Many studies are conducted in several fields for fragility analysis of structures or elements which is a probabilistic seismic safety analysis in consideration with uncertainty of seismic loading. It is hard to directly conduct fragility analysis for an infrastructure with social importance due to its size. Therefore, a fragility analysis for an infrastructure mainly conducted in element level or conducted with scaled model built in accordance with similarity law. In this article, fragility analysis for prototype and scaled model of reinforced concrete column was conducted with numerical models which had been updated by the results of shaking table test and pseudo dynamic test. As a result, response stress from the numerical analysis result of prototype model was higher than that from scaled model due to different stiffness ratios between steel and concrete. However, the probability of failure for scaled model was higher than that for prototype model because failure criteria for scaled model was down due to similarity law. Also it was evaluated that probability of failure by using log normal standard deviation of response stresses by spectrum matched accelerograms was more reliable than probability of failure by using existing coefficient of variation normally used.

농업현장에서는 각종 작물을 재배할 때, 작물 성장을 빠르고 효과적으로 하기 위하여 일정한 크기로 성장한 묘를 밭으로 옮겨 심게 되는데, 이러한 묘 정식작업을 수행할 때 채소 정식기가 사용된다. 본 채소 정식기는 인력에 의존하고 있는 채소 정식작업의 기계화를 촉진하기 위하여 2조식의 전자동 육묘 트레이 공급 및 취출된 묘를 식부호퍼에 이송할 수 있도록 개발하였다. 또한 두 가지 취출방식에 따른 묘 결주율을 비교하여 판단하였다. 핑거타입 묘 취출 시험결과 256주 묘에서 묘를 뽑아내지 못하는 경 우가 17주, 상토가 부서지는 경우가 15주 등 결주율이 13.7%로 나타났으며, 포크타입 묘 취출 시험결과 200주 묘에서 묘는 100% 뽑아내지만 이송 중 낙하되는 경우가 6개 등 결주율이 4%로 나타났다. 따라 서 전자동 2조식 정식의 묘 취출장치로서 포크타입이 적당한 것으로 판단되었다.

This study investigated the chemical composition of Petasites japonicus (S. et Z.) Maxim essential oil. During the period 2011~2013, P. japonicus (S. et Z.) Maxim plant was investigated for composition of the essential oil. Chemical composition and characteristic compounds of the essential oils from the aerial parts of the plant according to the crop year studied. The essential oils consisted of sesquiterpene compounds, which were the most abundant components. Samples collected in 2011 were found to be richer in oxygenated sesquiterpenes, while samples collected in 2012 and 2013 were richer in diterpene alcohols and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, respectively. Ninety-two compounds were identified in the P. japonicus (S. et Z.) Maxim essential oil of 2011, and caryophyllene oxide (20.49%), β-caryophyllene (10.28%), β-bisabolene (6.80%), and alloaromadendrene (6.50%) were the major compounds. Seventy-four compounds were identified in the plant essential oil of 2012, and phytol (17.22%), α-farnesene (15.31%), α-caryophyllene (9.93%), and β-caryophyllene (6.12%) were the major compounds. Ninety-two compounds were identified in the plant essential oil of 2013, and α-farnesene (22.42%), α- caryophyllene (21.49%), pentadecane (15.35%), and germacrene (5.70%) were the major compounds. The content of most of the chemical constituents varied significantly with different harvesting time. The content of α-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide was increased significantly from 2011 to 2013. The content of α-caryophyllene and isocaryophyllene was decreased significantly from 2011 to 2013.

본 연구는 RPS3 유전자의 SNP를 탐색하고 버크셔 돼지 433두에서 RPS3 유전자 SNP와 육질형질과 의 연관성을 규명하였다. SNP 탐색을 위해 버크셔 돼지의 간 조직을 사용하여 RNA-Seq을 수행한 결 과, RPS3의 염색체 451번째 G 서열이 C로 변환되어 arginine에서 serine으로 아미노산이 치환되는 non-synonymous SNP를 확인하였다. 동일한 조건에서 사육된 버크셔 돼지 433두에서 RPS3 SNP의 유전자형을 분석한 결과 major allele은 G이며 minor allele은 C로 확인되었다. RPS3의 유전자형과 육 질형질과의 연관성 분석 결과 공우성 모델에서 등지방두께(Backfat thickness), 가열감량(Cooking loss), 적색도(CIE a), 사후 45분 후 삼겹살과 등심 pH(pH45minB and pH45minL), 지방(Fat)과 단백질 (Protein) 함량 형질에서 유의성을 가졌다. 성별에 따른 RPS3 SNP 유전자형의 육질분석 결과 거세돈 은 단백질 함량에서만 유일하게 유의성이 나타난 반면 암퇘지는 등지방두께를 포함한 7가지의 육질 형 질에서 유의성을 나타나 거세돈 보다 육질 형질과의 연관성이 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 육질형질과 RPS3 SNP를 비교하였을 때, G allele을 가진 유전자형이 C allele에 비해 사후 pH45minB, 사후 pH45minL, 단백질 함량을 증가시키고, 등지방두께, 가열감량, 지방 함량을 감소시키는 것으로 확인하였 다. 따라서 G allele을 가진 돼지가 육질이 더 좋은 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 RPS3의 SNP를 육질이 우수한 돼지고기를 생산하기 위한 분자유전 육종에서 육질 연관 biomaker로 응용 할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of acorn powder and starch on the blood parameters of mice fed a high-fat diet. The moisture, crude ash, crude protein, and crude fat contents of acorns were 37.99±0.37%, 1.61±0.06%, 4.36±0.18% and 3.22±0.15%, respectively. Acorn powder and starch contains antioxidant minerals such as selenium and zinc. The iron content was significantly higher in acorn powder than in acorn starch (p<0.05). The total cholesterol concentration was 148.50±29.72 mg/dL in the high-fat starch diet (HFS) group, while in the high-fat diet (HF) group it was 201.50±39.15 mg/dL (p<0.05). Serum LDL-cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in the HFS group (50.50±10.79 mg/dL) than in the HF group (62.00±20.85 mg/dL; p<0.05). The serum IL-1β levels in mice were not significantly different between the groups. IL-10 levels were higher in the HFP group than other groups. There is a need for strong recognition that acorns are good ingredients worldwide. It is required to develop various products using acorn powder and starch powder. There is also a need for a strategy to globalize food using acorns.

본 연구는 강원도 양양군 남애리 어촌의 풍수적 입지분석을 통하여 내륙지와 비교시 바닷가에서 만 적용 가능한 새로운 풍수 이론을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 오늘날 우리가 활용하고 있는 풍수 이론의 구조은 일시에 논리적 체계를 갖추었다고 하기 보다는 시대의 변화, 그리고 각 지역의 기후나 지리적 여건 등의 자연환경 요소에 맞도록 진화되어 왔다고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 자연환경 중에서도 위치의 중요성이 가장 강조되고 있는데 내륙지의 촌락과 바닷가의 어촌은 풍수적 입지가 크게 다를 수밖에 없으므로 지역적인 차이를 보이는 것은 당연하다. 그러나 산과 물을 중심으로 하는 장풍득수(藏風得水)의 내륙지 풍수이론을 한쪽 면이 개방된 바닷가에도 그대로 적용 하기가 어렵다. 이러한 이유로 풍수이론이 체계화된 고대로부터 지금까지 바닷가에 대한 풍수이론은 내륙지에 비하여 상대적으로 아주 미흡할 뿐만 아니라 연구성과 역시 부족하다. 따라서 고전풍수에서 부적합 땅으로 평가받고 있는 어촌지역이 현대에 와서도 부적합 땅인가? 그리고 고전풍수이론이 현재에도 유효한 것인가? 하는 바닷가 지역만의 풍수논리 정립의 필요성이 대두되고 있다. 본 연구를 통하여 바닷가만의 풍수적 특징이 많이 발견되고 있다. 그동안 풍수적으로 소외되었던 바닷가 지역에 대하여도 현대인들에게 새로운 풍수이론을 제시함으로써 땅을 선택할 수 있는 기회의 폭을 확대하고 어촌개발시에도 건물과 도로건설 등의 공간배치에 도움을 줄 것으로 본다. 그리고 우리의 전통 지리관이자 경험과학인 풍수이론이 내륙지 뿐만 아니라 바닷가 지역으로 까지 확대하여 현실적응력 있는 유용한 학문으로 발전하는데 기초를 제공 할 수 있을 것이다.

본 논문에서는 국제해사기구의 데이터수집 시스템 도입에 따른 MRV 지원 및 국제해운 에너지 효율 포탈 시스템에 대한 기술적 검증을 수행하였다. 데이터 수집 시스템과 연료 사용량 데이터 수집 방법론을 포함하는 SEEMP 가이드라인의 주요 내용을 검토하고, EU MRV와 차이점을 분석하여 MRV에 대한 국내 해운선사의 대응전략을 제시하고 이에 대한 MRV 지원시스템의 기술적 적합성을 검토하였다. MRV 지원시스템은 배출량 데이터를 원시단계에서 최종단계까지 통합 관리함으로서 검증을 위한 비용과 업무 효율성을 높일 수 있으며, 현재 해운선사의 보고절차를 유지하면서 데이터 변환 기능을 통해 표준양식으로 배출량 데이터를 수집하고 보고 할 수 있다. 또한, 포탈시스템에 대한 접근권한을 구분하여 해운선사의 데이터 수집과 보고, 검증자의 데이터 검증업무를 지원할 수 있으며 전자적인 방법으로 보고서 제출이 가능하여 MRV 국제 규제에 대한 대응이 가능하다.

In this study, we investigated and compared some chemical properties of Korean natural honeys and sugar-fed honeys for their quality characteristics. The natural honey samples were monofloral from chestnut and acacia flowers, and the sugar-fed honey samples were collected from honeybees feeding on sugar cane and sugar beet. The chemical properties of the honey samples, such as moisture, total protein, total lipids, ash, carbohydrate, minerals, vitamins, and free amino acids were determined. The moisture content was 18.5±0.9% in natural acacia honey, 17.2±0.9% in natural chestnut honey, 19.6±0.9% in sugar cane-fed honey, and 24.8±% in sugar beet-fed honey. The total protein and ash contents were the highest in natural chestnut honey. Maltose and sucrose were not detected in natural honeys but were detected at 2~7% in sugar-fed honeys. The vitamin, mineral, and free amino acids contents of natural honeys were higher than sugar-fed honeys. The natural chestnut honey is the highest in honeys. These results confirmed that the quality of natural honey was better than that of sugar-fed honey. Also, the vitamin, mineral, and free amino acids contents are potential characteristics for distinguishing between natural and sugar-fed honeys.

In this study, we investigated the correlation between the number of cyanobacterial species and the water quality factors after installation of Nakdong river weirs. Factor analyses of water quality factors were also performed. The results of correlations showed that there was no significant water quality with the cyanobacterial concentration but the correlation coefficient of nutrients increased from the upstream to the downstream. There was a significant correlation between W·T and pH as important water quality factors for the growth of cyanobacteria. In the downstream region of Nakdong river, algae were more frequently detected than in the upstream region, and the blooms of algae species seem to be influenced by the higher pH and the influx of the phosphorus from the upstream tributaries. Nutrient concentration was higher in the downstream region than in the upstream region due to the effects of tributaries Geumho river and Nam river in Nakdong river. As a result of the factor analyses, nitrogen species were the principal factors in the upper region, and phorsphorus species were the principal factors in the downstream region.

PURPOSES : Because elderly drivers are more prone to becoming confused when approaching an urban intersection and thus may yield prolong judgment and decision times than non-elderly drivers, to increase the comfort and safety of the intersection environment for elderly drivers, this study applied autonomous driving tests at an urban intersection to examine their driving characteristics. METHODS: To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of driving features, this study collected drive data of non-elderly drivers and elderly drivers via an autonomous experiment using OBD2 and an eye-tracker, in addition to performing a literature review on the measured visibility range of elderly drivers at intersections. This literature review was conducted considering the general knowledge of elderly drivers having relatively reduced visibility. Additionally, as they are commonly more vulnerable, this study analyzes characteristics of elderly drivers as compared to those of non-elderly drivers. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study can be summarized as follows: 1) the peripheral visible distance of elderly drivers is reduced as compared to that of non-elderly drivers; 2) elderly drivers approach and proceed through intersections at slower speeds than non-elderly drivers; and 3) elderly drivers yield increased driving distances when performing a right or left turn as compared to non-elderly drivers as a result of their reduced speed and acceleration and larger turning radii relative to non-elderly drivers.

이 연구의 목적은 과학 글쓰기를 통해 고등학생의 지구 시스템에 대한 이해와 시스템 사고 과정을 분석하는 것 이다. 글쓰기 활동에 활용한 자료는 지구과학 I 교과 내용 중 지구환경 변화에 관련된 3가지 주제(지구 온난화, 화산 분출, 사막화)이며 이와 관련된 과제를 개발하였다. 개발한 자료는 고등학교 2학년 학생 8명을 대상으로 투입하였으며 작성한 과학 글쓰기 내용을 바탕으로 DAET-C 체크리스트와 지구 시스템에 관련된 개념을 구성요소로 하여 인과지도 를 작성한 후, 이를 근거로 하여 시스템 사고의 관점에서 분석하였다. 그 결과로 첫째, 학생들은 지구 시스템의 구성, 지구 시스템의 상호작용, 지구과학적 소양, 시스템 순으로 지구 시스템을 이해하는 것으로 조사되었다. 둘째, 학생들의 과학 글쓰기 내용을 바탕으로 각각의 주제별로 인과지도를 작성한 결과 피드백 순환 고리가 나타난 학생은 연구에 참 여한 8명 중 지구 온난화 관련 주제에서는 4명, 화산 분출 관련 주제에서는 1명, 사막화 관련 주제에서는 4명의 학생 이 지구 시스템에서 하위 요소 간의 상호작용을 고려하는 시스템 사고를 하고 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 결론적으로 연 구에 참여한 학생들은 지구환경 변화가 지구계 하위 요소 사이의 상호작용을 통해 복잡한 과정 속에서 복합적으로 이 루어지고 있다는 사고를 하고 있었으나, 지구 시스템의 순환에 대한 과정에서 시스템 사고는 미흡한 것으로 나타났다. 과학 글쓰기 활동을 활용하여 지구 시스템 교육과 시스템 사고를 향상 시킬 수 있는 다양한 연구가 필요할 것이다.

This study analyzed the correlation between Chl-a and water quality factors using characteristics of climate data, water quality factors, and various statistical analysis techniques during the summer season in the Nakdong River during the 2-year period. The purpose of this study is to provide the basic data for establishing water quality management policy in the Changnyeong-Haman weir section. From the end of July to the middle of August when algae mainly occur, both the years 2015 and 2016 are in the temperature range of 25 ~ 30 °C, and the total precipitation of 2015 is less than that of 2016 in this period. As a result of comparing the concentration of Chl-a, the average Chl-a concentration of 2015 was higher than that of 2016, which seems to be related to the total precipitation in the occurrence of algae. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the correlation with PO4-P was significant at most points. As a result of the factor analysis, the first principal factor group classified PO4-P, NH3-N, TP, pH, flow rate, TN and this section seems to be influenced by phosphorus and nitrogen and flow rate.

Ink-jet printing techniques with ceramic ink, which contains ceramic pigments as colorant, are in increasingly use in the ceramic industry. Generally, ceramic pigments that are produced by conventional method show diameters of several micrometers; these micrometer sized particles in the ink-jet printing process can cause undesirable behavior such as print head nozzle clogging. To prevent this problem, a particle size reduction process is required. In this study, CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black) pigments were synthesized via solid state method. Each pigment particle was milled to submicron size by an attrition mill. The effects of micronizing on the morphology, mechanical property, crystal structure and color property of the CMYK ceramic pigments were investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), particle size analysis (PSA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and CIE L*a*b*.

PURPOSES: The goal of this study is to analyze the operational efficiencies of special roundabouts using simulated programs. METHODS: This study primarily focuses on comparing the delays and traffic flow disturbances occurring at special roundabouts. In this study, the operational efficiencies of 450 scenarios (5 roundabout types × traffic volumes × directional ratios × measures) are analyzed according to the corresponding delays and traffic flow disturbances using VISSIM and SSAM. RESULTS : The main results are as follows: 1) the Hamburger roundabouts are determined to yield the least common-type delays, 2) the amount of delays at Turbo and Flower roundabouts with respect to relatively increased right-turn-type delays, in addition to the amount of delays at the Left-turn slip-lane roundabout with respect to relatively increased left-turn-type delays, are found to be reduced as compared to the common-type delays. Lastly, common- and increased right-turn-type traffic flow disturbances at the Turbo roundabout and increased left-turntype traffic flow disturbances at the Left-turn slip-lane roundabout are determined to be the most infrequent. CONCLUSIONS: This study comparatively analyzes five roundabout types: standard, Flower, Turbo, Hamburger, and Left-turn slip-lane. The effectiveness of roundabouts can increase according to given traffic volume, directional ratio, and measure of effectiveness.

This study was carried out to extract ginsenosides in by-products from honeyed red ginseng. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction conditions. Based on D-optimal design, independent variables were ethanol (extraction solvent) concentration (30-90%, v/v), extraction temperature (25-70oC), and extraction time (5-11 h). Extraction yield (Y1) and total ginsenosides (Y2) in the extract were analyzed as dependent variables. Results found that extraction yield increased with increasing extraction temperature and time, whereas it was decreased with increasing ethanol concentration. Similar trends were found for the content of ginsenosides in the extracts, except for ethanol concentration, which was increased with increasing ethanol concentration. Regression equations derived from RSM were suggested to coincide well with the results from the experiments. The optimal extraction conditions for extraction yield and total ginsenosides were an extraction temperature of 56.94oC, ethanol concentration of 57.90%, and extraction time of 11 h. Under these conditions, extraction yield and total ginsenoside contents were predicted to be 84.52% and 9.54 mg/g, respectively.