제올라이트 분리막은 미세기공이 결정구조에서 비롯되기 때문에 매우 좁고 균일한 미세기공 구조를 갖는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 다공성 지지체 표면에 결함이 없는 균일한 제올라이트 분리층을 안정적으로 형성하기 위한 연구는 매우 중요한 부분이다. 본 연구에서는 다공성 알루미나 지지체 표면에 물/알코올 분리성능이 우수한 투과증발용 NaA, CHA 제올라이트 분리막을 형성시키기 위하여 50-100 nm 크기의 종결정을 도입한 후 수열합성법으로 이차성장시켜 분리막을 제조하였다. 그리고 분리층에 존재하는 비 제올라이트 기공구조(non-zeolitic pore structure)를 상세하게 분석하기 위하여 H2,N2,SF6 등의 단일 가스 투과 거동을 분석함으로써 비제올라이트 기공의 크기를 예측하고자 하였다.

본 연구에서는 MF/UF/RO/MD와 같은 다양한 종류의 막여과 공정에 대하여 에너지 사용량을 분석하기 위한 기법을 개발하기 위하여 수행되었다. 에너지 흐름 분석을 위하여 공정모사 모델을 개발하였으며 이를 이용하여 각 단계별 유효에너지와 에너지 손실을 계산하였다.

Although recombinant human Bone Morphogenetic Proteins-2 (rhBMP-2) is clinically useful for bone regeneration, induction of new bone formation requires a large amount of rhBMP-2 in humans. Many investigators have been concentrated efforts on searching materials which enhance the effect of rhBMP-2, and then heparin was found as a potentiating material to rhBMP-2. The purpose of this study were histomorphometrically to analyze the enhancing effect of heparin to rhBMP-2 and to study the mode of actions of heparin to rhBMP-2. Stem cells obtained from rabbit adipose tissue were divided into 4 groups according to heparin concentrations(0, 0.25, 2.5, and 25 μg/ml) with a constant rhBMP-2 concentration(150 ng/ml) and cultured for 2, 4, and 8 days. Naphtol AS phosphate-fast blue BB staining for alkaline phosphatase content and Alizarin red staining for calcium content were performed as time schedules and the morphology and osteoblastic activity were observed closely. 5 μg/ml rhBMP-2 was mixed with the following doses of heparin: 0, 0.25, 2.5, and 25 μg/ml. Each mixture was blotted into 0.5 g of multiporous anorganic bovine bone and was inserted into the critical sized calvarial defects(diameter of 0.8-mm) of rabbits. After 1, 3, and 6 weeks, the harvested tissues were processed and stained using H&E and Masson’s trichrome methods. And the areas of newly formed bone in the grafted material were measured and statistically analyzed. During culture experiment of adipose stem cells with rhBMP-2 and heparin, the degree of osteoblastic differentiation was increased with increasing heparin concentration, but the cellular degeneration was accelerated at higher concentration of heparin as time passed. Consequently the osteoblastic differentiation of progenitor cells were accelerated as the concentration of heparin increased. In addition, the progenitor cells exhibited full differentiations early showing fast degeneration. The higher the concentration of heparin, larger newly formed bone in grafted materials was obtained in initial period. However, the increased amount of the newly formed bone in grafted materials was progressively decreased at the higher concentration of heparin as time passed. In conclusion, the heparin has influence on the osteoinductive effect of rhBMP-2 in the initial stage of bone formation. The use of heparin with rhBMP-2 could offer cheaper, safer, and improve clinical results in grafting procedures.

The maxillofacial region is susceptible to damage because facial bone is prominent. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence, etiology, seasonal distribution, and patterns of maxillofacial injuries and investigate the percentage of bone fractures on CT scans by patient’s gender and age. Electronic medical records of 1,483 patients who had maxillofacial injuries and visited the Emergency Medical Center of Chonnam National Hospital were evaluated. Age, gender, etiology, seasonal occurrence, frequency of fracture, and the pattern of bone fracture were analyzed by using IBM SPSS Statistics 21 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Male to female ratio was 2.82:1. The most common causes of injury were falls or collisions (male 40.09%, female 48.2%), followed by traffic accidents and violence. The number of injuries related to sporting accidents, assult, and industrial accidents was higher in male patients than that of female patients. With regard to the seasonal occurrence, 434 cases (29.26%) occurred in the summer, while 306 cases (20.63%) occurred in the winter. In this study, 946 patients (63.79%) were identified to have facture and 537 patients (36.21%) were found to be without fracture on CT scans. The orbital bone (41.38%) was the most commonly fractured in the mid facial structures. The most common fracture site in the mandible was the body of the mandible (23.13%). The patterns of maxillofacial injuries were various based on gender, age, cause of injury, and season.

The nutritional compositions and physicochemical properties of two aronia varieties (Viking and Nero) cultivated in Chungbuk were investigated. The proximate compositions of Nero and Viking powder were:13% moisture, 0.58% and 0.6% ash, 0.73% and 0.33% crude lipid, 5.47% and 6.51% crude protein, 15.65% and 16.15% crude dietary fiber, and 64.36 and 64.43% crude carbohydrate, respectively. The proximate contents of the aronia samples were not significantly different. Among the physicochemical properties, there was also no significant change in total anthocyanin and antioxidant activity. However, Viking had higher total polyphenol contents and α-glucosidase inhibition activity than Nero. The mineral contents of Al, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Cu and Zn in the two aronias were determined. Cu and Zn were not detected in both varieties. With regard to Al, Na and K, Nero was higher than Viking, while Ca was higher in Viking than Nero. From the results, Viking could be suggested to be beneficial for food processing.

본 연구는 숲에서 치유를 경험한 사람들의 체험수기 115편을 질적 분석하여, 숲 치유로 나타나는 핵심 심리현상과 치유의 과정을 추적하기 위하여 수행되었다. 숲 치유 과정에서 경험하는 핵심 심리현상은 <행복감> <편안함> <깨달음> 의 순이었으며, 숲 치유의 과정은 <정서적 변화>를 먼저 경험한 후에 <인지적 변화>와 <행동의 변화>로 이끌어지는 경향을 나타내었다. 숲에서의 치유단계는 시간의 흐름에 따라 <자극단계> <수용단계> <정화단계> <통찰단계> <채움 단계> <변화단계>의 6단계 과정을 거쳤으며, 이러한 과정은 <자연과의 교감> <자신과의 교감> <세상과의 소통>이라 는 기제를 통해 치유가 진전되는 것으로 확인되었다. 기존의 연구는 주로 집단프로그램에 의한 비교 연구와 체험 후의 일시적 상태의 측정으로 결과를 도출하여 효과의 지속성이나 심리적 변화 과정을 검증할 수 없는 한계가 존재하였 다. 본 연구는 기존의 양적 연구의 한계를 보완하여 개인적 심리현상과 치유과정 등을 통합적으로 이해할 수 있는 방법을 제안하였으며, 연구 결과가 산림치유의 메커니즘을 밝히고 산림치유 프로그램 개발이나 실행에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

숲 공간의 영향에 대한 많은 연구들이 있는 반면 시간요인에 대한 연구들은 부족하다. 공간과 시간은 동시적으로 상호간에 영향을 미치기 때문에 공간요인에 의한 영향들은 시간에 의해 변화할 수 있다. 본 연구는 숲에서 보낸 시간의 4가지 요인들(체험, 몰입, 건강지각과 심리내적 인식)에 대한 영향에 초점을 두었으며, 2014년 4월부터 10월까지 설문을 통해 이루어졌다. 설문지는 체험 (LE), 몰입(FL), 건강지각(HP)과 심리내적인식(IPP)으로 구성되었다. 대상자들은 충청남도 이북지역에서 살고 있으며 생태 숲해설 과정이나 생태교육과정에 있는 사람들로 40-70세였다. 이들은 또한 1년에서 20년에 이르는 숲관련 경력을 가지거나 일을 하고 있는 사람들이었다. 체험, 몰입, 건강지각과 심리내적 과같은 요인들은 숲에서 보낸 시간의 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났으며, 이 요인들은 통계적으로 유의한 수준에서 숲에서 보낸 시간에 따라 증가하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이 연구는 산림치유프로그램을 기획하는 사람들뿐만 아니라 산림치유를 공부하는 사람들에게도 유용할 것이다. 숲에서 보낸 시간이 체험, 몰입, 건강지각과 심리내적 인식에 영향을 주기 때문에 이 점을 산림치유프로그램에서 고려해야 한다.

Recently, car pump market is positively growing in emerging countries as well as advanced countries. A increasing attention is recently drawn to electric vehicle but, still commercialization is expected to take a long time. This research is to study on the performance analysis for change in number of teeth of internal gear oil pump with three different numbers of teeth in the inner gear. After measuring real design features, modeling, velocity distribution and pressure distribution are conducted numerically. Pressure changes and volumetric efficiencies are compared with three different cases in order to analyze the performance for inner gears. Finally, optimum volumetric efficiency is determined with the sequence of case 1, case 2, and case 3.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum conditions of solvent extraction type and solvent concentration (60, 70, 80%, v/v), extraction time (30, 80, 130 mins) and extraction temperature (10, 15, 20℃) in order to increase the antioxidant activity of the chia seed. The total polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging activity was measured by using response surface methodology (RSM) to establish the optimal conditions. Using ethanol and methanol extractions at extraction concentrations of 60%, and time and temperature of 130 mins and 20℃, the maximum total polyphenol content was 871.00 mg% (R2=0.9507) and 557.70 mg% (R2=0.9784) for ethanol and methanol extraction respectively. Using the same extraction conditions, the maximum level of DPPH radical scavenging activity was 72.14% (R2=0.9675) and 52.79% (R2=0.9524) for ethanol and methanol extraction respectively. The results indicate that ethanol extracts showed a higher antioxidant activity than methanol extracts. The ethanol extraction conditions of response surface analysis (RSA) were affected more by ethanol concentration than by extraction time or temperature. In contrast, the methanol extraction conditions of response surface analysis (RSA) were affected more by extraction time. Based on the RSM, the optimum ethanol extraction conditions were the following: extraction concentration, 63%: time, 100 mins: and temperature, 18℃. The optimum methanol extraction conditions were the following: extraction concentration, 65%; time, 120 mins; and temperature, 16℃.

이 논문은 비모수적 자료포락분석 기법을 이용하여 감귤농가의 경영효율성을 추정하였다. 추가적으로 커널밀도함수를 이용하여 경영효율성의 분포가 지난 13년간 어떻게 바뀌었는지도 도식화하였다. 연구를 위해 농촌진흥청에서 조사 발표하는 자료를 사용하였다. 분석결과를 보면, 지난 13년간 경영효율성은 시설 감귤농가와 노지 감귤농가 모두에서 상승하는 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 수입농산물이 증가하는 상 황 하에서 감귤농가의 경영효율성이 개선되고 있음을 의미한다. 경영효율성을 순수기술적 효율성과 규 모 효율성으로 분해한 결과, 순수기술적 효율성은 점차 개선되는 반면에 규모 효율성은 악화되는 것으 로 분석되었다. 하지만 여전히 효율성 개선의 여지는 순수기술적 효율성 측면에 있는 것으로 분석되었 다. 순수기술적 효율성은 꾸준히 계속 향상시키되 적정규모를 찾아가는 노력도 병행해야 할 것으로 보 인다.

본 연구는 해안림의 식생특성을 분석함으로써 다층구조의 혼효림으로 발전할 수 있는 가능성을 파악하고, 관리방안을 제시할 목적으로 수행되었다. 본 연구에서는 서해안에 위치한 기지포, 춘장대, 장항 및 구시포 등 4개 지역의 해안림을 대상으로 식생구조와 식물상을 조사 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 4개의 조사지역 교목층에서 곰솔이 우점하고 있으며 조사지역에 따라 일부 교목층과 아교목층에서 소나무, 아까시나무, 졸참나무, 산벚나무, 상수리나무 및 밤나무가 우점하고 있었다. 4개 지역 해안림의 곰솔군락은 전반적으로 어린 개체와 큰 개체의 밀도보다 중간 개체의 밀도가 높아 곰솔군락으로 계속 유지될 것으로 판단된다. 구시포 해안림의 경우는 지형적인 입지여건에 따라 장기적으로 참나무류의 군락으로 천이가 진행될 가능성이 있다. 조사대상지에서 총 205종의 식물 종이 조사되어 다양성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 다층구조의 해안림으로 유도하기 위해서는 곰솔림의 간벌, 통행로 설치, 이용구역 제한 등의 관리를 통해 다양한 식생이 침입하여 생육할 수 있는 환경을 조성할 필요가 있다.

Although the Hazen-Williams C factors are very important in the design, operation, and maintenance of water supply pipes, sufficient studies for them have been not reported in korea, which are based on experiments or measured data. Because of this, we have estimated C factors by measurement considering constraints in time precise safety diagnosis for multi-regional water supply system were performed. In this study, we confirmed constraints and variables characteristics of Hazen-Williams equation, and collected reliable C factors data of 174 by measurement, and analyzed their characteristics. According to collected data, the average value is 115.35, which is almost equal to the value of design standard or a little higher than it in korea. Also, among the equations suggested to determine C factor in the past, the C factors calculated by Sharp and Walski equation was closest to them in this study. In addition, to analyze collected C factors, use year and pipe diameter having high correlation with them were respectively divided into there categories. Analysis results showed that C factors evidently decreases depending on increases in use year, on the other hand, size of pipe diameter is proportional to value of them. In conclusion, this research showing evaluation and characteristics for C factors based on measured data will be used as practical reference in determining C factor in multi-regional water supply systems at a later date.

한국 정부는 그동안 음식점 원산지 제도를 지속적으로 발전시켜왔는데, 2015년 기준 16개 품목에 대 한 원산지 표시지가 시행 중에 있다. 그럼에도 소비자 측면에서의 음식점 원산지 표지제도에 대한 분석 이 부족하여, 연구의 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 소비자 설문조사와 계량분석(순위 프로빗 모형)을 통해 음식점 원산지 표시제도에 대한 소비자 인식을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 소비자들은 현지 시 행중인 원산지 표시제에 긍정적인 인식을 가지고 있었고, 향후 대상 품목 확대를 요구하고 있었는데 농 산물에 대한 표시제도 확대에 대한 요구가 더 많았다. 소비자들은 원산지 표시제도 위반자에 대한 처벌 강화도 요구하고 있어 향후 검토가 필요한 것으로 생각된다. 이상의 결과를 바탕으로 한국의 음식점 원 산지 표시제도는 성공적인 성과를 내고 있는 것으로 나타났고, 앞으로 더욱 제도를 강화할 당위성이 제 기되었다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal composite recipe of rice muffins with 3 concentrations of Spergularia marina L. Griseb, sugar and grape seed oil, using central composite design. In addition, the mixing condition of rice muffins was optimized by subjecting it to sensory evaluation and mechanical and physicochemical analysis using response surface methodology (RSM). In regard to its antioxidant effects, Spergularia marina L. Griseb had a total phenol and flavonoid contents and DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 17.03 mg/g, 5.13 mg/g and 17.21%, respectively. The results of mechanical and physicochemical analysis showed significant values for lightness, redness, yellowness, hardness, springiness, chewiness, gumminess, cohesiveness, height, volume, weight, specific volume, loss rate, pH, moisture, sweetness and saltiness (p<0.05), and the results of sensory evaluation showed significant values for color, flavor, taste, softness, appearance and overall quality (p<0.05). As results, optimal sensory ratio was found to be 6.69 g of Spergularia marina L. Griseb, 41.89 g of sugar and 30.48 g of grape seed oil.

In this study, the RDII predictions were compared using two methodologies, i.e., the RTK-based and regression methods. Long-term (1/1/2011~12/31/2011) monitoring data, which consists of 10-min interval streamflow and the amount of precipitation, were collected at the domestic study area (1.36 km2 located in H county), and used for the construction of the RDII prediction models. The RTK method employs super position of tri-triangles, and each triangle (called, unit hydrograph) is defined by three parameters (i.e., R, T and K) determined/optimized using Genetic Algorithm (GA). In regression method, the MovingAverage (MA) filtering was used for data processing. Accuracies of RDII predictions from these two approaches were evaluated by comparing the root mean square error (RMSE) values from each model, in which the values were calculated to 320.613 (RTK method) and 420.653 (regression method), respectively. As a results, the RTK method was found to be more suitable for RDII prediction during extreme rainfall event, than the regression method.

The objectives of this study were to nutritionally evaluate Korean traditional fermentation food, Doenjang, and compare the nutrients in fish/meat-Doenjang and herb/fish/meat-Doenjang. In Doenjang, sugar, protein, fat, dietary fiber, and minerals, such as sodium and calcium, were analyzed using HPLC and the ICP analysis method authorized by the Korean Food Standards Codex. Doenjang is known to prevent arteriosclerosis, cancer and hypertension, and to aid liver function, as well as serving as a protein source. Doenjang, fish/meat Doenjang, and wild-herb/fish/meat Doenjang were made according to the original recipes in antique cookbooks. The highest levels of calories, carbohydrates, and sugar were contained in wildherb/ fish/meat Doenjang. Carbohydrate in the fish/meat Doenjang was higher than in ordinary Doenjang, and ordinary Doenjang had the lowest amount of sugar. Fat was shown to be the most abundant in fish/meat Doenjang, and the least abundant in ordinary Doenjang. Fish/meat Doenjang contained the most Na content, while wild-herb/fish/meat Doenjang had the lowest Na content. In terms of dietary fiber, ordinary Doenjang contained the most, while a wild-herb/fish/meat Doenjang contained the least. Ca content was shown to be most abundant in Doenjang, and the least abundant in fish/meat Doenjang.

승무원의 피로는 해양사고의 주요 원인으로 인식되고 있다. 해양사고 원인의 대부분을 차지하는 인적오류를 예방하기 위한 다양한 방안이 강구되고 있으나 인적요인에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 승무원의 피로에 관한 체계적인 연구는 아직 미흡한 실정이다. 본 연구는 교원·학생·직원, 그리고 남성·여성과 같이 다양한 승선경력 및 업무 형태를 가지고 있는 실습선 한바다호 승무원 128명을 대상으로 87일간의 해양실크로드 항해탐험 동안 이들의 피로도 변화를 분석하였다. 승선기간에 따른 승무원의 피로도 변화는 설문조사와 간호사의 개별 면담을 통해 이루어졌고, 수집된 데이터는 정량적인 통계 처리를 실시하여 피로도 요인으로 분류한 후, 승선 집단별로 피로도 요인의 변화를 비교하였다. 연구 결과 승무원의 피로도 요인은 정신적 피로도, 생리적 피로도, 신체적 피로도로 분류되었고, 승선기간에 따른 직위별, 성별 피로도 변화에 대한 반복측정 분산분석 결과, 직위별로는 교수·부원 집단이 학생 집단보다 정신적, 신체적 피로도를 더 많이 느끼는 것으로 나타났고, 성별로는 여성 승무원이 남성 승무원에 비해 신체적 피로도를 더 많이 느끼는 것으로 나타났다.

This study investigated the chemical composition of Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai essential oils collected using different extraction methods. The essential oils obtained by simultaneous steam distillation extraction (SDE) and hydrodistillation extraction (HDE) methods from the aerial parts of Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Ninety-nine volatile flavor compounds were identified in the essential oil produced from Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai using the SDE method. These compounds were classified into eight categories in terms of chemical functionality: 26 hydrocarbons, 8 aldehydes, 36 alcohols, 7 ketones, 12 esters, 5 oxides and epixides, 4 acids, and a miscellaneous one. Spathulenol (15.66%) was the most abundant compound. Ninety-eight compounds including of 35 hydrocarbons, 6 aldehydes, 29 alcohols, 6 ketones, 10 esters, 4 oxides and epixides, 7 acids, and a miscellaneous one were identified in the essential oil from the plant using the HDE method. Hexadecanoic acid (24.74%) was the most abundant compound. The chemical composition of Solidago virga-aurea var. asiatica Nakai essential oils extracted by SDE and HDE methods are characterized by high content of sesquiterpene alcohols and acids, respectively. The extraction methods may be influenced in the chemical composition of natural plant essential oils.

A microfluidic reactor with computer-controlled programmable isocratic pumps and online detectors is employed as a combinatorial synthesis system to synthesize and analyze materials for fabricating CdSe quantum dots for various applications. Four reaction condition parameters, namely, the reaction temperature, reaction time, Cd/Se compositional ratio, and precursor concentration, are combined in synthesis condition sets, and the size of the synthesized CdSe quantum dots is determined for each condition. The average time corresponding to each reaction condition for obtaining the ultraviolet–visible absorbance and photoluminescence spectra is approximately 10 min. Using the data from the combinatorial synthesis system, the effects of the reaction conditions on the synthesized CdSe quantum dots are determined. Further, the data is used to determine the relationships between the reaction conditions and the CdSe particle size. This method should aid in determining and selecting the optimal conditions for synthesizing nanoparticles for diverse applications.