In olefin/paraffin separation process, new technology such as membrane separation process has been ever demanding for both economic and environmental reasons. facilitated olefin transport membrane, containing positively charged silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by electron acceptor 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) as olefin carriers dispersed in poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), shows extremely high separation performance for propylene/propane mixtures. However, higher permeance is always demanding for practical applications. In this study, POSSs were added to PVP/Ag NPs/TCNQ membranes. Among various kinds of POSS, trisilanolisooctyl POSS showed higher permeance with a moderate selectivity. Therefore it is concluded that mesoporous POSS is an effective additive in improving the gas permeance.

막 증류법은 다양한 형태로 운전이 가능하며 각각의 운전의 경우에 따라 물 질전달 계수 및 열전달의 효율이 다르게 나타난다. 또한, 모듈 형태 뿐 아니라 배관의 크기와 배열의 영향을 많이 받게 되는데 원수의 쏠림 현상이 발생할 뿐 만 아니라 수투과도를 향상시킬 수 없는 단점이 있다. 이에 본 연구를 통해 처 리수 생산량을 극대화하고 비용(원자재, 에너지, 인건비)은 최소화할 수 있는 모듈 및 배열의 최적 조건을 도출하였다. 실험에 사용된 분리막은 (주)에코니티에서 제조되었으며 사용된 원수는 염화나트륨 3.5%, VMD (Vacuum Membrane Distillation) 방식으로 실험을 실시하였다.

Unloading operation by the unloader is dependent on the experience of the operator in the cabin. If the operator receives information about the unloading situation in the process of lifting the bucket, it is possible to prevent the collision of the bucket with the ship structure. In recent years, numerous measurement systems have become available on the market for three-dimensional surveying of objects, but they are very expensive. This study presents a high quality, low cost 3D laser scanning system designed for object recognition. The developed 3D laser scanning system is built on the base of a 2D laser sensor by the extension with a servo motor and a rotation module. In order to evaluate performance of the developed 3D laser scanning system, the developed system was applied to scan a shape of hatch and cargo holder on a cargo ship. Experimental results showed that to obtain a 3D scanning data for the area around the hatch and cargo holder.

본 연구는 제 3차 전국자연환경조사 결과를 토대로 흰물떼새(Charadrius alexandrinus)의 시·공간적 분포현황과 흰물떼새가 선호하는 서식지 유형을 분석하였다. 2006년부터 2012년까지 흰물떼새는 전국 824 도엽 중 97개 도엽 (약 11.8%)에서 기록되었고 주로 서해안과 남해안의 해안선을 따라 집중 분포하였다. 또한, 일부 동해안과 내륙의 주요 강(한강, 금강, 낙동강, 섬진강, 영산강) 주변, 제주도의 동쪽과 서쪽 해안선 일대와 대청도에서 관찰되었다. 주요 관찰된 시기는 봄철 이동시기와 번식기, 가을철 이동시기이며 환경부 중분류 토지피복 분석 결과 수역과 습지의 넓이가 흰물떼새의 서식에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 환경부 세분류 토지피복의 연안습지 면적 분석 결과 흰물떼새가 관찰된 도엽의 대부분(약 90%)에는 연안습지가 형성되어 있었고, 연안습지의 형성여부가 흰물떼새의 분포에 통계적으로 유의 한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 흰물떼새는 서식지의 변화에 따라 번식지를 이동하며, 서식지 환경변화에 민감한 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 흰물떼새는 생물지표 기준으로서 연안습지 지역의 서식지 환경의 변화와 관련이 있고 시기별 개체수 산정이 가능하기 때문에 우리나라 조간대 연안의 생태적 가치를 판단하는 지표종으로 활용할 만한 가치가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

In this study the structural performance of new composite column to composite beam connection was evaluated by cyclic tests. It is designed to be applied to various types of through type system to the bottom plate to view synthesis composite beam. A composite column is composed of a RC type column reinforced by steel angles which the end bends in each edge corners of column. also, A composite beam is composed of trussed type’s web, a bottom steel plate and reinforced by steel angles which the end bends in each edge corners of beam. 4 cyclic tests of the clarified structural performance of the connections are performed. All specimens that is apply reinforced concrete beam-column joints based on KBC2009 criteria was performed by cyclic test of column to beam. All specimens were exposed to be satisfied with the required ultimate strength.

맥류에서 발생되는 붉은곰팡이병균(Fusarium)의 제2차 대사산물인 deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), zearalenone (ZEA) 등과 같은 곰팡이 독소는 수확후 처리과정에서 소멸되는 경우도 있지만 이미 생성된 독소들은 농산물에 잔류 하게 된다. 발암물질로 알려진 곰팡이독소는 열에 안정적인 특성으로 인해 조리 및 가공 후에도 분해되지 않기 때문 에 오염된 농산물이나 식품을 사전에 선별하여 폐기하는 것이 중요하다. 기존 곰팡이독소 검출을 위해 사용되는 방법 으로는 Thin layer chromatography (TLC)법과 HPLC법이 있으며 최근 aflatoxin 등을 비롯한 주요 곰팡이독소 분석용으 로 효소면역분석법(ELISA)이 도입되고 있다. 이러한 화학분석법의 경우에 정확성은 높지만 분석에 대한 전체적인 과 정을 수행하기 위해서는 고가의 장비와 전문 인력이 요구되고 있으며 최종 결과를 획득하기 위해서 장시간이 소요되 는 단점이 있으며 다량의 시료를 분석하기에는 한계가 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 근적외선 분광 기술을 적용하여 곰팡이독소(DON)에 오염된 겉보리 시료와 정상시료를 신속하게 판별하기 위해 수행되었다. 겉보리 시료에 적용된 곰 팡이독소(DON)의 농도는 0, 1, 10, 100 ppm으로 하였으며 용매는 물을 이용하였고 1, 12, 24시간 동안 초음파, 진탕, 정치의 3가지 방법을 이용하여 독소를 침투시켰다. 각각의 처리조건별로 15립의 겉보리 시료를 조제하였으며 파장대 역이 1,175~2,170 nm 분광센서를 이용하여 3회 반복 측정하였다. 오염됨 시료와 정상시료를 판별하기 위해서 PLS-DA (Partial least square discrimination analysis) 모델을 개발하였으며 물에 정치하여 조제한 100 ppm 곰팡이독소 감염 겉보리 시료와 정상 시료에 있어서 정상에 대한 판별율은 100%였으나 감염 시료에 대한 판별율은 34.6%로서 저 조하였다.

붉은곰팡이병균(Fusarium)은 맥류의 출수기에 많은 비가 내려 습도가 높거나 기온이 10~25℃ 환경 조건에서 병원균 이 급속하게 증식되어 발생 빈도가 증가하게 되는 특징이 있다. 이러한 붉은곰팡이병균에 감염된 피해 이삭은 껍질이 갈색으로 변색되고 분생포자 형태의 붉은색 곰팡이로 뒤덮이게 된다. 붉은곰팡이병균에 감염된 곡물은 수량이 감소되 고 품질이 저하되어 경제적 손실을 일으키게 되어 이를 사전에 신속하게 판별할 수 있는 기술 개발이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 붉은곰팡이병균에 감염된 겉보리 시료와 정상 겉보리 시료를 가시광선 및 근적외선(visible and near-infrared; VNIR) 초분광 영상 시스템을 이용하여 비파괴적이고 신속하게 판별하기 위해 수행되었다. 붉은곰팡이병균에 감염된 겉보리 시료는 총 298립이고 대조군(control)로 사용한 정상 겉보리 시료는 총 127립을 사용하였다. VNIR 초분광 영상 시스템은 파장대역이 403~998 nm이고 시스템의 구성은 EMCCD 카메라, 영상분광기(imaging spectrograph), 할로겐 램 프, C 마운트 렌즈, 시료대 등으로 구성되었다. 모든 시료는 종구(groove)를 기준으로 앞면과 뒷면을 구분하여 측정하였 으며 획득한 초분광 영상은 배경을 제거하여 겉보리 시료에 대한 관심영역(ROI)을 추출하였다. 정상 및 감염 시료를 판별하기 위한 최적 파장대역의 선발은 분산분석(ANOVA)을 적용하였으며 선발된 최적 파장 대역은 문턱값을 이용하 여 이치화 영상으로 변환하여 오염 겉보리 검출에 대한 판별률을 계산하였다. VNIR 초분광 영상 시스템을 이용하여 붉은곰팡이병균에 감염된 다수의 겉보리 시료를 비파괴적이고 신속하게 검출할 수 있는 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

마늘에 발생하는 마늘혹응애(Aceria tulipae(Keifer))(Acari: Eriophyoidae)는 마늘 수확 후 저장중 인편을 주로 가해하지만 재배생육 중에도 잎을 가해하여 생육을 저해한다. 마늘의 파종부터 수확까지 지속적으로 피해를 입히는 해충으로 판단되어 시기별 약제처리방법을 달리하여 약제 방제효과를 조사하였다. 마늘 종구방제를 위한 침지처리에서는 Emamectin benzoate가 침지처리 1, 3시간 모두에서 가장 높은 방제효과를 나타내었으며, 파종전 토양입제처리 방법에서는 마늘 수확 후 마늘혹응애 밀도를 조사한 결과 1/2량 처리구에서 Bifenthrin+Terbufos 합제와 Phorate가 높은 방제효과를 나타내었다. 마늘의 생육중 경엽처리 방법에서는 유기인계 계통인 Fenitrothion은 100%의 방제효과를 보였고, 그 다음으로 아바멕틴, 에마멕틴벤조에이트, 밀베멕틴에서 99% 이상의 방제효과를 보였다. Abamectin과 Fenitrothion에서 높은 방제효과를 나타내었 다. 경엽처리결과 가장 높은 방제효과를 나타낸 Fenitrothion의 시기별 약제처리하였을 때 4월 중순과 하순에 처리시 한 인편당 0.2±0.41마리의 매우 낮은 밀도가 조사되었다.

PURPOSES : The aim of this study was to compare the performance of the QUEENSOD method and the gravity model in estimating Origin-Destination (O/D) tables for a large-sized microscopic traffic simulation network. METHODS : In this study, an expressway network was simulated using the microscopic traffic simulation model, VISSIM. The gravity model and QUEENSOD method were used to estimate the O/D pairs between internal and between external zones. RESULTS: After obtaining estimations of the O/D table by using both the gravity model and the QUEENSOD method, the value of the root mean square error (RMSE) for O/D pairs between internal zones were compared. For the gravity model and the QUEENSOD method, the RMSE obtained were 386.0 and 241.2, respectively. The O/D tables estimated using both methods were then entered into the VISSIM networks and calibrated with measured travel time. The resulting estimated travel times were then compared. For the gravity model and the QUEENSOD method, the estimated travel times showed 1.16% and 0.45% deviation from the surveyed travel time, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : In building a large-sized microscopic traffic simulation network, an O/D matrix is essential in order to produce reliable analysis results. When link counts from diverse ITS facilities are available, the QUEENSOD method outperforms the gravity model.

본 연구는 비가림하우스 재배에서 정식시기가 여주의 생육 및 과실 수량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 여주의 정식시기는 각각 6월, 7월, 8월에 정식하는 3처리로 하였으며, 품종은 ‘드레곤’을 이용하여 재배하였다. 여주의 유인방법은 원줄기를 적심처리하고 아들줄기를 4개로 유인하여 재배하였다. 여주 식물체의 생육조사 결과 절간장은 정식시기에 따른 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 그러나 여주 식물체의 지제부 경경은 정식시기에 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 또한, 여주의 정식시기는 과실의 수량과 수확개수 증가에 효과적이었다. 과실의 상품과 수량은 6월 정식처리구에서 6,439kg/10a으로 가장 많았으며, 반면 8월 정식처리구에서 870kg/10a으로 가장 적었다. 과실의 상품과 수확개수도 6월 정식처리구에서 8월 정식처리구에 비하여 유의성 있게 증가하였다. 그러나, 과실의 과장과 과경은 정식시기에 따른 유의한 차이가 없었다. 따라서, 여주의 적정 정식시기는 6월에 정식하는 방법이 가장 적합하였다.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of mathematical transformation on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations for the prediction of chemical composition and fermentation parameters in corn silage. Corn silage samples (n=407) were collected from cattle farms and feed companies in Korea between 2014 and 2015. Samples of silage were scanned at 1 nm intervals over the wavelength range of 680~2,500 nm. The optical data were recorded as log 1/Reflectance (log 1/R) and scanned in intact fresh condition. The spectral data were regressed against a range of chemical parameters using partial least squares (PLS) multivariate analysis in conjunction with several spectral math treatments to reduce the effect of extraneous noise. The optimum calibrations were selected based on the highest coefficients of determination in cross validation (R2 cv) and the lowest standard error of cross validation (SECV). Results of this study revealed that the NIRS method could be used to predict chemical constituents accurately (correlation coefficient of cross validation, R2 cv, ranging from 0.77 to 0.91). The best mathematical treatment for moisture and crude protein (CP) was first-order derivatives (1, 16, 16, and 1, 4, 4), whereas the best mathematical treatment for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was 2, 16, 16. The calibration models for fermentation parameters had lower predictive accuracy than chemical constituents. However, pH and lactic acids were predicted with considerable accuracy (R2 cv 0.74 to 0.77). The best mathematical treatment for them was 1, 8, 8 and 2, 16, 16, respectively. Results of this experiment demonstrate that it is possible to use NIRS method to predict the chemical composition and fermentation quality of fresh corn silages as a routine analysis method for feeding value evaluation to give advice to farmers.

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of moisture content on the physical and chemical characteristics of Italian ryegrass cube. Cube quality according to moisture contents (15, 20, 25, and 30%) was determined. Cubes made with 15 to 20% moisture showed a little cracks. But, the amount of powder generate from these cubes were lower by 10 to 16% compared to other cubes made with 25 to 30% moisture contents. The highest hardness at 159 kg/f was obtained when the cube was made with 15% moisture content and the lowest was 70 kg/f when the cube was made with 30% moisture content. The electrical loading and surface temperature were increased when moisture content was decreased. The chemical compositions of cube were differ from those of raw materials. Crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) contents were increased after cubing works. However, crude fiber (CF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents were decreased after cubing. The crude ash content was not significantly (p > 0.05) different between raw material and cube. Higher moisture content resulted in higher crude protein content. However, crude fiber and crude ash content were not significantly (p > 0.05) different between each other. The contents of ADF and NDF were the lowest in cubes made with 30% moisture content. Our results suggest that the proper moisture content of Italian ryegrass cubing is recommended to be 15 to 20% and that cubing works should help increase forage quality.

The present study was carried out to explore the potential effects of novel lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus penticeous KCC-23 (KCC-23) and Lactobacillus plantarum KCC-24 (KCC-24) on rye haylage fermentation at National Institute of Animal Science, Cheonan province in Korea. The experiment contains three different groups such as control without lactic acid bacteria, rye haylage with KCC-23 and rye haylage KCC-24. After experimental periods, the content of crude protein, acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), the activity of total digestible nutrient (TDN) and In-vitro digestibility (IVD) was similar in control and LAB treated haylage (p<0.05). The pH was reduced in KCC-23 and KCC-24 treated rye haylage as compared to control (p<0.05). The lactic acid concentration in haylages was increased by L. plantarum KCC-23, and KCC-24 supplement. Whereas, the less amount of acetic acid and butyric acid was noted in KCC-23 and KCC-24 treated haylage as compared with control (p<0.05). The KCC-23 and KCC-24 were dominantly grown in experimental haylage as compared with control. It indicates, the addition of KCC-23, and KCC-24 enhances fermentation quality of haylages as compared control. The present study suggests that KCC-23 and KCC-24 are potent strains that were improving the fermentation process in rye haylage

The growth of Italian ryegrass (IRG) after wintering was very low in 2015 when IRG was broadcasted under growing rice in fall of 2014. To determine growth inhibitory factors of IRG, we examined the growth conditions of IRG in Nonsan region and meteorological conditions in Daejeon nearby Nonsan. Minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. 8th and 9th of 2015 after wintering of IRG were 8.8℃, 10.7 m/s and 12.4℃, 9.6m/s, respectively. Air temperature was suddenly dropped due to strong wind with snow showers, which had unfavorable effect on root growth of IRG exposed at the soil surface. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. 12th, 13th, and 14th of 2015 were 4.1℃, 11.6 m/s, － 5.6℃, 10.3 m/s, and －4.7℃, 7.5 m/s, respectively. The growth circumstance of IRG was not good because soil was dried due to drought continued from January. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. 26th, 27th, and 28th of 2015 were 1.8℃, 13.7 m/s, －3.5℃, 10.6 m/s, and 4.1℃, 6.8 m/s, respectively. The number of wilting of IRG was more than 59% until Mar. 3rd of 2015. IRG faced irreparable environment (low minimum temperatures and extreme instantaneous wind speeds) for 9 days from Mar. 4th to Mar. 12th of 2015. The main reason for the decrease of IRG productivity was collection delay of rice straw after rice harvest because there was continuous rain between Oct. and Nov. of 2014. For this reason, weakly grown IRG under rice straw was withered after wintering. IRG was withered by frost heaving, drought, and instantaneous wind speed in the spring. Furthermore, the root of IRG was damaged while growing in excess moisture in the surface of paddy soil during the winter season due to rain.

This study was aimed to investigate the elevational and seasonal variation of moth diversity of Mt. Baegun-san, Gwangyang-city, Jeonnam. Moth collecting was carried out using a UV light trap at three different elevational sites from September to October 2014 and from April to October 2015 (9 times) except winter. A total of 288 moth species and 1,444 individuals in 15 families were identified. Geometridae (97 species and 740 individuals) were the most dominant in the numbers of species and individuals, followed by Noctuidae (62 species, 193 individuals), Erebidae (52 species, 177 individuals) and Notodontidae (16 species, 111 individuals). Elevational change showed that the lower elevation, the higher number of species and individuals. Seasonal change of numbers of species and individuals showed the M-shaped pattern with June and August peaks. Compared to the previous records from historical literatures, 197 species were newly added and the total moth species richness of Mt. Baegun-san comprised 449 species in 20 families. The Chao 2 estimated number of species using the observed species including unpublished data set was 1,530 species that comprised about 43% of the Korean Lepidopteran fauna. This large number of estimated species requested the more extensive and long-term survey for better understanding of the total moth fauna in this area.

Cymbidium kanran Makino is being threatened in its own habitats due illegal collecting and habitat changes by vegetation growth along historical landuse change. In this study, we established habitat restoration model for conservation of C. kanran based on ecological diagnosis. Through exploration to Jeju Island in 2014 and 2015, we identified 27 unknown habitats of C. kanran and in there, abiotic variables and vegetation structure and composition were quantified. Altitudinal distribution of C. kanran was between 200 m ~700 m a.s.l. and compared to distribution in 2004, Area of Occupation (AOO) decreased at 82%. Specific habitat affinity was not observed by evenly found in mountain slope and valley and summergreen and evergreen broadleaved forests, but likely more abundant in valley habitats with higher soil and ambient moisture. Total of 96 individual of C. kanran was observed with an average density of 942.6 individuals ha-1. The plants showed relatively short leaf length (average=10.7 cm±1.1 cm) and small number of pseudo bulbs (1.2±0.2). Flowering and fruiting individuals were not observed in field. C. kanran was classified into endangered plant species as CR (Critically Endangered) category by IUCN criteria. Phenotypic plasticity of C. kanran was likely support to sustain in more shaded habitat environment and recent habatat changes to closed canopy and low light availability may exhibit negatively effects to C. kanran’s life history. Restoring C. kanran habitat should create open environment as grassland and low woody species density.