Hundreds of Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus, migrate from Sakhalin and the northern Kuril Islands to Hokkaido in Japan every winter. During this migration, they may use their roaring sounds to navigate and to maintain their groups. We recorded the roars of wild Steller sea lions that had landed on reefs on the west coast of Hokkaido, and those of captive sea lions, while making video recordings. The fundamental frequency (F0), Formant frequency (F1), pulse repetition rate (PRR), and duration of syllables (T) were analyzed using a sonagraph. F0, F1, and PRR of the roars emitted by captive sea lions increased in the order male, female. By contrast, the F1 of wild males was lower than that of females, while the F0 and PRR of wild males and females did not differ statistically. These results suggest regional differences between the five groups showed that.

This work aims at analyzing the comparative feature about female flight attendant uniform designs of Korean and Asian region low cost carriers and providing some basic materials for development of these airline companies. As a research method, examinations were carried out on attendant's uniform both theoretically and empirically. Comparison of uniforms was made among the five Korean carriers and ten typical Asian carriers for empirical research. Results showed the followings. First, all Korean low cost carriers were characterized as formal style except Jin Air. Unlike this, Asian low cost carriers appeared as diverse including formal, semi formal, and casual styles with a uniquely differentiated image. Second, all carriers applied their own symbolic color to their uniform. Third, logo or symbol was adopted as a pattern on scarf in the two Korean companies but it didn't take effect practically. For those Asian carriers, embroidery was used on jacket, jumper and collar. They utilized even a merchandising character to put emphasis on airline image. Fourth, diverse petty items with a decorative effect were used in the case of Korean low cost carriers. In the changing period of uniform, nothing much was changed and remained almost the same as before. Those in the Asian region were characterized with the smallest number of items and the preclusion of decorative add-ons on uniform.

목적: 최근 스마트폰과 컴퓨터 등 다양한 매체의 발달로 인하여 근거리 작업이 증가하면서 성인에서 어린이인 초등학생까지 시력에 많은 문제점을 나타내고 있다. 초등학교 시기는 성장변화가 빠르고 시력 또한 변화가 많은 시기로 적절한 시기에 정확한 검사가 이루어져야 한다. 본 연구는 현재 목포시 소재 3개 초등학교의 초등학생들의 굴절이상안과 폭주근점 부분 실태를 파악하여 목포지역 초등학생들의 굴절이상 현황 파악의 기초 자료로 사용하고자 하였다. 방법: 목포시 3개의 초등학교 전교생 남학생과 여학생을 대상으로 대성초 293명 연동초 238명 용호초 281명 총 812명을 조사하였다. 굴절이상 측정은 A.R(Hubitz HRK-8000, 자동안굴절력계)로 측정하고 A.R 측정 결과 값에 구면 값의 오차는 ±0.50D 감안하여 −0.50D<~< +0.50D인 경우 정시로 구분하고 난시안은 원주 값의 오차 ±0.25D 감안하여 굴절 부분 이상으로 포함시켰다. 폭주근점 검사는 뽀쪽한 지시봉으로 실시하였다. 결과: 1. 굴절이상안 학교별 분류 :3개 초등학교 굴절이상안을 학교별로 나눈 결과 대성초등학교 293명 중 정상안 85(29.01%)명 굴절이상안 208(70.99%)명 연동초등학교 238명 중 정상안 87(36.55%)명 굴절이상안 151(63.45%)명 용호초등학교 281명 중 정상안 100(35.58%)명 굴절이상안 181(64.42%)명으로 나타났다[Fig 1].2. 굴절이상안 학년별 분류: 3개 초등학교 굴절이상안을 학년별로 나눈 결과 1학년 127명 중 정상안 54(42.51%)명 굴절이상안 73(57.49%)명, 2학년 114명중 정상안 55(48.24%)명 굴절이 상안 59(51.76%)명, 3학년 121명 중 정상안 44(36.36%)명 굴절이상안 77(63.64%)명, 4학년 147명중 정상안 46(31.29%)명 굴절이상안 101(68.71%)명, 5학년 총 144명 중 정상안 35(24.30%)명 굴절이상안 109(75.70%)명 6학년 총 159명 중 정상안 40(25.15%)명 굴절이상 안 119(74.85%)명으로 나타났다[Fig. 2].3. 굴절이상안 성별 비 : 3개 초등학교 굴절이상안을 성별의 비율로 나눈 결과 남자 총 384명 중 정상안 136(35.41%)명 굴절이상안 248(64.59%)명 여자 총 428명중 정상안 136(31.77%)명 굴절이상안 292(68.23%)명으로 나타났다[Fig 3].4. 폭주근점 이상 : 3개 초등학교 폭주근점 부족안을 남녀 성별로 나눈 결과 총원 812명 중 747(91.99)명 65(8.01)명으로 나타났다[Fig 4].결론: 본 연구는 목포지역 3개 초등학교 학생들의 굴절 이상 실태 파악을 위해 조사를 실시하였다. 3개 초등학교 굴절이상은 학교별 비율은 비슷하게 나왔고, 성별은 여자쪽이 더 높게 나왔으며, 학년 별로는 고학년으로 갈수록 굴절이상안 비율이 높아졌다. 목포지역 3개 초등학교의, 굴절이상안의 비율은 예상했던 결과 값 보다 높게 나타난 것으로 보아 사태의 심각성이 느껴졌다. 굴절이상의 경우, 고학년으로 올라갈수록 안경원에 주기적으로 방문하여 정확한 교정을 해주는 것이 필요하며, 시력검사는 적어도 6개월에 한번 씩은 실시하는 것이 요구되지만 본 조사 결과와 같이 고학년 일수록 굴절 이상안의 비율이 높게 나타나는 것은 현대사회의 다양한 매체의 발달과 컴퓨터 작업을 통한 학업증가와 대부분의 학부모가 눈에 관련해서는 무관심한 사항이 아울러져 굴절이상이 높게 나타난 것으로 나탔으며 안경을 착용하면 미용상 나쁘다와 안경을 착용하면 눈이 더 나빠진다는 잘못된 상식의 결과인 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 굴절 이상안 관련 문제는 규칙적으로 검사 해줄 필요가 있고, 폭주근점 검사에서 폭주부족의 비율은 적었지만 폭주 부족의 증상을 가지고 있는 학생들은 시기능 훈련을 통하여 폭주부족을 완화시키기 위해 안 보건 차원에서 학생들의 시력을 주기적으로 검사하고 지속적으로 관리하는 전담인력의 배치가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

우리나라는 물 자원이 풍부하지는 않으나 수처리 시설 및 기술의 발달, 정부의 먹는 물 공급정책에 따라 상수도 보급률이 매우 높다. 그러나 2013년 상수도 통계에 따라면 아직도 농․어촌을 중심으로 상수도 보급률은 66 %수준에 그치고 있고 이런 지역은 지하수 등 자연으로부터 공급되는 물을 사용하고 있다. 지하수의 경우 매우 유용하고 우수한 수자원이지만 지질의 영향이나 농축산업의 영향으로 인해 우라늄과 같은 자연방사성 물질, 질산성 질소 등의 물질에 오염되어 있다. 이에 오염된 물질에 대한 적정한 제거기술을 도입하여 상수도 미보급 지역의 안전한 먹는 물 공급을 위한 정부 차원의 시범연구와 지원사업이 진행되고 있다. 본 발표에서는 정부와 기업이 함께 진행하고 있는 안전한 먹는 물 공급을 위한 시범 사업을 소개하고자 한다.

This study was conducted using a self boarding questionnaire survey to investigate body image perception, dietary habits and nutrient intakes according to interest level in health of female university students in Masan area (n=302). The subjects were divided into 2 groups according to interest level in health (‘High’ group, n=101, ‘Low’ group, n=201). Body image according to BMI was significantly different regardless of interest level in health (p<0.001). The answer percentage indicated that the purpose of weight control is health, regular use of the scale, and regular exercise were significantly higher in the high group (p<0.05). Nutrient knowledge score (p<0.01) and food frequency score (p<0.001) were significantly higher in the high group (p<0.01). There were no significant differences in nutrient intake, but intake, NAR and INQ of vitamin C were significantly higher in the high group (p<0.001). Nutrition knowledge score (p<0.01), food intake frequency score (p<0.01), and INQ and NAR of vitamin C (p<0.01) were positively correlated with the interest level in health. These results will be useful as a basis for the development of effective nutrition education programs in order to increase interest level in health and apply well in real life what have learned through the correct nutrition knowledge.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of health functional foods and preference for desired onion peel products. Questionnaires were distributed to 582 adults (34.2% male, 65.8% female) living in Gyeongnam province. The major information sources on biological effects of onions cited by respondents were TV/radio (37.1%), followed by nearby people (32.8%) and Internet (11.0%), in that order. Reducing cholesterol effect was the most important factor in terms of perception and concerns relating to biological function of onions. Over 73% of subjects had experience of eating processed onion products, and among all types of onion products, onion juice (53.5%) was the most frequently eaten. The most considered factors for processing onion peel-derived functional foods were taste & odor (29.6%), convenience of eating (28.9%), and nutrition value (27.1%), in that order.

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary and other factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in older Korean women. A total of 340 women aged 65 to 74 were recruited from the Kugoksoondam area (Kurye, Goksung, Soonchang and Damyang counties), known as the longevity-belt region in Jeonla province, Korea. They were categorized into two groups according to bone status by T-score : a nonosteoporotic group and an osteoporotic group. Demographic characteristics were collected, as well as information on physical measurements, blood tests for biochemical indicators, health status health-related life style, dietary behavior, favorite food groups, nutrient intake and mini nutrition assessment (MNA). The results are as follows: The mean age of 185 nonosteoporotic women was 69.6 years and that of 155 osteoporotic women was 70.9 years (p<0.001). The mean T-score of the nonosteoporotic group was －1.5 mg/cm3 and that of theosteoporotic group was －3.2 mg/cm3 (p<0.001). Height and body weight in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in BMI, although the BMI in the nonosteoporotic group was slightly higher. Waist and hip circumferences in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.01, respectively), and the mid upper arm and calf circumferences were also significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.001, p<0.01, respectively). The 5 m walking ability was significantly superior compared to the osteoporotic group. Serum levels did not show any significant differences between the groups and were within normal range. The serum total protein, albumin and Insulin-like growth factor (IGFs) levels of the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than those of the osteoporotic group (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). IGF was 104.7 ng/mL for the nonosteoporotic group and 88.1 ng/mL for the osteoporotic group. Physical activity and appetite in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively). The favorite food groups of the nonosteoporotic group comprised more meats and fish than those of the osteoporotic group (p<0.05, respectively). Nutrient intake was not significantly different, with the exception of niacin intake (p<0.05), but the nutrient intake of the nonosteoporotic group was slightly higher than that of the osteoporotic group. The niacin intake of the nonosteoporotic group and the osteoporotic group were 11.4 mgNE and 10.0 mgNE, corresponding to 103.6% and 90.9% of the Korean EAR, respectively. The MNA score of the nonosteoporotic group was significantly more favorable than for the osteoporotic group. In conclusion, it is necessary to maintain adequate body weight and muscle mass. Habitual physical activity may have a beneficial effect on BMD for older women. Dietary factors, such as meat and fish, higher intake of niacin rich foods and nutrient status for older women also appear to have favorable effects on bone mineral density.

This study was designed to investigate dietary life related to sodium of participants in hypertension and diabetes preventive education at the public health center located in Incheon Metropolitan City. Subjects were comprised of 301 adults (males: 102, female: 199) of age 50 years and above. The questionnaire for dietary life and salty taste assessment were performed on the subjects. Data were analyzed using SPSS package (ver. 18.0). According to the result of questionnaire for dietary behavior, 70% of the subjects were in the low salt intake group (p<0.001). In the result of questionnaire for dietary frequency, all ages groups were in the low salt intake group (p<0.01). The data of questionnaire for dietary behavior showed that the subjects of age above 75 years preferred salted seafood, soup, and kimchi (p<0.01). The data of questionnaire for dietary frequency showed that the subjects of age between 65 and 74, least chose fried kimchi, noodle, and soybean paste soup with clams (p<0.05), and the healthy adult groups chose kimchi stew, ssam and ssamjang (p<0.05). The score for dietary behavior in male subjects was higher than female subjects (p<0.01). In particular, the score for dietary frequency was the lowest in the subjects of age between 65 and 74 (p<0.01). The mean value of salty taste assessment in the subjects was 0.41% which is higher than the ideal value of 0.3% (p<0.01). Offering more nutrition education and continuous feedback of healthcare center may be needed to improve the health status of the adults.

Cho, Tae-Rin. 2015. “On the change of Korean dialect and dialect research: Beyond the boundary of regional dialect and social dialect”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(1). 177~199. The purpose of this paper is to examine the changing shape of regional dialect and social dialect in Korea, finally in order to seek the possibility of change and development direction of the Korean dialect researches. Firstly, this paper reviews not only the conceptual difference between regional dialect and social dialect but also the changing shape of actual relation between regional dialect research and social dialect research in Korea. And then, signs of change in Korean dialect research are analyzed by looking at the current state and characteristics of Korean social dialect research. This analysis shows that the distinction between regional dialect research and social dialect research is no longer rigid, and that Korean dialect research needs a new approach and development direction in order to go beyond the earlier researches focused on regional dialect and level of phoneme, prosody, vocabulary, etc. Finally, this paper is concluded by proposing two development directions of Korean dialect research as follows. (1) Research on regional and social difference of Korean language on a level of discourse. (2) Research on aspect of contact among standard language and dialects in Korea.

The purpose of this study was to categorize and comparatively analyze tourists of different life-style groups who visit Yesan according to their lifestyles as well as their consumption behaviors and attitudes towards local foods or specialty agricultural products in order to understand the various needs, attitudes, and behaviors of consumers in each life-style group. Group 1 had a high percentage of single people in their 20s and those who worked in technology. Group 2 had a high percentage of those in their 30s and 40s who were married and were professionals. Group 3 had a high percentage of men and those in their 40s and 50s, as well as a high percentage of high income, highly educated people. Group 4 had a high percentage of those in their 20s or those in their 60s or higher. Compared to other groups, group 4 had a larger percentage of lower income and less educated people. In verifying the difference between life-style groups in terms of their behaviors and attitudes toward local foods and specialty agricultural products, consumption and experience of regional specialty foods showed high average scores in groups 1, 2, and 3, with significant differences from group 4.

본 연구의 목적은 계획행동이론을 적용하여 양양송이축제 방문객들의 축제 방문 의사결과정을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 이를 위하여 구조방정식 모형을 이용하여 방문동기의 구조적 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 계획행동이론에 대한 분석 결과 지각된 행동통제감은 행동의도에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 태도 또한 행동의도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 주관적 규범은 행동의도에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 행동의도와 관련된 축제 방문객들의 의사결정 과정과 연구와 양양송이 축제의 지속가능한 발전에 의미 있는 시사점을 제시할 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구에서는 위성관측 표면온도 및 해당 온도경향의 불확실성을 조사하기 위하여 북반구(30-90˚N) 해양 지역에서 2003-2014년 4월 16-24일 기간에 세 종류의 위성관측 자료(MODIS IST, AIRS/AMSU SST, AIRS only SST)를 상호 비교하였다. AIRS/AMSU 표면온도값에 비하여 MODIS는 해빙과 해수의 경계지역에서 계통적으로 최대 1.6 K 높은 반면에, 해빙 지역에서는 2 K 낮았다. 이러한 주요 원인은 표면온도 산출알고리즘의 해표 정보(e.g., 해빙 탐지)를 위하여 MODIS는 적외 채널만을 사용하는 반면에, AIRS/AMSU는 마이크로파 및 적외 채널을 함께 사용하는 데에 있다. 미국 항공우주국(NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center; NASA/GSFC)은 AMSU-A의 노후화를 대비하기 위하여 AIRS/AMSU 알고리즘을 일부 수정하여 AIRS only 알고리즘을 개발하였다. AIRS/AMSU와 AIRS only 표면온도 사이에 평균 제곱근 오차(RMSE)값은 30-90˚N 해양 지역에서 0.55 K이며, 편차(bias)는 0.13 K이었으며, 해빙/해수 경계 지역에서는 이들 차이가 더 크게 나타났다. 해빙 경계지역에서 AIRS/AMSU와 AIRS only 간의 차이가 다른 지역에 비하여 큰 이유는 AIRS only 알고리즘이 AMSU 마이크로파 자료 대신에 GCM (NOAA Global Forecast System) 온도 산출물을 사용하는 데에 있다. 세 종류의 위성관측 표면온도 자료는 70-80˚N 위도대에서 유의적인 온도증가(0.23-0.28Kyr-1)를 보였다. 위성관측 표면온도들 간에 계통적인 불일치는 같은 방향(온도증가 또는 온도감소)으로 해당 온도경향 값들 간의 차이에 영향을 줄 수 있다.

국내에 유통되고 있는 과실류와 채소류 156점을 대상으로 위생지표세균, 병원성 미생물 및 곰팡이에 대한 오염도 조사를 실시하였다. 과실류의 경우 재래시장에서 구입한 시료에서는 일반세균이 0.4~3.1 log CFU/g, 대장균군이 0.0~1.5 log CFU/g 범위로 검출이 되었고, 대형마트에서 구입한 시료에서는 일반세균이 0.6~3.0 log CFU/g, 대장균군이 0.0~1.7 log CFU/g 범위로 검출이 되었다. 채소류의 경우 재래시장에서 구입한 시료에서는 일반세균이 2.2~5.8 log CFU/g, 대장균군이 0.1~4.5 log CFU/g 범위로 검출이 되었고, 대형마트에서 구입한 시료에서는 일반세균이 2.2~5.4 log CFU/g, 대장균군이 0.1~4.4 log CFU/g 범위로 검출이 되었다. B. cereus는 재래시장의 과실류에서는 모두 불검출 되었으나 대형마트의 배에서 0.4 log CFU/g이 검출되었다. 채소류의 경우 재래시장 및 대형마트의 부추, 양파, 당근, 고구마, 시금치에서 각각 0.3~1.0와 0.3~1.5 log CFU/g 수준으로 검출되었다. S. aureus는 재래시장의 배에서 0.2 log CFU/g이 검출되었고, 그 외 병원성 미생물은 불검출 되었다. 곰팡이는 과실류와 채소류 각각 0.3~3.8 및 0.8~4.3 범위로 검출되었다.