This study investigated the relationship between service quality factors, customer satisfaction, and reuse intention based on the degree of attachment to companion animals felt by caregivers when using dog grooming services. An online and offline survey with caregivers experienced in dog grooming services were conducted, and 304 responses were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 Statistics Program. The analysis revealed the following. First, sub-factors of dog grooming service quality: empathy, assurance, tangibles, and reliability, significantly affect customer satisfaction. Second, customers satisfaction with dog grooming services significantly affects their reuse intention. Third, only reliability demonstrates a moderating effect on attachment to companion dogs in influencing the relationship between customer satisfaction and service quality. These findings that service quality management is necessary to improve the business performance of dog-grooming services. Particularly, this study is meaningful in presenting the direction of service marketing centered on trust, as more guardians consider companion dogs as family.

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of pork belly thickness on physicochemical and sensory characteristics after pan frying. Pork belly with three different thickness (5, 10, 20 mm) from three different parts (A:thoracic vertebrae no. 5-9, B:thoracic vertebrae 10-14, C:lumbar vertebrae 1-6) was pan grilled with electronic grill until it reached an internal temperature of 71℃. Cooking loss, shear force, sensory characteristics, volatile compounds of cooked pork belly were determined. Electric nose analysis was performed to support descriptive analysis and consumer sensory analysis. The cooking loss of pork belly with 20 mm thickness from all positions was significantly low (p<0.05). Shear force increased with increase in thickness (p<0.05). Electric nose identified major seven volatile compounds such as acetonitrile, (Z)-4-heptenal, 2-octanol, linalool, carbon disulfide, methylcyclohexane, n-nonanal to discriminate those samples. The part of pork belly significantly affected the intensity of volatile compounds rather than thickness. In discriminate analysis, the overall acceptability of pork belly (A and B parts) with 20 mm thickness was higher than that of pork belly with 5 mm thickness. In addition, the overall acceptability by consumers for pork belly with 20 mm thickness from A, B, and C parts was higher than the overall acceptability for pork belly with 5 mm thickness. This preliminary study suggests that it is more desirable to use pork belly with 20 mm thickness from part A when cooking on a pan gril compared with pork belly of 10 mm or 20 mm thickness from part B or C in the meat markets and restaurant.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotic treatment with IgY and Bacillus subtilis complex on diarrhea and weight gain in Hanwoo calves. Bacillus and E. coli levels were measured in the feces of calves post probiotic administration. Subsequently, calves with diarrhea were divided into two groups. The total and daily weight gain was measured in 23 calves after three months of suckling and divided into three groups. In Test 1, Bacillus was detected of the control group constantly at 104 CFU/g; a statistically significant difference was observed between the treatment and the control groups on the 1st and 3rd day (p<0.05) but not on the 7th day, confirming that the Bacillus subtilis survived in the intestine only until the 7th day. The treatment and control groups in Test 2 did not show any significant difference in the E. coli levels. However, comparison of changes in the E. coli levels showed a decreased of 6.39×108±9.80×108 CFU/g in the control group increase by 1.54×109±2.16×109 CFU/g, and, a decrease by 1.47×109±2.20×109 CFU/g; a decrease of by 4.20×107±3.90×108 CFU/g was observed in the treated group, an increase by 7.19×108±2.04×109 CFU/g, anda a decrease by 9.22×108±1.79×109 CFU/g. The changes in, control group were more rapid than in the treatment group. Therefore we hypothesize that probiotics inhibit E. coli growth. A concurrent improvement in weight gain was observed following probiotic administration. The IgY and Bacillus subtilis probiotics complex used in this study can be effectively used for the prevention and treatment of calf diarrhea.

본 연구는 열 스트레스 (heat stress, HS)에 노출된 브로일러에서 혼합 생균제의 급여가 혈 액 생체지표, 면역반응, 맹장 미생물 및 생산성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 총 400마리의 브로일러 수 컷 (Ross 308)을 각각 100마리씩 4그룹, C (대조군, 실온 25℃), HS (열 스트레스 33℃), HSP (HS플 러스 혼합 생균제 500, 750 mg/kg) 그룹으로 배치하였다. 브로일러의 증체량, 사료섭취, 사료요구율 및 면역기관 무게는 HSP 그룹에서 HS 그룹과 비교했을 때 증가하였다. 혈액 IgG, lymphocytes 농도는 HS 그룹에서 HSP그룹과 비교했을 때 증가하였고, heterophil과 lymphocyte(H:L)비율, 코르티코스테론 농도 및 폐사율은 낮았다. 맹장의 Lactobacillus는 HS 그룹과 비교했을 때 HSP 그룹에서 증가하였으나 Escherichia coli (E. coli), coliform bacteria, aerobic bacteria는 낮아졌다. 본 연구결과는 열 스트레스 에 노출된 브로일러에게 B. subtilis, S. galilaeus 및 Sphingobacteriaceae등 3가지 균주가 포함된 혼합 생균제를 급여해주면 면역반응 증진, 미생물 균형을 유지해줌으로써 폐사율을 낮추고 생산성을 개선할 수 있음을 시사해준다.

본 연구는 열 스트레스 (heat stress, HS)에 노출된 산란계에서 혼합 생균제의 급여가 생산성, 계란품질, 면역반응, 맹장 미생물 및 분 암모니아에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 총 400마리의 50주령 Hy-Line brown 산란계를 무작위로 각각 100마리씩 4 그룹, C (대조군, 실온 25℃), HS (열 스트레스 33℃), HSP (HS 플러스 혼합 생균제 500, 750 mg/kg)로 배치하였다. 산란계의 생산성, 계란품질, 비장 무게, 혈액 IgG 및 lymphocyte 농도는 HSP 그룹에서 HS 그룹과 비교했을 때 증가하였고, 코르티코스테론, heterophil과 lymphocyte의 비율 (H:L) 및 폐사율은 유의하게 낮았다. Lactobacillus는 HSP 그룹에서 HS 그룹과 비교했을 때 증가하였으나 Escherichiacoli (E. coli), coliform bacteria 및 aerobic bacteria는 유의하게 낮았다. 분에서 암모니아 발생은 HS 그룹이 HSP 그룹에 비해서 유의하게 증가하였다. 결론적으로, 이러한 혼합 생균제가 여름철 산란계의 더위 피해를 방해주고 면역반응, 맹장 미생물 균형을 경유하여 생산성, 계란품질 및 계분으로부터 악취 발생을 줄이는 데 효율적인 영양전략이 될 수 있음을 나타낸다.

This research was conducted to compare and analyze the effect of the space allowance on the productivity, behavior, and blood properties of Hanwoo in order to achieve the status of advanced country for the animal husbandry in accordance with global trends, and with the target of animal welfare production through the practice of environmentally friendly animal husbandry. Fattening cows (352kg) of an average of 43 months in age and with growing steers (225kg) aged six months were tested with two replications upon categorizing the animals into control group (8m2/heads) and treatment group (4m2/heads). Feeding was executed according to the prescription in the Hanwoo feeding management. The growth performances (BW, ADG, and FCR) were significantly improved in cow fattening as space allowance was narrower. Similar results were obtained from the growing steers. The behavioral characteristics of lying and walking were significantly higher in the control group (p<0.05), while standing was found significantly higher (p<0.01) in the treatment group. The lying duration did not show significant difference in the fattening cows. Meanwhile, walking time was significantly longer (p<0.01) in the control group among fattening cows whereas standing duration was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the treatment group. As for properties of blood component, the cortisol value was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the treatment group for the fattened cows. The experiment results imply that the space of 8 m2 / head would be adequate in the production of fattening cows and growing steers based on growth performances, behavioral characteristics, and blood component, and considering the space allowance per head in the pen. The results could be utilized as basic data for environmentally friendly and welfare type Hanwoo production system in the future.

Food safety accidents like the occurrence of domestic animal diseases create an air of anxiety in consumers and increase their concerns about animal welfare. This study investigated consumer awareness of animal welfare livestock and attempted to look into the impacts of consumer awareness on the consumption of livestock product. It analyzed whether there was any difference in considerations of purchasing livestock products depending on awareness of animal welfare and consumption intention using Levene's equal variance test and independent sample t-test, and in order to inquire into the influence relationship of their considerations in purchasing livestock on animal welfare livestock product consumption intention, a binary logistic regression analysis was carried out. As a result of the analysis of consumer awareness, consumers were little aware of animal welfare while they were very interested in animal welfare and had the intent to consume livestock products produced following animal welfare. As a result of the analysis of the difference depending on the awareness and consumption intention of animal welfare using independent sample t-test, it turned out that there was no difference in considerations in purchasing livestock products between people who were aware of animal welfare and those who were not. In the difference depending on consumption intention, people who had the intent to consume animal welfare livestock products cared more than those who did not. Likewise, people who had the intent to consume animal welfare livestock products cared about the place of purchase, price, freshness, taste and quality more than those who were not. As a result of the binary logistic regression analysis of the two factors of internal property and external property of consideration in livestock products, it turned out that internal property only had impacts on consumption intention. Thus, considering the consumers' consciousness that they would like to be provided with safe livestock products relevant to items such as safety and reliability among their considerations in purchasing livestock products, the government and livestock industry should establish an appropriate marketing strategy for animal welfare livestock products

The melanocortin receptor type 4 (MC4R) gene is expressed in the hypothalamus and regulates energy intake and body weight. Recently, it has been reported that obesity and energy balance in human were also regulated by the MC4R gene. Therefore the objective of this study was to identify the polymorphism on the MC4R gene SNP C1786T and its association with economic traits in Korean native cattle (brindle and black cattle) by PCR-RFLP. A total of 125 cattle from the two breeds were tested for economic traits (meat quality index, backfat, thickness, carcass weight, longissimus muscle area and marbling score) and data was analyzed using SAS program. In the results, C allele had highest frequency than G allele frequency in the both breeds and the gene was significantly associated with meat quantity index and backfat thickness in brindle cattle breed. However, in black cattle, the gene was significantly associated with longissimus muscle area (p<0.05). These results suggest that C1786T SNP of the MC4R gene may be useful as a genetic marker for economic traits in the brindle and black cattle.

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of artificial insemination (AI) failure in 1,619 Korean native cows at Gangwon East area, Korea. The average AI failure rate was 37.02% in the cows and the highest rate was 40.85% in Yangyang-city. Based on the parity in the cows, the AI failure rate was 49.14% and 29.91% in the first and fifth parity cows, respectively. Whereas cows until fifth parity were decreased in AI failure, cows with sixth or more parity showed an upturning AI failure trends with the increasing of parity number. AI failure rate incidence according to the rump fat thickness measured by ultrasound was 28.9% and 33.4% at 5 mm to 10 mm and over than 15 mm, respectively. There was a positive correlation (0.2186) between AI failure rate of mother and that of their offspring cows. That is, offspring of dams with high AI failure rate showed also higher AI failure than those of dams having lower AI failure rate. In conclusion, these results indicate that the AI failure rate was closely related to the rump fat thickness, parity number, and conception rate of mother cows. In addition, these results might strengthen the basis to improve the reproductive performance in Korean native cows.

The purpose of this study is to suggest developing plans for 6 beef brands in Kangwon-do. Data were collected by consumer survey on 12th August, 2010 at Daemyung Resort in Hongcheongun. A total of 658 questionnaires were distributed and collected. SAS 9.1 and Excel 2007 were used as statistical packages and ordered logit model was used as a model to analyze the data. From the results of the study the following improvement plans were suggested for the 6 beef brands in Kangwon-do. First, the 6 beef brand agents should use public relation to give information for consumers. Clean image of Kangewon-do and clear distribution process should be stressed for the public relation. Second, promotion is an important tool to discriminate the 6 beef brands with other beef brands. The discrimination by the 6 beef brands should be focused on taste of the 6 beef brands. Third, market segmentation strategies are needed. The market segmentation may be achieved by segmentation of sales places.

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) gene plays important role in fatty acid composition. In order to find marker-assisted selection (MAS) for improving the economic trait, this study was performed to identify the 878T>C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on SCD1 gene. Three genotypes (CC, CT, and TT) were detected in 878T>C SNP of SCD1 gene from 103 Hanwoo population by polymorphism chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and economic traits were analyzed by general linear model. The frequency of allele C and T was 0.534 and 0.466, also the genotype frequency of CC, CT and TT was 0.252, 0.563, and 0.184, respectively in the Hanwoo population. The TT genotype of SCD1 gene showed a significantly higher measures (p<0.05) of carcass weight (CW) than CT, CC genotype. No significant association was detected between genotype and other economic trait (marbling, backfat thickness, and longissimus muscle area) in this study. The results revealed that SCD1 gene 878T>C SNP could be useful for effective MAS to increase the economic quality in Hanwoo population.

This study was carried out to investigate artificial insemination (AI) failure status and frozen semen characteristics in Korean proven bulls‘ number (KPN) semen used for AI of Hanwoo cows in Gangwon East region (Gangneung, Donghae, Taebaek, Samcheok, Sokcho, Yangyang, Goseong). Among semen used for AI, AI failure rate showed lowest at KPN506 (27.6%), whereas highest at KPN593 (77.2%). Correlations of AI failure in between Korean proven bulls semen and cows was 0.2941, which means that AI failure rate of Korean proven bulls semen may have respectable effect on reproduction of Hanwoo cow. In addition, present study was conducted to investigate spermatozoal viability rate, ruptured acrosome rate and active mitochondria in frozen Korean proven bulls semen with flow cytometry. The semen of KPN593 showed significantly (p<0.05) higher viability rate in KPN593 (30.49%) than that in KPN637 (37.34%). Furthermore, percentage of ruptured acrosome was lower in KPN637 as 21.37% than in KPN637 (21.37%), but it was not statistically significant. In conclusion, these results indicate that choice of Korean proven bulls semen may correlate positively with conception rate in Hanwoo cow. Therefore, KPN with high AI failure rate might be avoid to increase conception rate and characteristics of frozen semen might be evaluated before its use for AI.

Myopalladin (MYPN) is an important expression gene associated with regulation of Z-line structure in muscle and maintains sarcomeric integrity. In this study, we investigated the association between MYPN A1795G SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) and carcass traits (LMA, longissimus muscle area; CW, carcass weight; BF, backfat thickness; MS, marbling score) in Korean cattle. The MYPN A1795G SNP was genotyped in 212 steers and analyzed the associations with carcass traits by PCR-RFLP (Restriction fragment length polymorphism) method. The allele frequencies were 0.566 for G allele and 0.434 for A allele. And the genotype frequencies of GG, GA, and AA genotype were 32.1%, 49%, and 18.9%, respectively. Association analysis indicated that the A1795G SNP of MYPN gene showed a significant association with LMA (p<0.05). The steers with GG genotype had higher LMA than those with the genotypes AA. But no significant associations were observed in other carcass traits (CW, BF, MS). The steers with the GG genotype showed higher CW and BF than those with the genotypes AA and GA. These results suggest that the A1795G SNP of the MYPN gene is associated with LMA and may be useful for candidate marker-assisted selection to increase the levels of LMA in Korean cattle.

The aim of this study was to analyze the reproduction and breeding status of 1655 Hanwoo (Korean cattle) cows raised in Gangwon East area (Gangneung, Taebaek, Donghae, Yangyang, Samcheok, Sokcho, and Goseong). The average age in months and the parity of Hanwoo was 43.6 and 1.7 respectively. Registration status of the cows were 42.0% (pedigree), 30.2% advanced), 20.0% (fundamental), and 4.0% (non-registry). Korean proven bull's number (KPN) 517 and KPN 588 were preferred 25.8%, 16.2% respectively for artificial insemination (AI) of the cows. Appearance rate of over 1st meat quality grade in the offsprings obtained from AI of top 6 KPNs was 90% which was above national average (slaughters only 77.81%, total 63.12). Results indicated genetic influence the KPN for meat quality grade of their offspring. Strong correleation between AI failure rate of mother cows and their offspring cows has been observed. KPN information, meat quality grade, and AI failure percentage would be quite useful factors to understand their relationship in further improvement of Hanwoo in Gangwon East area.

There are four (yellow, brindle, black, black in Jeju) kinds of native cattle in Korea. But only twelve hundred Korean brindle cattle (KBC) are remaining in limited areas of Korea and the genetic lineage, diversity, polymorphisms of KBC has not been identified. To analysis genetic polymorphism of KBC, 33 KBC were characterized using 11 microsatellite markers. Size of microsatellite marker was decided using Gene Mapper software after analysis ABI 3130XL. The average of allele numbers of KBC was 6.7 in this study, but that of Hanwoo was 10.0 in our previous report. The observed and expected heterozygosities of KBC were 0.719 and 0.738 but those of Hanwoo were 0.751 and 0.760 in our previous report. Also polymorphism information content (PIC) values were average 0.690 in KBC but 0.725 in Hanwoo. These results demonstrate that genetic polymorphism of KBC have decreased because the population was limited.

In this study, genotyping was executed by using 11 microsatellite markers (BM1824, BM2113, ETH10, ETH225, ETH3, INRA23, SPS115, TGLA122, TGLA227, TGLA53, and TGLA126) for diversity of 214 Hanwoo cows in Hoengseong area. Each marker's size and number of allele, observed heterozygosity, expected total heterozygosity, and polymorphism information content were analyzed by 11 Microsatellite marker. The average of size range was detected from 150.9 to 174.9 in Hanwoo cows of Hoengseong. The number of average allele was 10.0 that is similar to the average of Kangwon Hanwoo, which is known as 10.5 in the previous report. The average were 0.751 for observed heterozygosity, 0.760 for expected total heterozygosity, 0.725 for polymorphism information content, respectively. These results were similar to previous studies in Kangwon Hanwoo, National Hanwoo and Korean Proven Bulls. This study is expected to contribute for genetic improvement of Hanwoo cows in Hoengseong as a popular brand.

This study was conducted to test the effect different forages and feeding rates on generation of main greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane in Hanwoo cows. Feeds were given twice per day at 09:00 and 17:00. Greenhouse gases were measured during 12 hours using Mamos-300 from 09:00 to 21:00. The results indicated that the generation of greenhouse gases under different forage categories and feeding rate were significantly different (p<0.05). Whole greenhouse gas tended to decrease in the high concentrate diets. The high timothy supplement ation group showed less amounts of carbon dioxide generation comparing with others group while high silage supplementation resulted more methane generation comparing with other treatments. On the afternoon test, carbon dioxide generation was significantly lower different (p<0.05) in timothy treatment comparing with others.