Structures of domestic nuclear power plants are designed to perform elastic behavior against beyond design earthquakes, but studies on the nonlinear behavior of structures have been insufficient since the beyond design earthquake. Accordingly, it is judged that it will be necessary to develop an evaluation method that considers the nonlinear behavioral characteristics to check the safety margin for a standard nuclear power plant structure. It is confirmed that the restoring force characteristics for each member level can be identified through the calculation formula, and the lateral stiffness for each story can also be easily calculated by JEAC 4601. In addition, as a result of applying the evaluation method of JEAC 4601 as a nonlinear restoring force model of the nuclear power plant, a certain degree of safety margin can be identified.

본 연구에서는 ultra performance liquid chromatography(UPLC)를 이용하여 진해만의 식물플랑크톤 생체량 및 군집구조의 시공간적 분포에 미치는 환경요인의 영향을 조사하였다. 이를 위해 2019년 4월에서 12월까지 총 5회에 걸쳐 7개 정점에 대한 식물플랑크톤 색소분석과 수온, 염분, 용존산소(DO), 영양염(DIN, DIP, Si(OH)4) 등의 환경요인 분석을 행하였다. 조사기간 중 식물플랑크톤의 생체량(Chl-a)은 7월 (평균 15.4±4.3 μg/L)에 가장 높았고, 12월(평균 3.5±0.6 μg/L)에 가장 낮았다. 보조색소의 경우 fucoxanthin이 가장 많이 검출되었고 그 다음으 로 peridinin, Chl-b 순으로 나타났으며, 이들의 월 변동은 Chl-a와 유사한 경향을 보였다. 식물플랑크톤 군집분석결과, 규조류가 평균 70 %로 가장 우점하였으나, 일부 녹조류, 은편모조류, 와편모조류가 출현하기도 하였다. 우점종인 규조류는 특히 수온 및 N:P ratio와 밀접하게 연관되어 있어서 여름철 고온환경 및 육상으로부터의 영양염 유입에 민감하게 반응하는 것으로 추론되었다. 또한 식물플랑크톤 색소 및 종조성은 전반적으로 계절에 따른 물리화학적 환경요인의 변화 및 지형적 특성과 연관되어 있으며 강우로 인한 담수 및 영양염 공급에 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 추정되었다.

본 연구는 농약 허용물질목록관리제도(PLS) 도입이 농산물 중 잔류농약 부적합에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지 확인 하기 위해 2018년부터 2020년까지 서울 강서지역에서 유통되는 농산물을 대상으로 잔류농약을 검사하였다. 농산물 8,081건을 대상으로 340종의 동시분석 농약에 대해 GCMS/ MS, GC-MSD, HPLC-MS/MS를 이용하여 분석하였고, 부적합 농산물은 2018년 67건(2.5%), 2019년 49건(1.9%), 2020년 39건(1.4%)으로 나타났다. PLS제도 도입 전과 도입 후의 잔류농약 부적합 증감효과를 알아보기 위해 카이 제곱 검정을 통한 교차분석 결과에서 χ2=8.383, P=0.015 (95% 신뢰수준)를 나타내어 PLS 제도 도입 후에 부적합률이 유의하게 감소함을 알 수 있었다.

Heatwaves are one of the most common phenomena originating from changes in the urban thermal environment. They are caused mainly by the evapotranspiration decrease of surface impermeable areas from increases in temperature and reflected heat, leading to a dry urban environment that can deteriorate aspects of everyday life. This study aimed to calculate daily maximum ground surface temperature affecting heatwaves, to quantify the effects of urban thermal environment control through water cycle restoration while validating its feasibility. The maximum surface temperature regression equation according to the impermeable area ratios of urban land cover types was derived. The estimated values from daily maximum ground surface temperature regression equation were compared with actual measured values to validate the calculation method’s feasibility. The land cover classification and derivation of specific parameters were conducted by classifying land cover into buildings, roads, rivers, and lands. Detailed parameters were classified by the river area ratio, land impermeable area ratio, and green area ratio of each land-cover type, with the exception of the rivers, to derive the maximum surface temperature regression equation of each land cover type. The regression equation feasibility assessment showed that the estimated maximum surface temperature values were within the level of significance. The maximum surface temperature decreased by 0.0450˚C when the green area ratio increased by 1% and increased by 0.0321˚C when the impermeable area ratio increased by 1%. It was determined that the surface reduction effect through increases in the green area ratio was 29% higher than the increasing effect of surface temperature due to the impermeable land ratio.

This study set up the estimates of leakage management efficiency evaluation and leakage management goal that could be used in local water distribution networks efficiency business and modernization business. The data were analyzed using data envelopment analysis and multiple regression analysis. To this end, with leakage management input indices concerning leakage reduction activities (e.g., aged pipe replacement, water meter replacement, leakage restoration, and leakage detection) and leakage management calculation indices (e.g., the increase of revenue water ratio and the reduction of leakage ratio), the data on 22 K-water consignment local water supply systems were analyzed for the years from 2004 through 2018. Using the results of efficiency analysis by data envelopment analysis, the other DMUs (Decision Making Unit) benchmarked the DMU with the highest efficiency to maximize the leakage management efficiency for all DMUs. Through this, leakage management goal estimates were drawn with the input indices of four leakage reduction activities and calculation indices of the increase of revenue water ratio and the reduction of leakage ratio by multiple regression analysis for each group based on the revenue water ratio and leakage ratio. The correlation coefficients of the leakage management goal estimate for the criteria for the revenue water ratio amounted to 0.553 and 0.771. The correlation coefficients of the leakage management goal estimate for the criteria for leakage ratio were 0.397 and 0.865. Accordingly, we estimated the quantity and priority of four leakage reduction activities for the target leakage ratio and revenue water ratio.

In this study, the high-temperature oxidation properties of austenitic 316L stainless steel manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is investigated and compared with conventional 316L manufactured by hot rolling (HR). The initial microstructure of LPBF-SS316L exhibits a molten pool ~100 μm in size and grains grown along the building direction. Isotropic grains (~35 μm) are detected in the HR-SS316L. In high-temperature oxidation tests performed at 700oC and 900oC, LPBF-SS316L demonstrates slightly superior high-temperature oxidation resistance compared to HR-SS316L. After the initial oxidation at 700oC, shown as an increase in weight, almost no further oxidation is observed for both materials. At 900oC, the oxidation weight displays a parabolic trend and both materials exhibit similar behavior. However, at 1100oC, LPBF-SS316L oxidizes in a parabolic manner, but HR-SS316L shows a breakaway oxidation behavior. The oxide layers of LPBF-SS316L and HR-SS316L are mainly composed of Cr2O3, Febased oxides, and spinel phases. In LPBF-SS316L, a uniform Cr depletion region is observed, whereas a Cr depletion region appears at the grain boundary in HR-SS316L. It is evident from the results that the microstructure and the hightemperature oxidation characteristics and behavior are related.

Worldwide, oral cancer accounts for 2%–4% of all cancer cases. It is estimated that more of 90% of all oral neoplasms are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aims of this study were to evaluate follow-up outcomes in patients with OSCC invading the mandibular body bone who underwent primary radical resection and reconstructive surgery by fibular free flap or CAD-CAM T-mesh with pathological study on two cases. In this article, two cases of mandibular reconstruction in patients with OSCC invading the mandibular body bone are reported. A 68-year-old male patient visited the authors’ clinic with pain on the left mandibular region. After wide excision and segmental mandibulectomy on the mandibular OSCC, a enterocutaneous fibular free flap from right leg was used to cover the intraoral mucosal defect. The other 51-year-old female patient visited the authors’ clinic with pain on the right mandibular region. After wide excision and segmental mandibulectomy on the mandibular OSCC, reconstruction was done with a reconstruction plate and a fibula free flap from right leg. Unfortunately, fibular free flap was lost due to infection of the flap at post-operative 1month, secondary reconstruction using a custom-made type T-mesh and iliac PCBM was done to repair on the mandibular defect after four years postoperatively. The customized CAD-CAM T-mesh was made prior to the operation according to mirror image of remained jaw. Patients with OSCC invading the mandibular body bone are required an accurate segmental mandibulectomy immediate reconstructive surgery with various methods and followed by adjuvant radiation with or without chemotherapy in order to improve the quality of life through the restoration of the oral function and esthetics after surgery. Postoperative CCRT was determined according to the final pathologic findings such as lymph node metastasis and main lesion free margin safety, and this has an essential relationship in the prognosis of postoperative recurrence. We reviewed reliable treatment options on two patients of OSCC in mandible with pathologic findings.Worldwide, oral cancer accounts for 2%–4% of all cancer cases. It is estimated that more of 90% of all oral neoplasms are oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aims of this study were to evaluate follow-up outcomes in patients with OSCC invading the mandibular body bone who underwent primary radical resection and reconstructive surgery by fibular free flap or CAD-CAM T-mesh with pathological study on two cases. In this article, two cases of mandibular reconstruction in patients with OSCC invading the mandibular body bone are reported. A 68-year-old male patient visited the authors’ clinic with pain on the left mandibular region. After wide excision and segmental mandibulectomy on the mandibular OSCC, a enterocutaneous fibular free flap from right leg was used to cover the intraoral mucosal defect. The other 51-year-old female patient visited the authors’ clinic with pain on the right mandibular region. After wide excision and segmental mandibulectomy on the mandibular OSCC, reconstruction was done with a reconstruction plate and a fibula free flap from right leg. Unfortunately, fibular free flap was lost due to infection of the flap at post-operative 1month, secondary reconstruction using a custom-made type T-mesh and iliac PCBM was done to repair on the mandibular defect after four years postoperatively. The customized CAD-CAM T-mesh was made prior to the operation according to mirror image of remained jaw. Patients with OSCC invading the mandibular body bone are required an accurate segmental mandibulectomy immediate reconstructive surgery with various methods and followed by adjuvant radiation with or without chemotherapy in order to improve the quality of life through the restoration of the oral function and esthetics after surgery. Postoperative CCRT was determined according to the final pathologic findings such as lymph node metastasis and main lesion free margin safety, and this has an essential relationship in the prognosis of postoperative recurrence. We reviewed reliable treatment options on two patients of OSCC in mandible with pathologic findings.

생물다양성협약 (1992년)과 나고야의정서 (2010년)의 체결 이후 우리나라는 한반도의 생물다양성 보전과 생물자원 확보를 위한 자생생물의 조사·발굴 연구에 박차를 가하였다. 이러한 계기로 2007년에 설립된 환경부 소속 국립 생물자원관의 주도로 “한반도 자생생물 조사·발굴 연구사업”이 진행되었다. 본 사업은 2006년 이후 현재까지 15년 동안 5단계 (1단계 2006~2008년, 2단계 2009~2011년, 3단계 2012~2014년, 4단계 2015~2017년, 5단계 2018~2020 년)로 나누어 진행되었다. 연구의 결과, 본 사업의 이전에 29,916종 (2006년)이던 한반도 자생생물이 본 사업의 각 단계가 마무리되는 시점에서 누계로 집계하여 볼 때, 1단계 33,253종 (2008년), 2단계 38,011종 (2011년), 3단계 42,756종 (2014년), 4단계 49,027종 (2017년), 그리고 5단계 54,428종 (2020년)으로 급속히 증가하여 본 사업 기간 동안 한반도 자생생물 기록종이 약 1.8배 증가하였다. 이 통계자료는 이 기간 동안 연평균 2,320종의 한반도 미기록종이 새로이 기록된 것을 보여준다. 또한 전체 발굴종 중에서 총 5,242 종의 신종을 기록하는 학술적 큰 성과를 거두었다. 분류군 별로는 총 연구 기간 동안 곤충 4,440종 (신종 988종 포함), 무척추동물 (곤충 제외) 4,333종 (신종 1,492종 포함), 척추 동물 (어류) 98종 (신종 9종 포함), 식물 (관속식물과 선태식물) 309종 (관속식물 176종, 선태식물 133종, 신종 39종 포함), 조류 (algae) 1,916종 (신종 178종 포함), 균류와 지의류 1,716종 (신종 309종 포함), 그리고 원핵생물 4,812종 (신종 2,226종 포함)이 한반도에서 새로이 기록되었다. 생물표본은 각 단계별로 집계하여 볼 때 1단계 247,226점 (2008년), 2단계 207,827점 (2011년), 3단계 287,133점 (2014년), 4단계 244,920점 (2017년), 그리고 5단계 144,333점 (2020년)이 수집되어 연평균 75,429점, 총 1,131,439점의 생물표본이 채집되었다. 그중에서 곤충 281,054점, 곤충 이 외의 무척추동물 194,667점, 척추동물 (어류) 40,100점, 식물 378,251점, 조류 (algae) 140,490점, 균류 61,695점, 그리고 원핵생물 35,182점이 채집되었다. 본 사업에 참여한 각 단계별 연구원/보조연구원 (주로 대학원생)의 수는 1단계 597/268명, 2단계 522/191명, 3단계 939/292명, 4단계 575/852명, 그리고 5단계 601/1,097 명으로 전체년도의 참여연구자는 연평균 395명, 총 연인원 약 5,000명이 참여하여 전국의 거의 모든 분류학자와 분류학 전공의 대학원생이 참여하였다. 본 사업 기간 동안 전문 학술지 논문 3,488편 (국내학술지 논문 2,320편, SCI급 국제 학술지 논문 1,168편 포함)이 출판되었다. 본 사업 기간 중 자생생물 조사·발굴 사업 및 생물표본 확보 사업에 투입된 예산은 총 833억원 (연평균 55억원)이다. 본 사업은 국가 주도의 대형 연구 프로젝트로서 전국의 거의 모든 분류학자가 참여하고 대규모 예산이 투입되어 단기간에 이루어 낸 한국식 압축성장의 한 성공 사례로 볼 수 있다. 본 사업의 종발굴 성과는 최근의 생물분류 체 계로 분류되어 국가생물종목록으로 만들어졌으며, 전문가와 학생 및 일반 시민에게 제공되고 있다 (https://species. nibr.go.kr/index.do). 본 사업에서 파생된 기재문, DNA 염기 서열, 서식처, 분포, 생태, 이미지, 멀티미디어 등 각 종의 정보는 디지털화되어 생물의 계통, 진화 연구 등 학문적 발전에 기여하였고, 기후변화에 따른 지표종의 변화 같은 생물 분포 모니터링 사업과 바이오산업의 생물소재를 탐색하는 기반이 되었다. 본 사업을 통하여 젊은 분류인력 (주로 대학 원생)의 양성을 지원할 수 있었던 것은 본 사업이 가져온 가장 의미 있는 성과라고 할 수 있다. 과거 15년간 숨 가쁘게 달려온 본 사업은 아직 진행 중이다. 그동안 발굴된 종 들에 대한 이명 (synonym)과 오동정 등을 바로잡아 학문적인 완성도를 높이고, 한반도에 존재하리라 예상되는 약 10만 종의 자생생물 중에서 남겨진 5만 종에 대한 조사·발굴 연구가 지속되어야 한다.

The railroad facilities are intended for long-term operation as the initial acquisition costs necessary for infrastructure construction are high. Therefore, regular maintenance of railroad facilities is essential, and furthermore, system reliability through systematic performance evaluation is required. In this study, the signal control system of railroad electrical equipment was selected as the subject of research and the performance evaluation target facility selection study was conducted using AHP. The results of the study can contribute to the reliability of the signal control system as well as to the reliability of the railroad system, which is a higher system.

느타리 1 kg 봉지재배를 통해 살균배지의 주요 화학성과 2주기까지의 버섯 수량간 관계를 분석한 결과, 버섯 수확량은 pH, 총질소 함량, CN율과 2차 함수식에서 매우 높은 상관을 보였다. pH는 4.9~5.0의 범위에서, 총 질소량은 2.0~2.2%에서, CN율은 20~22.5에서 가장 높은 수량성을 보였다. 1주기 버섯은 pH, 총질소량 및 CN율과 높은 상관을 보였고 2주기 버섯은 CN율 외에는 상관이 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 수량합계가 1주기 수량보다 3종의 화학성과의 관계에서 모두 더 높은 상관이 나타났다. 그리하여 본 연구에서 배지의 pH, 총질소 함량 및 CN율은 전 수확기간에 걸쳐서 버섯수량에 큰 영향을 미친다는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다.

본 연구는 거문도 해역에 자생하는 홍합의 수심별 분포 특성을 파악하고 공존 또는 경쟁하며 생활하는 주변 저서 생물상을 파악하고자 연구를 진행하였다. 홍합은 수심이 낮은 곳에서 밀도가 높고 비만도가 낮은 반면, 수심이 깊어질수록 밀도가 낮고 비만도가 높아지는 양상을 보이며, 형태적특성도 수심이 깊어질수록 증가하는 양상으로 나타났다. 이는 각장과 전중량의 상관관계식에서도 수심 2 m에 비하여 수심 12 m에서 높은 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 확인되어 수심에 따라 각장이나 각고의 성장 및 전중량에 영향을 미치는 것으로 파악되었다. 주변에 서식하는 저서생물 중 해조류는 홍합의 패각을 기질에 부착하여 서식하는 소형생물과 주변환경에 서식하는 대형생물로 구분할 수 있으며, 암반조하대의 서식특성으로 수심이 깊어질수록 광 량에 영향을 받아 밀도 및 생체량이 다소 감소하는 경향으로 분석되었다. 저서동물은 팔각따개비가 홍합의 패각과 주변 서식공간에 모두 분포하고, 굴의 경우는 함께 분포는 하고 있다. 그러나 수심 2 m 지점에서 굴이 우세한 지점에서 홍합이 다소 감소하는 경향을 보이며, 홍합이 우점하는 수심이 깊은 지점에서는 굴이 감소하는 경향으로 나타나 두 종 간의 공간경쟁에서 수심에 따른 영향을 보이는 것으로 파악되었다. 그 외 대형 해조류가 번성하는 지역의 경우, 홍합의 군집이 발달하지 않고 있어 대형해조류의 서식 유· 무에도 홍합의 생존이 영향을 받는 것으로 추정되었다

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the power ranking of mares on their offspring’s stereotypies and response behaviors against a restraining of their desire to eat. Nine horses (2-4 years old) - three offspring born from three Haflinger mares over 3 years - were assigned to three experimental groups (High, Middle, Low) divided by the power ranking of mares. Three mares had no oral or locomotor stereotypic behaviors, but the higher the power ranking of mares, the more diverse and longer the duration of the oral stereotypies of their offspring (p<0.05). Although the offspring born from the high-ranking mare vigorously continued oral stereotypies until 3-4 years of age, there were no individuals that progressed to chronic locomotor stereotypies such as crib-biting, weaving, and box-walking. With an increase in the power ranking of the mare, the response of her offspring to the restraining of the eating desire (measured in terms of the frequency of the oral and locomotor stereotypies) increased (p<0.05). In conclusion, the oral stereotypies shown in this study are characteristic behaviors that occur during the growth process. However, in the case of riding horses, the offspring of a high-power ranking mare and/or one that reacted excessively against restrains, may be better observed and treated in a stall to manage stereotypic behaviors and correct the behaviors at their initial stage.

Sodium intake has been associated with the health-related quality of life (HRQoL). This study examined the demographic factors related to HRQoL and whether there is an association between sodium intake and HRQoL in adults residing in rural areas. A total of 1,980 adults (aged ≥20 years) were selected from a cross-sectional study conducted between December 2013 and February 2014 in Gyeongju, South Korea. The sodium intake and HRQoL were measured using a validated food frequency questionnaire and the EuroQol Five-Dimension (EQ-5D) (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression), respectively. The education levels (<5 years) were inversely associated with all five dimensions of HRQoL. Men had better EQ-5D scores for each of the five components examined. Adults living with spouses had better scores related to usual activities and anxiety/depression, whereas widowers had decreased scores of mobility and self-care. Unlike older adults aged 70-79 years, adults aged <60 years were more likely to have greater scores related to mobility, usual activities, and pain/discomfort. The income levels were also inversely related to the scores for self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Sodium intake was positively associated with the HRQoL related to self-care, usual activities, and pain/discomfort, but it was negatively associated with anxiety/depression. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the demographic factors and sodium intake were independently associated with HRQoL. The results highlight the need to provide tailored, targeted policies and interventions that consider personal characteristics and dietary intake to improve the overall HRQoL in adults residing in rural areas.

본 연구에서는 PCR법을 이용하여 농산물 중 enterotoxin 생성 Clostridium perfringens를 신속 분석할 수 있도록 전처리법을 확립하고자 수행하였다. 이를 위하여 C. perfringens 포자를 상추, 토마토, 고추, 들깻잎에 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107 spore/g 농도로 포자를 접종하였다. 포자가 접종된 농산물들은 pulsifier, stomacher, sonicator로 처리하고 boiling법 혹은 상용화 된 kit로 DNA를 추출한 후 PCR법을 수행하고 검출한계를 비교하였다. 그 결과, 3가지 전처리법에 있어서는 pulsifier가, DNA 추출에 있어서는 상용화된 DNA 추출 kit를 활용하는 것이 농산물 중 C. perfringens의 검출한계를 10-100배 낮출 수 있었다. 특히 들깻잎, 방울토마토처럼 전처리 방법에 따른 탁도의 변화가 큰 농산물은 전처리법과 DNA 추출법이 PCR 반응에 미치는 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구 결과를 통해 볼 때 PCR법을 이용한 농산물 중 C. perfringens 를 검출하는데 있어 검출감도를 높이기 위해서는 pulsifier 를 이용하여 전처리하고 상용화된 DNA 추출 kit를 사용하는 것이 적절한 것으로 판단된다.

The noise environment was evaluated using the ISO recommended NR evaluation curve and PSIL (Preferred Sound Interference Level) in order to investigate the onboard educational environment according to the noise in the Motor Vessel Saehaerim, a fishing training ship under making way. As a result, NRNs were measured at 37-61 dB in accommodation areas, 44-56 dB in work areas, 37-57 dB in educational and conference areas, 83-103 dB in engine areas and 65.3 dB and 51.2 dB in the work and education areas respectively based on PSIL. The NRNs, which evaluated the cabin of the experimental ship according to the purpose, exceeded all of the indoor standard noise recommended by the ISO, and the PSIL had a generally short conversational distance within 0.25-2.3 m and 0.75-1.3 m for teaching and work areas.