The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different rearing spaces on growth performances, behavioral traits, and blood parameters in Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle) heifers and steers. The average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were measured to assess the growth performance. A total of 54 Hanwoo heifers and steers at 18 months old, were housed separately in groups of 2, 3 or 4 heads in a pen (32 m2) for nine months. In the case of the heifers, the growth performances were significantly (p<0.05) improved by increasing the 2 head group size with the exception of the 18 month old heifers. However, among the steers the growth performances were significantly enhanced (p<0.05) after 18 months of age, by increasing the 3 heads group size. In addition, the heifers in groups of 2 heads spent less time standing and more time lying down or walking, and also had a significantly (p<0.05) lower frequency of self-grooming, scratching, and fighting. These findings are similar to the results obtained for steers housed in 2 or 3 heads per group. The steers housed in 2, 3 heads groups spent more time feeding and consequently had a significantly (p<0.05) lower frequency of pair-wise grooming and Leaning. The heifers and steers housed in groups of 4 heads showed lowest red blood cell counts, but highest cortisol content with statistical significance at p<0.05. The heifers in groups of 2 heads had the highest hemoglobin concentrations (p<0.05). On the other hand, white blood cell count was found to be the lowest in groups of 2 steers with statistical significance at p<0.05. We conclude that a large rearing space improved growth performances, behavioral characteristics, and blood parameters in Hanwoo heifers and steers. In the future, this data could be used to improve the welfare of rearing Hanwoo cattle.

This research was conducted to evaluate the physicochemical properties of semi-dried jerky made from uncastrated (U) and castrated (C) deer meat. The jerky was manufactured by mixing the ground lean meat with spices followed by drying process, packed and stored aerobically at 25℃ for 20 days. The pH of uncastrated raw meat was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of castrated meat as well as the pH of the jerky. No effects were found on color, hardness and sensory scores of jerky. Castrated jerky had higher fat content than uncastrated jerky (p<0.05), after 20 days of storage, its TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) value was higher than uncastrated jerky (p<0.01). These results suggest that castration contributed to higher fat content and lipid oxidation of semi-dried venison jerky than the uncastrated, without any significant effects on texture and sensory attributes. However, proper packaging should be considered to inhibit lipid oxidation.

A total of 240 growing pigs were distributed in three treatment groups to investigate the influence of fermentation in different feeder type on the growing finishing pigs. The treatments were dry feeding (DF), wet feeding (WF) with dry-wet feeders and liquid feeding (LF) with freshly prepared 3:1 water to feed ratio fed three times a day throughout the experiment. The average daily gain (ADG) and body weight were consistently greater (p<0.05) in LF than the others. When the entire experimental period was taken under consideration the ADG and body weight was also found to be increased (p<0.05) in WF in comparison to DF. The average daily feed intake (ADFI) and growth to feed ratio (G/F) was not affected however the average daily water intake (ADWI) and water to feed ratio (W/F) were significantly reduced (p<0.01) in WF in comparison to DF and LF. The ATTD of DM, GE and CP was increased (p<0.05) in WF and LF in comparison to DF at both phase I and II (4th and 8th wk) of the experiment. Carcass characteristics and blood parameters were not affected (p>0.05) in any of the feeding type in growing finishing pigs. It can be concluded that wet feeding with dry-wet feeders is good for enhancing the growth performance in the later stages while fresh liquid feeding in ratio 3:1 is beneficial for the growing finishing pigs throughout the experiment.

The objective of the research was to identify the presence of adiponectin receptors and to study adiponectin action on glucose uptake and growth in mouse mammary epithelial cells. These cells expressed adiponectin receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2. Insulin (10 ng/ml) or insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I, 10 ng/ml) alone did not alter the degree of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 genes expression from 0 to 4 h incubation. Prolactin (10 ng/ml) or epidermal growth factor (EGF, 10 ng/ml) alone also did not induce the two genes’ mRNA in the incubation time. Adiponectin (1 μg/ml) alone or pre-incubation of insulin alone (100 ng/ml) for 2 h prior to adiponectin stimulation did not increase 2-deoxy-D-glucose,[1,2-3H] uptake but adiponectin+pre-incubation of insulin significantly increased glucose uptake compare to control (p<0.05). In a similar way, insulin alone or pre-incubation of adiponectin alone (2 h) did not increase glucose uptake but insulin+pre-incubation of adiponectin increased glucose uptake compare to control (p<0.05). Insulin sensitization for 2 h prior to adiponectin stimulation tended to increase glucose uptake response by the following adiponectin stimulation showing small interaction effect between insulin and adiponectin (p<0.1). However, adiponectin sensitization for 2 hours prior to insulin stimulation did not shown interaction effect between adiponectin and insulin (p>0.1). The glucose uptake by both of hormones seems to be not interactive but additive (p<0.05). Adiponectin in the presence of 2% FBS decreased DNA synthesis of mammary epithelia (p<0.05). AICAR (100 or 200 μM), AMPK activator, decreased mammary epithelial cell growth in the presence of 2% FBS. These results indicate that adiponectin pathway has inhibitory effect on mammary epithelial cell growth.

The objective of this study was to identify the phenotypic relationships among calving difficulty, calf birth weight and gestation length of Holstein dairy cattle under the environment of Korea. A total of 1,834 calving records collected by Dairy Science Division of National Institute of Animal Science, RDA from 2000 to 2014 was analyzed. General linear multivariate models for calving difficulty scores (CD: 1=no assistance, 2=minor assistance, 3=two to three persons assisted, 4=more than three persons assisted, 5=cesarean section), calf body weight at birth (BW), and gestation length (GL) included fixed effects of year and season (spring, summer, autumn, winter) of births (YS), sex of calves, and parity. For GL and BW, all three fixed effects (YS, sex of calves, parity) were significant (p<0.05). For CD, the effects of YS and sex of calves were significant (p<0.05). Bull calves were born with heavier BW by 3.18 kg, with greater CD by 0.18 point and with longer GL by 0.6 days than heifer calves. The least squares mean of BW was the heaviest at the third parity (44.1 kg) compared to those at the first, the second and the fourth parities or later (41.3-41.9 kg). The least squares mean CD at the first parity was 1.74 point, which was higher than CD at the second and later parities (about 1.68 points). Phenotypic correlation (partial residual correlation) between GL and BW was 0.36. But those between GL and CD and between BW and CD were -0.03 and 0.04, almost zeros. To conclude, we observed higher incidence of calving difficulty in the first calving than in the later ones. Further investigation on the relationships between calf’s birth weight and calving difficulty is needed

The objective of this study was to investigate the efficiency of nicotinic acid during in vitro fertilization (IVF) in frozen-thawed bull sperm . The ejaculated semen was diluted with Triladyl containing 20% egg-yolk and cryopreserved in liquid notrigen. The frozen sperm was thawed for 45 seconds in the 38℃ water bath. Sperm was diluted with IVF medium (Bovine-Oviduct medium; BO) containing 0, 15, 30 and 60 mM nicotinic acid (NA), which were incubated at 39℃, 5% CO2 for 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4h. The characteristics of frozen-thawed sperm were estimated with SYBR14/PI double staining for viability, FITC-PNA/PI for outer acrosomal membrane damage and Rhodamine123/PI for mitochondrial integrity using flow cytometry. And the sperm ability was analysed by Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) staining for acrosome reaction state and Rose bengal staining for abnormality. Acrosome reaction and abnormality were analyzed using a microscope. In results, sperm viability was significantly higer in 30 mM group than 0 and 15 mM groups at 1 and 2 h (p<0.05). Outer acrosomal membrane damage was significantly lower in 30 mM group than 0 and 15 mM groups at 1, 2 and 4 h (p<0.05). And mitochondrial integrity was significantly higher in 30 mM group than 0 and 15 mM groups at 2 and 4 h (p<0.05). Also, acrosome reaction was significantly lower in 30 mM than 0 and 15 mM groups at 1 and 2 h (p<0.05) and abnormality was lower NA groups than 0 group at 1 h (p<0.05). In couclusion, we suggest that using the thawing medium containing NA for sperm dilution can be benefical for IVF in bulls

The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of test seasons on backfat thickness and age at 90 kg body weight in Duroc pig populations. Data of a total of 40,228 Duroc pigs performance tested from 2005 to 2014 were used. The effects of sexes, years and seasons of the tests were significant (p<0.01) for the both traits. The least squares mean of the age at 90 kg body weight of the pigs tested in 2014 was significantly less than that of the pigs tested in the previous years. And the pigs tested in spring reached 90 kg body weight faster than the pigs tested in the other seasons. The least squares mean of backfat thickness of the pigs tested in autumn was thicker than that of the pigs tested in the other seasons. Pigs tested in spring had the thinnest backfat. There were seasonal variations in the least squares mean estimates of the age at 90 ㎏ both in male pigs (134.06 to 134.36 days), and in female pigs (139.47 to 139.65 days). Seasonal variations were also detected in least sqaures means of the backfat thicknesses in male pigs (11.31-11.34 ㎜) and in female pigs (13.05-13.07 ㎜). The simple and rank correlation coefficients between breeding values estimated using the trait values unadjusted for seasonal effects and those using the trait values pre-adjusted for seasonal effects trait values were all unity, for the both traits. These results indicate that the adjustment of the trait values with regards to seasonal variation had no effects on the estimates from genetic evaluations.

This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and physico-chemical meat quality properties for Jeju-horse (Jeju-horse×Thoroughbred) with different fattening periods (4-, 8- and 13.5-month). In chemical composition, the moisture contents were decreased as the fattening periods increased. The fat contents were 3.78% at 4-months and they were decreased such as 70∼76% at 13.5-months whereas the protein contents increased as the fattening period increased. The cooking loss was highest (33.41%) at 4-months group and decreased after that periods, however, there was no significant difference among 3 fattening period groups. The Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) values were lowest at 4-months group and tended to increase as the fattening period increased. In mineral contents, the contents of Fe, Na, Zn were significantly higher for 4-month group than 8- and 13.5-month group whereas the contents of Mg were significantly lower for 4-month group than 8- and 13.5-month group (p＜0.05). The results of the amino acid composition analysis showed that cystein, methionine, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, alanine, valine, lysine, histidine, arginine contents were significantly increased and tyrosine contents were significantly decreased as the fattening period increased (p<0.05). The contents of palmitic acid (C16:0) were highest at 4-month group and they decreased as the fattening period increased (p＜0.05). The contents of oleic acid (C18:ln9) were highest at 8-month group and they were lowest at 13.5-month group. The total contents of unsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher for 13.5-month group than those for 4-month groups (p＜0.05). In conclusions, the fat contents were decreased whereas the protein, Fe, Mg contents and WHC increased as the fattening periods increased. Overall contents of amino acids increased only except several amino acids. The total contents of unsaturated fatty acids were increased as the fattening period increased, however they were not significantly different when those were fattened more than 8-month. These results indicated that longer fattening period could be more effective to enhance horse meat quality.

There is no doubt that global warming and climate change affect animal production and sustainability of livestock systems. High ambient temperature and humidity have detrimental effects on the performance of laying hens. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of cyclic temperatures on the performance and egg quality of laying hens during the summer in Korea. A total of 1028 Hy-Line Brown layers were reared in the open floor house and exposed to a 24 hr linear temperature cycle ranging from 21.7 to 33.0℃. Feed intake significantly decreased and cracked eggs increased under high ambient temperature or high THI (Temperature Humidity Index). Egg production was decreased gradually from 21 to 29℃ or from 21 to 26 THI. On the other hens, it was increased above 30℃ or 27 THI rather than decreased. High ambient temperature has no important impact on dirty eggs and mortality in this study. We believe that present data contribute to predict the effect of thermal conditions on the performance of laying hens by using ambient temperature or THI

The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of addition of chlorella (CA) on the change of nutritive values, organic acids and microbes on mixture of whole crop barley and crimson clover (WCB-CC) silage. This study was conducted at the experimental field of National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan, Korea and consisted of three groups, such as control without CA, with 0.25% CA and with 0.5% CA. The contents of crude protein, total digestible nutrient, and in vitro dry matter digestibility of WCB-CC silage were increased by CA treatment (p<0.05). However, acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber of WCB-CC silage were low compared to control (p<0.05). The pH of WCB-CC silage in CA treatment showed no significant difference, but the content of lactic acid and the number of lactic acid bacteria in CA treatment significantly increased as compared to control (p<0.05). These results suggest that the addition of CA could improve the quality of WCB-CC silage

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect on quality characteristics of grass-fed cow’s milk (GM) and conventional feed-fed cow’s milk (CM) with various conditions of non-thermal high-pressure processing (HPP) sterilization process. The sterilized GM and CM stored at 5℃ and 10℃ for 14 days and their quality characteristics during storage was evaluated. The pH and titratable acidity changes of HPP sterilized milk were maintained acceptable level 6.7-6.8, 0.14-0.16%, respectively. HPP sterilization was efficient in the reduction of total bacterial population to decrease the level of 4-7 Log CFU/ml compare to those of unsterilized control milk, and coliform bacteria was not detected in the HPP sterilized milk. Non-thermal HPP sterilization processing was not affected milk fatty acid composition compare to those of low temperature long time process (LTLT) sterilized milk. GM has lower ratio of n-3:n-6 unsaturated fatty acid level than those of CM. In the sensory evaluation of GM and commercial milk products, overall consumer acceptance of HPP sterilized GM was higher than CM and LTLT commercial product. In conclusion, the effects of HPP was comparable with conventional LTLT sterilization process to control undesirable microorganism in the milk products with minumal nutritional and chemical changes.

Horse leg bone has been used as a traditional folk medicine for the sick and weak. Bone primarily contains collagen, a key building block of cells for bones, cartilage, and ligaments. In our previous study, horse leg bone hydrolysates showed anti-oxidation and skin protection effects against UV light. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of jelly containing Jeju crossbred horse leg bone hydrolysates at 0.3 (HLBH 0.3), 0.5 (HLBH 0.5) and 1.0% (HLBH 1.0). The HLBH 1.0 showed the highest pH and Brix values compare to control. Lightness (L*) and redness (a*) of HLBH 1.0 showed the lowest value compare to other treatments. However, yellowness (b*) of HLBH 0.3 and 0.5% was increased significantly with increasing levels of Jeju crossbred horse leg bone hydrolysates (p<0.05), while HLBH 0.5 and HLBH 1.0 showed no significant difference. Hardness and chewiness of jelly was decreased with increase of HLBH up to 0.5%, whereas no significant difference was found between HLBH 0.5 and 1.0. In sensory evaluation, panels did not tell the difference of jelly with different level of HLBH in all sensory factors likely color, appearance, flavor, chewiness, taste, and overall acceptability. This result suggests that Jeju crossbred horse leg bone hydrolysates can be used up to 1% without any significant bad influence on quality and sensory characteristics of jelly.

Raising replacement heifers is important aspect of dairy farm management that can be characterized as a long-term performance and high-cost production period. This study was investigated the effect of month of age at the first pregnancy on calving difficulty of Holstein heifers. Heifers was inseminated with semen of easy-calving sire and the reproductive performance was compared for the effect of first pregnancy at 12-14 months of age (12 month old), 15-16 months of age (15 month old), 17-19 months of age (17 month old) and > 20 months of age (20 month old) in Holstein heifers. Holstein heifers showed different easy calving score (ECS) depending on their ages; frequency of ECS 1 was 55.2%, 64.9%, 59.4% and 52.0% at 12, 15, 17 and 20 month of age, respectively. Frequency of ECS 4 was 5.2%, 1.8%, 6.3% and 4.8% at 12, 15, 17 and 20 month of age, respectively. The rates of retained placenta postparturition in first pregnancy age category was 12.3% at 12 months of age, 5.3% at 15 months of age, 9.4% at 17 months of age and 19.0% at 20 months of age. When It was evaluated by present results, the reproductive performance like easy calving score (ECS), retained placenta rates, and abortion and stillbirth rates of heifers which was inseminated at 14 months old or less and at 17 months old or more was reduced. Therefore, the first pregnancy age for optimum reproductive performance was 15-16 months.

The insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) is involved in the regulating effects and the biological activities of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). Recently, It has been reported that the IGFBP2 gene polymorphism was associated growth and skeletal development in chicken. This study was designed to investigate the association of the C1032T SNP of IGFBP2 gene with growth and egg production traits in Korean native chicken (KNC) population as well as other chicken breeds. A total of 225 chickens from the three breeds (Rhode Island Red, Cornish, Leghorn) and 245 chickens from the six strains of Korean native chickens including Black, Gray, Ogol, Red, White, and Yellow, were genotyped by PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restricted fragment length polymorphism) and analyzed the association between their genotypes and economic traits by SAS program. The results showed that the SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) was significantly associated with multiple traits, including body weight of 150 days (p<0.001 and p<0.05) in the Rhode Island Red and the KNC (White) and egg production number (p<0.05) in the KNC (Black) breed. These results suggest that IGFBP2 C1032T SNP could be used as a DNA marker for the improvement of economic traits in Korean native chicken breeding.

The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic and phenotypic parameters of litter size and birth weight traits in three Korean black goat lines (Dangjin, Jangsoo and Tongyung) raised at the Animal Genetic Resources Station (AGRS) of the National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS). A total of 1,861 records collected from 2001 to 2013 were used for analyses with single trait animal models. The average litter size of Dangjin line was the largest (1.72 kids) and the average birth weight of Jangsoo line was the heaviest (1.88 kg) among the three lines. Heritability estimates of litter size and birth weight were 0.07 and 0.26, respectively. The average breeding value of litter size and that of birth weight of Jangsoo line were the greatest of all three lines, 0.15 heads and 1.88 kg, respectively. The correlation coefficients between phenotypic values and breeding values of litter size in the lines of Dangjin, Jangsoo and Tongyung were 0.054, -0.031 and 0.131, respectively. The correlation coefficients between phenotypic values and breeding values of birth weight in the lines of Dangjin, Jangsoo and Tongyung were 0.570, 0.454 and 0.521, respectively. The phenotypic correlation and breeding value correlation between litter size and birth weight were 0.031 and 0.003 in Dangjin line, -0.038 and 0.094 in Jangsoo line, and 0.109 and 0.121 in Tongyung line, respectively. These data suggest that the genetic parameters estimated for litter size and birth weight in this study could be used to improve genetic potentials of Korean black goats in industrial level

Fruit peels are potential sources of proteases which can help to the proteins digestion and the encapsulation technique is widely used in food industry, which preserves active ingredients in food products by forming coating membrane. In the present study, the effect of addition of encapsulated fruit peels (kiwi, T1; pineapple, T2; pear, T3; fig, T4) on the quality stability of press ham was studied during refrigerated storage (1, 15 and 30 days). In the first experiment, the press ham was prepared with either encapsulated fruit peels or fruit peels powder (without encapsulation) and we observed that the press ham formulated with fruit peels powder showed a texture defect, but no change with encapsulated fruit peels probably due to the proteolytic activity of proteases were prevented by the encapsulation. In the second experiment, the press ham were made with 0.1% encapsulated fruit peels or normal press ham (control) and stored at different days as mentioned above. Our results revealed that T2 showed the highest moisture content, while the control had the highest fat content. The press hams made with all types of encapsulated fruit peels had significantly higher hardness value than the control throughout the storage. Additionally, higher taste, texture and acceptability scores were found in the press ham with encapsulated fruit peels than those in the control. Overall, it is suggested that the addition of encapsulated fruit peels into meat products may enhance the protein digestion and absorption during the digestive processes without the negative effect on texture and sensory traits.

Farm animal welfare means how a farm animal is living with the proper conditions. In modern society, farm animal welfare is essential for sustainable development and humane production of livestock. The initial concept of animal welfare was started from England based on five freedoms, and the animal welfare guideline of OIE (Office International des Epizooties) had become an international standard for animal welfare. OIE’s guideline dealing with transportation, disease prevention and appropriate veterinary treatment, shelter, management and nutrition, humane handling and humane slaughter of farm animal. For the settlement of farm animal welfare, it is necessary to introduce the animal welfare certification standards considering domestic situation, based on the guidelines of OIE standards. The purpose of this review was to; firstly, evaluate global status of farm animal welfare and secondly, suggest several plans for settlement of farm animal welfare in South Korea.

Food safety accidents like the occurrence of domestic animal diseases create an air of anxiety in consumers and increase their concerns about animal welfare. This study investigated consumer awareness of animal welfare livestock and attempted to look into the impacts of consumer awareness on the consumption of livestock product. It analyzed whether there was any difference in considerations of purchasing livestock products depending on awareness of animal welfare and consumption intention using Levene's equal variance test and independent sample t-test, and in order to inquire into the influence relationship of their considerations in purchasing livestock on animal welfare livestock product consumption intention, a binary logistic regression analysis was carried out. As a result of the analysis of consumer awareness, consumers were little aware of animal welfare while they were very interested in animal welfare and had the intent to consume livestock products produced following animal welfare. As a result of the analysis of the difference depending on the awareness and consumption intention of animal welfare using independent sample t-test, it turned out that there was no difference in considerations in purchasing livestock products between people who were aware of animal welfare and those who were not. In the difference depending on consumption intention, people who had the intent to consume animal welfare livestock products cared more than those who did not. Likewise, people who had the intent to consume animal welfare livestock products cared about the place of purchase, price, freshness, taste and quality more than those who were not. As a result of the binary logistic regression analysis of the two factors of internal property and external property of consideration in livestock products, it turned out that internal property only had impacts on consumption intention. Thus, considering the consumers' consciousness that they would like to be provided with safe livestock products relevant to items such as safety and reliability among their considerations in purchasing livestock products, the government and livestock industry should establish an appropriate marketing strategy for animal welfare livestock products

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is present in many vegetables and fruits, but not in dairy products. GABA is known to be beneficial for preventing neurological disorders and hypertension. The objective of this study was to measure the physicochemical changes, number of lactic acid bacteria, and GABA content in fermented goat milk containing rice (1%). The levels of pH and titratable acidity (TA) in each test samples were found to be pH 4.4∼4.5 and 0.74∼0.8%, respectively. The number of viable lactic acid bacteria between test samples ranged from 8.63 to 8.95 Log CFU/ml. Therefore, pH, TA, and number of viable cells in each test sample had no difference. Furthermore, the Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus SP5 (Lb. bulgaricus SP5) showed the highest GABA production in goat milk containing rice. Its maximum GABA yield was 3.4 mg/100 mL. The results suggest that GABA contents of fermented goat milk containing rice can be enriched using Lb. bulgaricus SP5.

The occurrence of mastitis in diary cattle has been caused by genetic, physiological, managemental and environment factors accounted for the highest percentage of worldwide disease in dairy cattle. The purpose of this study was to analyze the occurrences and causative bacteria of subclinical mastitis in milking cows and also examine the distribution of bacteria in milk by isolating and identifying bacteria both in whole milk and quarter milk. 31.4% of the milking cows suffered subclinical mastitis, and 9.5% had it in terms of quarter milk. According to the results of analyzing bacteria in quarter milk of which somatic cell count (SCC) was over 500 thousand, 15 kinds of bacteria were isolated, and among them, Pantoea spp. formed the biggest part as 15.8%. From whole milk, 37 kinds of bacteria were identified, and among them, Klebsiella oxytoca showed the highest identification rate as 30.1%. According to the results of bacteria analyzed from the quarter milk of entire milking cows, 52 kinds of bacteria were identified. Among them, 17 kinds of Staphylococci were isolated, and CNS (Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci) formed a large part as 44.9%. The findings of this study showed that various kinds of bacteria were isolated from cows having subclinical mastitis; therefore, when managing specifications about milking or such, dairy farm will have to take proper action like performing sanitary control or counting somatic cells regularly in order to do their best for reducing mastitis.