Ultrasonographic examination was performed to observe the ultrasonographic image of Korean native cows' normal uterus in condition of in vitro and in vivo. The experiment was done 28 slaughtered cows' uterus using immersed in water in vitro, and 41 healthy breeding cows taken rectal ultrasonography in vivo. Ultrasonographic examination of uterine was taken on the reference of cross section of intercornual ligaments' cranial. Each uterus on the experiments was compared by estrous cycle and ultrasonographic frequency. The uterine structure using ultrasonography was 5 layers of uterine horn in vivo as well as in vitro. Uterine horn was observed to be distinguished from inside to outside as endometrium to inner echogenic layer, circular muscle layer to slightly echogenic elliptical layer, stratum vasculare to central echogenic layer, longitudinal muscle layer to slightly echogenic arched layer, and perimetrium to outer echogenic layer, respectively. According to the observation of uterus related to estrous cycle and ultrasonographic examination, uterine endometrium in vitro was constantly founded irrespective of estrous cycle and ultrasonographic frequency. On the low frequency, endometrium and circular muscle layer in estrus were prone to distinguished than in diestrus. On the high frequency, endometrium and circular muscle layer were always distinguished regardless of estrous cycle. In vivo, uterine endometrium and circular muscle layer were observed regardless of estrus and ultrasonographic frequency. On the low frequency, stratum vasculare and longitudinal muscle layer were not likely to be distinguished in diestrus, but estrus. On the high frequency, stratum vasculare and longitudinal muscle layer were observed regardless of estrous cycle. Also, every uterine structure was easily distinguished on high frequency than low frequency owing to precision of distinction in layers. The difference of results followed by the experiments conditions between in vitro and in vivo was that uterine endometrium and circular muscle layer in diestrus in vitro were difficult to be distinguished and uterine lumen was observed during whole estrous cycle. In vivo, It was founded that the distinction of stratum vasculare and logitudinal muscle layer in diestrus was complicated and uterine lumen was observed during only estrus. In view of the result so far achieved, normal uterine structure divided in 5 layers on ultrasonography was accorded with microscopic organization, uterine structure was likely to be observed during estrus than diestrus, high frequency checkup than low frequency, and uterine endometrium, circular muscle, stratum vasculare was easily observed regardless of estrous cycle and ultrasonographic frequency.

Serial ultrasonography was conducted on Miniature Schnauzer bitches, on purpose to observe the ultrasonographic appearance of normal ovaries and ovarian structures during the estrous cycle. The size of ovaries was increased from on Day-12 (Day-0=ovulation day) to on Day-8 and there was no significantly different between both ovaries. The ovaries were recognized by its proximity to the caudal renal pole and appeared moderately echogenic oval shape with a smooth contour. The size of follicles was increased from on Day-12 to on Day-0 and there was no significantly different between both ovaries. The number of follicles was increased from on Day-12 to on Day-0 and there was no significantly different between both ovaries. The follicles were small anechoic fluid-filled structures in early of proestrus, more increased, and indistinguished from each follicles in late of proestrus. The size of corpora lutea was increased from on Day-0 to on Day-8 and there was no significantly different between both ovaries. The number of corpora lutea was increased from on Day-0 to on Day-38 and there was no significantly different between both ovaries. The corpora lutea were small anechoic cavity and thin hyperechoic wall in early of diestrus, became more hyperechoic, and increased homogenous structures. The results of this study would be useful for differential diagnosis between normal and abnormal structures of ovaries.

광해의 정도를 알아보기 위해 서울대 사범대학 주변 밤하늘의 밝기를 측정하였다. 표준성을 이용하여 고도에 따른 소광 계수 및 영점 상수를 구한 결과, 2009년 1월 28일에는 소광계수가 kB=0.359, 영점상수는 CB=4.397이 었고, 2009년 3월 27일에는 소광계수가 kB=0.896, kV=0.725, 영점상수는 CB=6.235, CV=6.027이었다. 밤하늘의 밝기는 동, 서, 남, 북 네 방위에 대해 고도 20˚, 40˚, 60˚, 75˚, 90˚에서 측정하였다. IRAF를 사용하여 전처리하고 측광한 결과, 1월 28일의 시상은 평균 5.1"였고 3월 27일은 5.7"이었다. 밤하늘의 등급은 방위 및 고도에 따라 16≤mV, mB≤18이었다. 도심 방향의 밤하늘 밝기는 어두운 지역에 비해 2-4정도 밝게 나타났다. 이러한 관측 조건에서 구경 40cm인 망원경을 통해 육안으로 관측할 수 있는 한계 등급은 밤하늘의 밝기 정도에 따라 대략 11-13등급이다. 1월과 3월의 밤하늘 밝기를 비교해 본 결과, B필터에서 1월이 3월에 비해 1등급 정도 어두운 것으로 나타났다.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Takju lees hot water extracts on the blood pressure in spontaneously hypertension rats (SHR). Twenty eight male SHR were grouped by their blood pressure and fed a control diet or experimental diets containing 1% (G1), 2% (G2), or 4% (G4) Takju lees extracts for 4 weeks. Food intake was not significantly different among the groups. However, body weight gain was significantly lower in groups fed the Takju lees extract than the control group. The systolic blood pressure was significantly lower in the Takju lees extract containing groups (especially in G4 group) than the control groups. In addition, mean blood pressure {(systolic+dyastolic)/2} decreased with an increase in the amount of Takju lees extract in the diet and feeding period. Takju lees extract decreased angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) activity in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the Takju lees extract exert an antihypertensive effect by decreasing ACE activity.

We investigated the effect of Takju lees extract on blood glucose levels in the db/db mice (a murine model of type 2 diabetes mellitus). We fed 40 male db/db mice a control diet (G0, AIN93G) and experimental diets containing 1% (G1), 2% (G2), or 4% (G4) Takju lees extract for 4 weeks. We found no difference in food intake and body weight gain among the animal groups. In the G1 and G2 groups, plasma glucose levels decreased significantly between Days 10 and 21 compared with the G0 group. However, we found no difference in plasma glucose levels between groups G4 and G0. The change in insulin concentrations was not significant among these animal groups, and we found no significant difference in glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) expression in the soleus muscle. These results suggest that the Takju lees extract has a beneficial effect in animals with type 2 diabetes.

딸기 재배용 온실 내 재배 벤치에서 생산량을 높이기 위하여 벤치 주위에서 이산화탄소를 공급하는 경우 환기 등에 의한 풍속으로 인하여 작물 주변의 적정가스 농도가 유지되지 못하는 현상이 발생한다. 본 연구에서는 이산화탄소를 보존시키고자 벤치 주변에 방풍막을 설치하는 방안에 대하여 분석하였다. 온실 내 벤치와 방풍막을 2차원 CFD 시뮬레이션으로 모델링하고 온실 내 공기의 풍속과 이산화탄소의 공급을 구현하여 보존되는 이산화탄소의 농도 분포를 살펴보았다. 또한 이를 통하여 설계한 온실의 환경조건에서의 적정한 방풍막 설치 높이를 제안하고자 하였다. 시뮬레이션에서 구현한 온실 내 풍속조건은 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 m/s이고, 방풍막의 높이는 미설치, 0.15, 0.30 m이고, 각 조건에서의 이산화탄소 농도를 측정하였다. 설계상의 편의와 시뮬레이션의 간소화를 위하여 벤치위의 작물은 없는 것으로 가정하였다. 일반적인 온실 내의 풍속 조건은 1.0 m/s로, 시뮬레이션 결과 이 때 벤치 위에서의 평균 이산화탄소 농도는 방풍막 미설치 시 420 ppm, 방풍막 설치 높이 0.15 m일 때 580 ppm, 0.30 m일 때 653 ppm으로 나타났다 딸기의 최대 생산량을 위한 적정 생육 이산화탄소 농도가 600~800ppm 정도인 것을 고려하여, 이와 같은 환경조건에서의 방풍막의 설치 높이는 0.30m가 적당할 것으로 판단하였으나 이산화탄소 공급조건, 작물의 배치 등의 조건변화에 따른 상황에서의 연구가 추가적으로 수행되어야 할 것이다. 이처럼 방풍막의 설치가 온실 내에 시비한 이산화탄소를 작물 주변에 머무르게 하는 효과가 상당함을 알 수 있었으며, 설계한 환경조건에서 작물별로 적정한 수준의 이산화탄소량이 공급되고 있는지를 판단하기 위하여 CFD 기술이 이용될 수가 있음을 보였다.

Crack-free joining of Si3N4 and Al2O3 using 15 layers has been achieved by a unique approach introducing Sialon polytypoids as a functionally graded materials (FGMs) bonding layer. In the past, hot press sintering of multilayered FGMs with 20 layers of thickness 500μm each has been fabricated successfully. In this study, the number of layers for FGM was reduced to 15 layers from 20 layers for optimization. For fabrication, model was hot pressed at 38 MPa while heating up to 1700˚, and it was cooled at 2˚/min to minimize residual stress during sintering. Initially, FGM with 15 layers had cracks near 90 wt.% 12H / 10 wt.% Al2O3 and 90 wt.% 12H/10 wt.% Si3N4 layers. To solve this problem, FEM (finite element method) program based on the maximum tensile stress theory was applied to design optimized FGM layers of crack free joint. The sample is 3-dimensional cylindrical shape where this has been transformed to 2-dimensional axisymmetric mode. Based on the simulation, crack-free FGM sample was obtained by designing axial, hoop and radial stresses less than tensile strength values across all the layers of FGM. Therefore, we were able to predict and prevent the damage by calculating its thermal stress using its elastic modulus and coefficient of thermal expansion. Such analyses are especially useful for FGM samples where the residual stresses are very difficult to measure experimentally.

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were performed to establish a prediction table of parturition date in pregnant Maltese, Yorkshire Terrier, Shih-tzu and Miniature Schnauzer bitches. The inner chorionic cavity diameter and fetal head diameter in 45 pregnant bitches were converted retrospectively based on the day of parturition. The data of inner chorionic cavity diameter obtained from Day-44 to Day-25 and fetal head diameter obtained from Day-25 to Day-1 were used to compile a equations of prediction of parturition date. The 70 pregnant bitches with unknown mating time were examined to assess an accuracy of the equations established in this study. And these results were applied to the prediction of parturition date and compared to actual parturition date. The accuracy for parturition date within 0, 1, and 2 days interval using the equations of prediction of parturition date were 64.3%, 22.8% and 12.8%, respectively. The overall accuracy of prediction table of parturition day based on the ICCD and HD was 100% accurate within 2 days. Therefore, the prediction table seems to be a useful tool of the prediction of parturition day in practice.

Serial ultrasonographic examinations were daily performed from 15 days after ovulation until parturition to determine the growth curve of gestational structures in pregnant Maltese, Yorkshire terrier, Shih-tzu, and Miniature Schnauzer bitches, respectively. Gestational age was timed from the day of ovulation (day 0), which was estimated to occur when plasma progesterone concentration was first increased above 4.0 ng/ml. The inner chorionic cavity diameter were significantly and linearly relative to gestational age especially days 20 to 40, and the fetal head diameter were significantly and linearly relative to gestational age especial1y day 40 to parturition. These results indicate that inner chorionic cavity diameter were the most accurate for estimating gestational age before day 38 of gestation and the fetal head diameter were after day 38 of gestation.

표고, 느타리, 양송이, 팽이등 버섯의 종류에 관계없이 발생되고 있는 푸른곰팡이병은 그린몰드(green mold)가 그원인으로 알려져 있으며 이들의 피해는 심각하다. 푸른 곰팡이병을 일으키는 곰팡이로는 Trichoderma, Gliocladium, Aspergillus, Penicillum 등이 현재 알려져 있다. 푸른곰팡 이 병원균은 균사생장 시 균상에 발생하여 버섯균의 균사 생장을 방해하거나 기생하여 버섯균사를 사멸시키며, 버 섯수확기에 병해를 발생시키고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 버 섯의 수확을 저하시키는 Trichoderma를 억제하기 위하 여 수목추출물 2종을 혼합한 다음 그 효능을 평가하였다. Trichoderma에 대하여 항균력을 나타내는 유효 화합 물질을 확인하기 위하여 GC/MS를 이용하여 편백 휘발성 추출물을 분석한 결과, 50개의 테르펜계 화합물이 존재한 다는 것을 확인하였고 대부분의 물질이 동정되었다. 편백 휘발성 추출물의 주요 화학적 조성은 모노테르펜류인 sabinene 11.62%, limonene 4.31%, isobornyl acetate 6.23%, α-terpinyl acetate 11.75%였으며, 세스퀴테르 펜류로 elemol 11.08%, β-eudesmol 4.02%, epibicyclosesquiphellandrene 4.18%가 나타났다. 소나무와 편백 추출물의 혼합비율 10 : 1(g/g) 제제는 T. aggressivum에서 20.4%, T. atroviride에서 14.0%, T. harzianum에서 32.0%, T. koningii에서 26.8%, T. viride에서 19.0%의 항균활성을 나타냈다. Trichoderma 균주는 편백 추출물의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 항균활성 이 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. Trichoderma 균주는 편백 추출물보다는 소나무 열수추출물에 대하여 영향을 받았다.

푸른 곰팡이병을 일으키는 병원균은 매우 다양하며, 현 재까지 밝혀진 병원균은 Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium spp., Penicillium spp. 그리고 Aspergillus spp.로 이 중에서 Trichoderma spp.는 자낭균류에 속하는 Hypocrea spp.의 무성세대로서 발생빈도가 가장 높은 것으로 알려져 있다. 버섯의 병해 중에서 가장 방제가 어렵고 버섯의 발생 및 수확에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 대표적인 병의 하나인 푸른 곰팡이병은 고온다습한 조건에서 많이 발생하며 발생초 기에는 버섯균과 비슷한 백색을 띄다가 포자가 형성되면 서 황록색 내지 진녹색으로 변하고, 골목의 표면에 부정형 의 병반을 형성하면서 버섯균의 생장을 억제하여 결국에 는 버섯균을 죽게 한다. 현재 버섯 재배농가에서는 버섯균 사생장 기간동안에 푸른 곰팡이병의 발생을 억제하기 위 하여 버섯배지 살균 전에 균상표면에 벤레이트, 판마쉬, 스포르곤수화제를 살포하는 것이 최대의 방제법이다. 따 라서 본 연구는 버섯 병해의 주범인 그린몰드(green mold)의 생장을 제어하기 위하여 수목추출물 및 nhexane 용해부의 효능을 비교 평가하였다. 수목추출물의 그린몰드에 대한 항균활성은 T. aggressivum 34.7%, T. atroviride 35.7%, T. harzianum 34.9%, T. koningii 31.0%, T. viride 30.7%로, 평균 33.4%의 항균 활성을 나타내었고, T. atroviride에서 수목추출물이 가장 높은 항균활성을 나타내었다. n-Hexane 용해부의 그린몰드에 대한 항균활성은 T. aggressivum 52.3%, T. atroviride 65.6%, T. harzianum 47.1%, T. koningii 48.5%, T. viride 51.1%로, 평균 52.9%의 항균활성을 나타내었고, T. atroviride에서 nhexane 용해부가 가장 높은 항균활성을 나타내었다. 수목추출물과 n-hexane 용해부의 그린몰드에 대한 항 균활성은 추출물의 농도에 따라서 5% 수준에서 유의성이 나타났다. 수목추출물과 n-hexane 용해부의 항균활성을 비교하 였을 때 수목추출물보다 수목 n-hexane 용해부에서 더 높은 항균활성이 나타났다.