggests gamification of health promotion service as one of solutions to the problem, and analyzes the principle and elements of gamification to derive effective results. In addition, it examines seven strategies from exercise studies that adopted game aesthetics and gamification, or components of the Mechanics-Dynamics-Aesthetics (MDA) framework, and applies them to user interface and avatar design.

군사용으로 먼저 개발되어 온 드론은 요소기술의 급격한 발전을 통해 민간 분야로 확대되면서 최근 다양한 산업분야에 활용되 고 있다. 이러한 시대적 흐름에 따라, 조선해양 산업계에서도 유지보수 및 점검용으로 드론의 활용이 유럽을 중심으로 본격화되고 있다. 이와 관련하여, 본 논문에서는 조선해양 분야에 적합한 드론의 기술개발을 위해 선박 및 해양플랜트의 유지보수 점검의 현상태를 진단함 으로써 드론 기술개발의 방향성을 제시한다. 즉, 조선해양용 드론이 이미 상용화 된 선진국의 기술력을 살펴보고, 조선해양 산업계에서 드론시대를 대비하여 해결해야 할 기술적 과제들을 소개한다. 또한, 이러한 드론의 시장성장 가능성을 전망함으로써 기술개발의 추진력 을 제공하고자 한다.

In the present study, sled analysis was conducted under the condition of 20g (20 times of gravitational acceleration) and 48 km/h of initial velocity, suggested by WC-19 to investigate the injuries of traffic minorities of tie-down type fixing inside a vehicle during crash. Also, four new parameters, which were related to angles between belts and wheelchair and their levels were limited by WC-19, were proposed and orthogonal array was prepared with different levels of each parameter. In the meantime, four parameters were optimised by minimising head injury criteria and chest acceleration of passengers in each case of the orthogonal array.

In this study, Fe-Cu-C alloy is sintered by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The sintering conditions are 60 MPa pressure with heating rates of 30, 60 and 9oC/min to determine the influence of heating rate on the mechanical and microstructure properties of the sintered alloys. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the sintered Fe-Cu-C alloy is investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The temperature of shrinkage displacement is changed at 450oC with heating rates 30, 60, and 90oC/min. The temperature of the shrinkage displacement is finished at 650oC when heating rate 30oC/min, at 700oC when heating rate 60oC/min and at 800oC when heating rate 90oC/min. For the sintered alloy at heating rates of 30, 60, and 90oC/min, the apparent porosity is calculated to be 3.7%, 5.2%, and 7.7%, respectively. The hardness of the sintered alloys is investigated using Rockwell hardness measurements. The objective of this study is to investigate the densification behavior, porosity, and mechanical properties of the sintered Fe-Cu-C alloys depending on the heating rate.

국내 고속도로 콘크리트 중앙분리대는 SB5-B(270kJ)의 충돌등급에 저항하도록 설계되어 있다. 그러나 최근 대형 화물차 량의 충돌사고가 지속적으로 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있어 SB6(420kJ) 등급으로의 상향이 필요하다. 충돌등급 상향을 위한 새로운 중앙분리대 단면을 제시하기 위해서는 실제 충돌시험을 수행하여 기준 통과여부를 결정하며, 충돌시험 수행을 위한 적정 단면을 제시하기 위해서는 충돌해석을 통해 선정한다. 이러한 충돌해석의 정확도 향상을 위해서는 차량 모델, 콘크리트 단면 열화상태, 콘크리트 피복 두께 등 다양한 변수에 대한 정확한 변수 선정이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 공차 중량, 단면 열화, 콘크리트 피복 두께에 대한 변수연구를 수행하여 충돌저항성능 저감을 확인하였다. 전체 중량뿐만 아닌 공차 중 량에 따라 중앙분리대의 충돌저항성능에 차이가 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, 10cm 이하의 콘크리트 피복 두께에서는 충돌저 항성능이 민감하게 증가 또는 감소한다. 단면 열화가 발생할 경우 중앙분리대의 충돌저항성능의 감소가 발생하여 열화정도 에 따른 보수 및 보강이 이루어져야 하는 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 콘크리트 구조물과 차량의 충돌해석을 수행할 경우 트럭 의 공차중량 비율, 콘크리트의 피복두께 및 열화에 대한 영향이 상세하게 고려될 필요가 있음을 확인하였다.

In this study, the electroless nickel plating method has been investigated for the coating of Ni nanoparticles onto fine Al powder as promising energetic materials. The adsorption of nickel nanoparticles onto the surface of Al powders has been studied by varying various process parameters, namely, the amounts of reducing agent, complexing agent, and pH-controller. The size of nickel nanoparticles synthesized in the process has been optimized to approximately 200 nm and they have been adsorbed on the Al powder. TGA results clearly show that the temperature at which oxidation of Al mainly occurs is lowered as the amount of Ni nanoparticles on the Al surface increases. Furthermore, the Ni-plated Al powders prepared for all conditions show improved exothermic reaction due to the selfpropagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) between Ni and Al. Therefore, Al powders fully coated by Ni nanoparticles show the highest exothermic reactivity: this demonstrates the efficiency of Ni coating in improving the energetic properties of Al powders.

In this study, STS316L powders prepared by gas atomization are used to manufacture bulk structures with dimensions of 10 × 10 × 10 mm3 using selective laser melting (SLM). The microstructures and hardness of the fabricated 316L stainless steel has been investigated with the laser beam overlap varied from 10% to 70%. The microstructures of the fabricated STS316L samples show a decrease in the balling and satellite of powders introducing defect in the bulk samples and the porosity caused by the gap between the molten metal pools disappearing as the overlap ratio increases, whereas a low overlap ratio results in significant balling and a large amount of isolated powders due to the increased gap between the melt pools. Furthermore, the highest value in Vickers hardness is obtained for the sample fabricated by 30% overlapped laser beams. These results show that the overlap ratio of laser beams in the SLM process should be considered as an important process parameter.

조선조의 불교의례는 어렵고 힘든 시기를 견디어야 했던 불교계의 현실과 조선의 치국이념인 유교에서 얻지 못하는 내세관이 반영될 수밖에 없었다. 그렇게 형성된 불교의례는 현세 구복적이며 주술적인 성격이 강하였다. 개항 이후 불교에 대한 인식이 달라지고 한국불교의 모순을 타파하고 새 로운 이념을 제시한 개혁가들은 이런 의례에 대해 비판하기 시작하였다. 비 판과 함께 근대 불교의례의 방향으로 대중들이 쉽게 읽을 수 있고 이해할 수 있는 한글화와 대중화가 제시되었다. 이와 같은 한국불교의 자체적인 변화에도 불구하고 한국을 병합한 일제 는 사법을 제정하여 한국불교 의례를 크게 변질시키면서 통제정책에 활용 하였다. 그런 분위기를 인식한 한국불교인들은 1910년대 한국불교 의례 회복을 논의하였지만 실행되기 어려웠고, 1930년대 이르러 일제강점에 의해 훼손된 불교의례를 재정립하기 위한 노력이 대두되었다. 뜻있는 선지식들은 지난날 비판하고 버려두었던 불교의례 속에서 우리의 전통을 찾으려 하였다. 그런 배경에서 1931년 발간된 불자필람과 1935년 대중들을 위해 약본으로 발 간한 석문의범이다. 그런 의식에서 형성된 전통의례의 출판은 한국 불교 인의 많은 관심과 활용으로 이어졌다. 그러나 일제는 전시 체제에 맞도록 한국 1,500여 사찰에서 대동아전쟁의 연전연승을 위한 기도법회를 열어 절대적인 친일과 동원을 강요하면서 변질 된 의례를 지속시켰다. 이렇게 변질된 한국불교 의례는 광복 후에 회복될 수 있었다. 새로운 집 행부가 설립된 후 모범총림을 시설하여 옛날부터 전해지는 한국불교 범음전 통을 회복하였고, 성철과 청담의 주도하에 설립된 봉암사 결사운동에서 비 불교적인 요소들을 제거함으로써 현대 불교의례의 방향성이 제시되었다.

PURPOSES :This study was initiated to estimate the utilities of usage attributes of BRT and Bimodal Trams using a conjoint analysis method in order to identify the important features pertaining to the use of BRT and Bimodal Trams.METHODS :For this purpose, important attributes and those level in the use of BRT and Bimodal Trams in the city of Sejong were identified. Next, a profile questionnaire pertaining to BRT and Bimodal Trams was designed for the conjoint analysis, and a survey was conducted in the city of Sejong. Using SPSS software, conjoint analysis was performed to identify the important attributes vis｀-a-vis the use of BRT and Bimodal Trams in the city of Sejong. Finally, the utilities for individual attributes were calculated based on the models estimated by the conjoint analysis.RESULTS :The results of the conjoint analysis were used to identify the important attributes. With regard to the usage of BRT, users indicated that fare was the most important attribute with the highest utility. In the case of Bimodal Trams, the users indicated that the number of seats and internal environment were the most important attributes with the highest utilities.CONCLUSIONS :Based on the results of the conjoint analysis, the important attributes pertaining to the use of BRT and Bimodal Trams in the city of Sejong were identified. Our study indicates that BRT in the city of Sejong needs to be upgraded to improve the utilities of the important attributes. Currently, Bimodal Trams has not been introduced completely in the city of Sejong. However, in the future, when the introduction of Bimodal Trams is completed, the important attributes should be emphasized in order to improve the quality of its service.

King oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii), an improved species of oyster mushroom, is a popular ingredient in Asian cuisine. Spleen cells were treated with various concentrations (0, 5, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1,000 μg/mL) of king oyster water extracts (KOWE); then, the proliferation of the cells was measured 24, 48, and 72 h after each treatment. Also, type 1 T helper cytokine productions (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2) were measured in activated macrophage by KOWE in seven concentrations. Under the condition of its 50, 100, 250, and 1,000 μg/mL for 48 h, the proliferation of cells was increased. However, there was no significant fluctuation in the spleen cells proliferation for 24 and 72 h-long KOWE exposure. To determine cytokine (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2) productions of type 1 T helper cells, macrophage was stimulated by KOWE for 48 h. Treatment of KOWE gave a rise to the levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ, but not in that of IL-2 productions. These results suggest that king oyster mushroom water extracts may be beneficial for enhancing immune functions in its high concentration.

This study presents a sustainable design method to optimize the embodied energy and CO2 emission complying with the design code for reinforced concrete column. The sustainable design method effectively achieves the minimization of the environmental load and energy consumption whereas the conventional design method has been mostly focused on the cost saving. Failure of reinforced concrete column exhibits compressive or tensile failure mode against an external force such as flexure and compression; thus, optimization analyses are conducted for both failure modes. For the given sections and reinforcement ratios, the optimized sections are determined by optimizing cost, embodied energy, and CO2 emission and various aspects of the sections are thoroughly investigated. The optimization analysis results show that 25% embodied energy and 55% CO2 emission can be approximately reduced by 10% increase in cost. In particular, the embodied energy and CO2 emission were more effectively reduced in the tensile failure mode rather than in the compressive failure mode. Consequently, it was proved that the sustainable design method effectively implements the concept of sustainable development in the design of reinforced concrete structure by optimizing embodied energy consumption and CO2 emission.