High-risk microbial pathogens are handled in a biosafety laboratory. After experiments, the pathogens may remain as contaminants. To safely manage a biosafety laboratory, disinfection of microbial contaminants is necessary. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of UV-C irradiation for the disinfection of a high-risk plant pathogenic bacterium Erwinia amylovora in a laboratory setting. For the test, the bacterium (8.7 × 106 CFU/ml) was embedded on the surface of PDA and placed on the work surface in a biosafety cabinet (Class 2 Type A1), and on the three different surfaces of the laboratory bench, laboratory bench shelf, and the floor which were positioned in a straight line from the UV lamp installed in the ceiling of the biosafety laboratory (BSL 2 class). UV-C irradiation was administered for 10min, 30min, 1 hr, 2hr, 3 hr, and 4hr, respectively. The reduction rate of bacteria ranged from 95% to 99% in regard to 10 min irradiation, from 97% to 99% in regard to 30 min irradiation, from 99.8% to 99.9% in regard to 1 hr irradiation, and higher than 99.99% in regard to 2 hr irradiation. The bacterium was completely inactivated after 3 hr irradiation. A similar UV-C irradiation effect was obtained when the bacterium was placed at a distance of 1 m from the three different surface points. Bacterial reduction by UV-C irradiation was not significantly different among the three different surface points.

This experiment was conducted to confirm the possibility of preparing Sorghum×sudangrass hybrid artificial hay using far-infrared rays in Korea. The machine used in this experiment is a drying device based on far-infrared rays, and is designed to control temperature, air flow rate, far-infrared radiation amount, and air flow speed. The Sorghum×sudangrass hybrids harvested in late September were wilted in the field for one day, and a drying test was performed on them. Conditions for drying were performed by selecting a total of 7 conditions, and each condition induced a change in radiation amount in a single condition (42%) and two steps (4 treatments) and three steps (2 treatments). The speed of the air flow in the device was fixed at 60 m/s, and the run time was changed to 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The average dry matter (DM) content was 82.84%. The DM content was 59.94 and 76.91%, respectively, in drying conditions 1 and 3, which were not suitable for hay. In terms of drying rate, it was significantly higher than 80% in the 5, 6 and 7 treatment, and power consumption was slightly high with an average of 5.7 kw/h. As for the feed value according to each drying condition, the crude protein (CP) content increased as the drying time increased, and there was no significant difference between treatments in ADF, NDF, IVDMD and TDN content. In terms of RFV, treatment 1, which is a single condition, was significantly lower than the complex condition. Through the above results, it was determined that the drying conditions 4 and 5 were the most advantageous when considering the drying speed, power consumption, and quality.

본 시험은 우리나라에서 원적외선을 이용한 이탈리안 라이그 라스 인공건초 조제 가능성을 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 본 시험 에 사용된 기계는 온도, 송풍량, 원적외선 방사량을 조절할 수 있 는 원적외선 건조기로 5월에 수확한 이탈리안 라이그라스를 대상 으로 실시하였다. 건조를 위한 조건은 전체 9개의 조건을 선택하 여 수행하였으며 각각의 조건은 방사율 42∼45 %로 설정을 하였 으며 내부 온도는 65℃로 설정하였다. 기기내의 기류의 속도는 40 ∼60m/s로 하였으며, 전체적인 건조시간은 방사량 42%는 30분, 43%는 25분 그리고 45%는 20분으로 하여 수행하였다. 각각의 건조조건에 따른 최종 건물함량은 평균 88.5%로 나타났으며 전 처리에서 건초에 적합한 건물함량을 나타내었다. 건조 조건에 따 른 전력 소비량을 보면 45% 방사량에서 20분간을 건조한 처리구 에서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 건조율에 있어서는 1∼5번 건조 조건에 서는 차이가 없었으나 6∼7조건에서는 유의적으로 낮은 경향을 보였다. 사료가치에 있어서는 대부분의 건조조건에서 원물보다 CP, IVDMD는 높았고 ADF, NDF 함량은 낮게 나타났으며 대체 적으로 4, 7 및 8번 건조 조건에서 높은 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 통하여 건조속도, 전력량, 품질 등을 고려할 때 7 및 8번 건조조건이 가장 유리한 것으로 판단되었다.

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of soybean silage as a crude protein supplement for corn silage in the diet of Hanwoo steers. The first experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing corn silage with soybean silage at different levels on rumen fermentation characteristics in vitro. Commercially-purchased corn silage was replaced with 0, 4, 8, or 12% of soybean silage. Half gram of the substrate was added to 50 mL of buffer and rumen fluid from Hanwoo cows, and then incubated at 39°C for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. At 24 h, the pH of the control (corn silage only) was lower (p<0.05) than that of soybeansupplemented silages, and the pH numerically increased along with increasing proportions of soybean silage. Other rumen parameters, including gas production, ammonia nitrogen, and total volatile fatty acids, were variable. However, they tended to increase with increasing proportions of soybean silage. In the second experiment, 60 Hanwoo steers were allocated to one of three dietary treatments, namely, CON (concentrate with Italian ryegrass), CS (concentrate with corn silage), CS4% (concentrate with corn silage and 4% of soybean silage). Animals were offered experimental diets for 110 days during the growing period and then finished with typified beef diets that were commercially available to evaluate the effect of soybean silage on animal performance and meat quality. With the soybean silage, the weight gain and feed efficiency of the animal were more significant than those of the other treatments during the growing period (p<0.05). However, the dietary treatments had little effect on meat quality except for meat color. In conclusion, corn silage mixed with soybean silage even at a lower level provided a greater ruminal environment and animal performances, particularly with increased carcass weight and feed efficiency during growing period.

본 연구는 아이돌보미 이용가정의 서비스 실태를 보다 상세하게 파악하여 출산장려 정책에서 아이돌봄 지원사업의 발전방향을 모색하고자 하였다. P시 건강가정지원센터에서 방문하여 아이돌봄 서비스 제공자들 95명을 연구대상으로 하였으며, 연구문제에 따라 연구 결과를 요약 하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 현재는 아이돌봄서비스 이용자 만족도에 관한 연구에서 양육자가 취업을 한 경우 아이돌보미에 대한 만족도가 높게 나타났고, 아이돌보미를 가정으로 파견하는 것을 긍정적으로 평가하고 있다. 둘째, 아이돌보미 서비스를 제공하는 대상자들의 전문적 교육을 통하여 질적인 서비스가 이루어질 수 있는 방안이 필요할 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 아이돌보미 활동 만족도는 대체로 직무에 만족하나 ‘낮은 수당’이 불만족인 것으로 나타났다.. 마지막으로 아이돌봄 사업 활성화되기 위해 필요한 것으로는 아이돌보미 서비스 이용료 지원 정책이 가장 많았고, 아이돌보미 질적 향상을 위한 보수교육, 아이돌보미 서비스 안내 홍보사업 등으로 나타나고 있다. 아이돌봄 서비스 이용료 지원정책이 증가되어야 아이돌봄 지원사업이 출산 장려정책에 긍정적인 효과를 높이는데 기초가 될 수 있을 것이다.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the lived experience of a main caregiver, in charge of a family member with a severe chronic disease. Methods: The participants of this study were 13 main caregivers, who have a family member with a severe chronic disease. The data were analyzed through the phenomenological research method. Results: This research concluded with: one core theme, five theme clusters and 13 themes. The one core theme was: ‘My Life is Not Mine.’ The five theme clusters include: ‘The Dark Days Ahead, of What We Do,’ ‘Serious Pressure,’ ‘My Body is Broken (caregivers),’ ‘Overcoming,’ and finally ‘Endless, Long and Long tunnel.’ Conclusion: We must emphasize to a main caregiver of a chronic disease patient, to the fact that their life should be theirs, not the patients. In addition, we need to be attentive of their well-being, as well as the chronic disease Patients, and sensitively responsive to their problems.

This study was conducted to elucidate the occurrence area and the density of mosquito larvae in Eunpyeong Newtown, Seoul, Korea. Sampling of mosquito larvae was carried out 2 times using a dipping method at 130 points in august, 2014. A total of 1977.6 individuals were collected. Aedini larvae such as Stegomyia albopicta (Skuse) (=Aedes albopictus) or Hulecoeteomyia koreica (Edwards) (=Oclerotatus koreicus) were the most frequently collected than Culex spp. and the Anopheles spp. Mosquito larvae were surveyed in the street inlet (a rain drip box). The positive correlation of the larval density was found with the street inlet point with leaf mold and the depth of water. In the result of spatial statistics analysis, all points larvae collected were clustered and the tendency of spatial autocorrelation was apparent, but points over 20 individuals were dispersed. This result can be assumed that the mosquito larvae are able to occur to stagnant water in all places of this area. To control to mosquito occurrence, we think integrated methods are needed such as biological, ecological, chemical, physical control methods in various aspects.

Surveys on the consumption of caffeinated beverages by high school students (n=886) were performed. Of the students, 97.0% consumed a variety of caffeinated beverages, including carbonated drinks (90.0%), processed milk and cocoa (79.0%), coffee (63.0), teas (52.1), energy drinks (16.4%) and nourishment drinks (15.5%). The frequency of intake per student was 8.2 times per week. Caffeine intake through the caffeinated beverages was 41.53 mg/day, which was accounted for by coffee (51.5%), carbonated drinks (19.6%), processed milk and cocoa (11.5%), teas (11.4%), energy drinks (5.0%) and nourishment drinks (1.1%). Students with high levels of stress, those who consumed snacks twice a day, and those who used a computer (or smart phone) for more than 3 hours per day showed significantly higher caffeine intake. The groups with high caffeine intake experienced heart palpitations, insomnia and pollakiuria. Students indicated that they consumed the caffeinated beverages for the taste (57.9%), waking up (18.0%), thirst (13.2%), etc. (10.9%). They tended to consume drinks with a high content of caffeine to sleep less. In addition, they rarely checked the label, and showed a lack of awareness of the caffeine contents in the beverages, which calls for education.

This study researched changes over time regarding the location and spatial characteristics of modern meteorological stations, and examined the characteristics of modern meteorological station construction using the location and spatial characteristics of the Busan Meteorological Station. First, meteorological stations were located in port areas, and then moved to high altitude areas for stable meteorological observation beginning in the transition phase. Here, office buildings and residences were joined, but were separated due to the increase in functions from the stabilization phase. Second, as for spatial composition, in the establishment phase, existing buildings were used, and the scale of newly constructed buildings differed according to time and area. However, after the Japan-Korea Annexation, with increased funds and increased observation equipment, floor plans subdivided by function started to appear. In the stabilization phase, space was subdivided with redundancy due to the increase in functions. In the wartime transition phase, ‘ㅡ’ shaped floor plans with redundancy became the norm. Meanwhile, the location of the maritime customs where the first meteorological observations took place after the opening of the ports, and the location and construction of the Busan Temporary Observatory built in the meteorological observation transition phase (1905) were investigated. Also, through the investigation of the Busan Meteorological Observatory, newly constructed before 1934, the location and spatial characteristics of modern era meteorological observatories were studied.

본 연구는 영유아보육의 질 향상을 위한 보육교사의 보육헌신이 절대적으로 요구되는 시점에 보육교사의 보육헌신에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 보육시설장의 변혁적 리더십과 보육교사의 임파워먼트에 대한 연구는 매우 중요하다고 볼 수 있다. 특히 교사 개인이 특성조직과 동일시하고 공헌하는 것에 대한 상대적인 강도를 의미할 수 있는 보육헌신은 효율적인 보육시설의 운영에 있어 지속적으로 연구될 필요가 있기 때문에 본 연구에서는 보육헌신에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 중요한 두 가지 변인인 보육시설장의 변혁적 리더십과 보육교사의 임파워먼트가 보육헌신에 미치는 영향을 명확히 밝히고자 하였다. 본 연구의 의의는 저출산과 맞물려 미래의 인적자원을 키워내는데 첫 출발이 되는 보육현장의 질적 수준을 높이는데 중요한 변수인 보육교사의 보육헌신에 초점이 맞추어져 있으며, 기존 선행연구를 통해 보육교사의 보육헌신을 높이는데 중요한 변인으로 이야기되고 있는 보육시설장의 변혁적 리더십과 보육교사의 임파워먼트와의 관계 및 영향을 살펴보고자 하였다. 따라서 본 연구는 실제적으로 보육교사의 보육헌신에 대한 일반적인 경향을 살펴보고 보육교사의 보육헌신에 영향을 미치는 보육교사의 임파워먼트와 보육시설장의 변혁적 리더십과의 관계 및 영향을 통계적 방법인 양적연구를 통해 명확하게 입증하고자 하였다는데 연구의 의의가 있다.

본 연구는 우리나라 주요 재배종인 Muscari armeniacum ‘Early Giant’ 품종을 사용하여 엽절편체로 부터 직접적으로 신초재생과 체세포배 발생에 미치는 생장조절제의 효과를 구명하였다. 무스카리의 엽조직으 로부터 캘러스 과정을 거치지 않은 직접 신초형성은 2,4-D 0.1 mg·L−1가 함유된 배지에서 가장 좋았다. 반면, 체세포배 발생은 생장조절제를 첨가하지 않는 대조구와 IPA 0.1~1.0 mg·L−1가 함유된 농도의 배지에서 비교적 양호하였다. 무스카리의 엽조직으로부터 재생된 자구를 기외로 이식했을 때 맹아율은 모든 처리구에서 80%이상 으로 높았으며 특히 NAA 0.1mg·L−1, IPA 1.0~3.0mg·L−1 배지에서 재생된 자구의 생장이 양호하였다.

Cytokinin은 식물의 성장과 발달에 중요한 역할을 하는 필수 호르몬이다. mRNA differential display 방법으로 애기장대 amp1 돌연변이체로부터 cytokinin에 의하여 발현이 유도되는 PR4 유전자를 분리하였다. AtPR4로 명명한 애기장대 PR4 유전자는 212개의 아미노산으로 구성되어 있었으며 분자량은 22,900이고 등전점은 7.89로 추정되었다. Genomic DNA 분석결과, AtPR4는 single copy 유전자인

These studies were carried out to investigate the quality of green tea processed by different pan-firing hand rolling and to select the best conditions during the procedure of green tea processing the results were as follows. At harvestion tea plant leaf, tea plants had 4 leaves. each leaf size was 7.5 cm'§quare2.6 cm, and weight of 100 buds 46.6 g. The increase of pan-fired time decreased in the moisture content and yield of green tea. After processing green tea, 5 times pan-fired one had much more contents of total nitrogen (T-N:5.31%), caffeine (2.00%) and total amino acid (T.A.A. : 3,046 mg%) and less content of tannin (13.41%) than the other treatments. but 3 times pan-fired one had the highest contents of vitamin C (204.3 mg%) and chlorophyll (365.0 mg%) among three kinds pan-firing method. Sixteen kinds of free amino acid including theanine as a good taste component of pan-fired green tea were isolated and measured by HPLC. Free amino acid (FAA) contents were in the range of 2,683~2,925 mg% and among various pan-firing methods, 5 tims pan-fired one had the highest content of F.A.A. Among these free amino acids, theanine occupied as much as 56.4~61.3% of F.A.A. Lightness, yellowness and redness of 5 times pan-fired green tea were middle value among three different treatments. Besides, it gained the highest score of sensory evaluation among them. These above results suggested that 5 times pan-fired green tea was considered to be the best level as pan-firing times of green tea processing.

콘크리트 구조물은 시간이 지남에 따라 다양한 원인에 의해 성능이 저하된다. 국내 수많은 구조물들은 1970년대에 급속히 건설되어 현재 노후구조물로서 성능이 저하되어 이에 따른 안정성 문제에 관심과 우려가 발생하고 있다. 이에 따른 성능이 저하된 구조물에 대하여 FRP를 활용한 보강 공법은 구조적인 단점과 경제적인 단점 등 부정적인 요인이 존재하여 현재 새로운 건설소재 및 보강공법 개발의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 우레탄계 코팅제를 적용하여 2mm이하 현무암 단섬유를 함침, 새로운 보강방법을 연구하였으며 이들 보강공법의 휨 성능개선에 대하여 실험을 통해 평가하였다.

Frequent unstable natural disasters worldwide in recent year caused damage to large power plants, high-rise buildings, dams and public facilities, resulting in a growing sense of anxiety among people. This is result in the increase of concern for the safety of residential as well as public infrastructure. Considering this growing concern for the public infrastructure a systematic safety evaluation is require. Thus, in this paper, the fragility of weir structure by considering the scour effect of flood was the focused of study. The weir structure in this study was located in Daegu city; it served as the power and water supply and flood prevention. The study was performed by conducting penetration analysis on the variables of the adjacent ground.

Purpose: Introduction of the LEGO Mindstorms EV3 as a low cost research tool for various studies and to show how study tools could be built using the LEGO with ease. Methods: To show what the LEGO Mindstorms EV3 could do for studies, programming method was described and some example devices used previous papers were reconstructed; EX1 - Selection of left right device for Stoet(2010), EX2 - Time expectation device for Kim and Ryu(2015), and EX3 - Four digits random number generator for Huh and Lee(2015). Time delay of each example device was tested to evaluate effectiveness of the LEGO Mindstorms EV3 as research device. Results: Combination of single execution structure and button switch on the EV3 brick showed 1 ms error of time measurement, and combination of single execution structure and touch sensor showed 10 ms error of time measurement. 1 ms error of time measurement is same accuracy achieved by Windows based computer system.

The phenolic compounds which were extracted with 70% ethanol from Ulmus pumila for 12 hr were the highest as 17.9±1.0 mg/g. DPPH scavenging activity of 70% ethanol extracts was also the highest as 89.5±1.9% and it was confirmed to be high as 80% over in both of water and 70% ethanol extracts containing 50 μg/mL over phenolic concentration. ABTS radical cation decolorization activities of water and 70% ethanol extracts were higher as 96.8±2.9%, antioxidant protection factor (PF) was 2.0 PF in 70% ethanol and showed higher activities in both of water and 70% ethanol extracts containing 200 μg/mL phenolic concentration as 2.5 PF than BHA. TBARs of 70% ethanol extracts was 86.5±4.6%, it showed high anti-oxidative activity in 50∼200 μg/mL phenolic concentrations of water and 70% ethanol extracts as 80% over. The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity of Ulmus pumila extracts against hypertension was 77.4% and 90.6% in water and 70% ethanol extracts of 200 μg/mL phenolic concentration. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of Ulmus pumila extracts for anti-gout effect was not observed in water extracts, but it showed 30% inhibitory activity in 70% ethanol extracts, and 48.1% at 200 μg/mL phenolics concentration.