In this study, we investigated the effects of EGR rate and engine load on the emission characteristics in a 4-cylinder common rail direct injection diesel engine fueled with canola oil biodiesel (BD) blended fuel. The biodiesel blend fuel, BD20 (20 vol.% biodiesel and 80 vol.% ULSD blend) was used at an engine speed of 1,500rpm. The experimental results showed that with the increasing of EGR rate, the combustion pressure and rate of heat release (ROHR) of three test fuels were decreased, and the ignition delay was extended, the carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) emissions increased slightly, but the nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission decreased clearly. On the other hand, with the increasing of engine load, the combustion pressure and ROHR were increased, and the CO and PM emissions decreased. However, the NOx emission was increased due to the rise of the combustion temperature.

Propolis collected from botanical sources by honey bee, has been used as a popular natural remedies in folk medicine throughout the world. This study was conducted to assess growth inhibitory effects of ethanol extracts of propolis (EEPs) from 20 different regions in South Korea on human intestinal bacteria as well as BACE-1, AChE inhibitory, antioxidant, antiproliferative, and anti-human rhinovirus activities. Correlation coefficient (r) analysis of the biological activities of EEP samples was determined using their 50% inhibition concentration or minimal inhibitory concentration values and their polyphenol or flavonoid contents in 20 Korean EEP samples. Correlation coefficient analysis showed that total polyphenol contents may be negatively correlated with DPPH free radical scavenging activity (r = –0.872) and total flavonoid content has no correlation with the activity (r = 0.071). No direct correlation between BACE-1 inhibition, AChE inhibition, or antiproliferative activity and total polyphenol or total flavonoid content in Korean EEP samples was found.

We investigate Hi data for a pair of blue compact dwarf galaxies (BCDs), ESO 435-IG20 and ESO 435-IG16, obtained with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. The outer Hi disk is highly disturbed and asymmetric in both galaxies showing a gas tail and/or a broad/extended gas disk on only one side. Based on their low-density surroundings and small projected distance (<80 kpc) at a similar redshift, we conclude that tidal interaction between these two BCDs is responsible for the morphological and kinematical peculiarities in Hi. We also investigate their star formation rates using Hα and UV imaging data to probe their interaction history.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between sports commitment, sportswear brand satisfaction, and brand loyalty of female university students in their 20s. Two hundred surveys were distributed to female university students, and 185 responses were used for the final analysis. The SPSS program was used with a reliability test and factor, frequency, path analysis. Based on the literature review, the following five hypotheses were suggested. H1: Cognitive commitment will have a positive effect on the behavioral commitment of sports commitment factors. H2: The behavioral commitment of female university students will have a positive effect on brand satisfaction. H3: Sportswear brand satisfaction will have a positive effect on continuous brand loyalty. H4: Cognitive commitment will have a positive effect on habitual brand loyalty. H5: Continuous brand loyalty will have a positive effect on habitual brand loyalty. The results of this study showed that first, after the factor analysis, there were two factors of sports commitment (behavioral commitment and cognitive commitment). Second, the path analysis results revealed that there were significant relationships between sports commitment factors (cognitive commitment and behavioral commitment), sportswear brand satisfaction, and brand loyalty factors (continuous brand loyalty and habitual brand loyalty). The results revealed that cognitive commitment had a positive relationship with behavioral commitment, which had a positive relationship with sportswear brand satisfaction. Sportswear brand satisfaction had a positive relationship with continuous brand loyalty, which had a positive relationship with habitual brand loyalty. Cognitive commitment also had a positive relationship with habitual brand loyalty.

The influence of Japonism, which is the post-mid-19th century phenomenon of appreciating and preferring the Japanese style that manifested all across Western art, started to grow as a result of the active open-door policy of Japan at this time. As all areas of Japanese arts and culture, such as paintings, sculptures and theater plays, influenced Europe and America, this influence developed into a cultural phenomenon that was reflected even in fashion. The characteristic elements of the kimono first expanded from Paris and showed a similar silhouette to that of the traditional kimono in the early 20th century, but towards the middle and the end of the century, kimono sleeves that were connected as one piece without a connecting seam line between the sleeve and bodice started to appear. The foundation of this research focuses on the design characteristics of kimono sleeves that can be seen in 20th-century fashion, and five varying kimono sleeve jackets and coats based on these formative characteristics were designed. Each design had a gusset design added, which improved the external and mobility problems inherent in kimono sleeve patterns, while at the same time serving as a proposal for new design element applications. Additionally, through various changes to and attempts at designs using the kimono sleeve as a limiting factor, new design possibilities were explored.

이 논문은 구약성서와 유대주의, 그리고 시오니즘(Zionism)에나타나 있는 배타성이 기독교 선교의 공격성과 어떤 연관관계가 있는지를 선교 역사적으로 고찰한 연구이다. 기독교 신앙은 유대교에 뿌리를두고 있는 종교이고, 그 유대교는 타민족에 대한 배타적 선민(選民)사상을 뿌리에 두고 있기 때문에, 이 문제는 기독교 신앙의 정체성뿐만 아니라, 기독교 신앙을 믿지 않는 사람들, 즉 선교 현장의 타자(他者)를 대하는 우리들의 선교적 입장을 결정할 수 있는 중요한 문제이다.더 협소하게 논의를 전개시켜 나간다면, 이것은 선교학과 구약신학간의 대화를 통해서 해소되어야 할 신학적 쟁점이고, 이 논문 역시이러한 목적으로 연례 구약학회에서 발표되었다. 따라서 이 논문은 구약성서의 ‘전사로서의 하나님’에 대한 개념을먼저 살펴보고, 그 결과 나타난 유대주의의 공격성과 배타성을 역사적 으로 규명한다. 이런 전통에서 배출된 예수 그리스도의 ‘군대귀신들린 자’ 사건(막 5:1-20)은 유대주의의 공격성과 배타성을 극복할수 있는 성서학적이며 선교학적인 가능성을 제시하고 있다. 거라사(제라시)에서 군대 귀신들린 자를 축사하신 그리스도는 그를 유대의 땅으로 초청한 것이 아니라 고향 데가볼리로 돌려 보내셨다. 이것을 필자는 유대주의의 배타성과 공격성에서 벗어나 그리스-로마 문명과 공존할 수 있는 선교적 가능성을 제시한 것이라 보았다.이런 개방성으로서의 초대야말로 다원화되고 글로벌화 된 세상을 향한 선교적 복음의 미래라고 해석하였다.

The present study aimed to figure out current situation and consumer perception on the advertising of functional climbing wear in Korea. Advertising is about showing consumers how products meet their needs. In case of functional clothing, the most basic need of consumer should be a functional need (Lee, 2014;Shimp, 2010). However, research on advertisement of functional clothing, especially focused on the functional information, has not carried out in Korea. Recently research by Liu and Yoo (2014) investigated changing patterns of magazine advertising of functional climbing wear from 2008 to 2013. It is found that advertisements of professional climbing wear had been changed like fashion apparel ads in terms of functional information, celebrity model dependence, and appeal type (Liu&Yoo,2014). On 2013, over 70% of functional climbing wear ads did not provide any functional information and percentage of celebrity model dependence was dramatically increased from 1.48%to35.30%. In this study, 388 adults in their 20-50’s were surveyed in order to figure out general satisfaction on advertisements of functional climbing wear. The survey consisted of eight questions including satisfaction with reliability, communicability, type of expression, model, and contents of functional climbing wear advertisement. For analysis of characteristics of respondents, years of climbing experience, frequency of climbing, average expenses per single purchase, and frequently exposed advertising media types were asked as well as demographic characteristics. Most of respondents (83.85%) were in their 30-50’s and had 3-5 years climbing experience (29.50%).Frequency of climbing was ‘once every two months’ (35.70%) and ‘1~2 times every month’ (25.26%), and the most frequent average expenses per single purchase was ‘100~300 thousand won’ (65.25%). Frequently exposed advertising media types were TV commercials (33.60%), magazine (23.10%), and internet (9.50%). Purchase frequency was ‘once every two tears’ (31.14%), ‘3~4 times in a year’ (29.11%), ‘1~2 times in a year’ (25.06%). Results showed respondents want ‘more precise information for better understanding of performance of functional climbing wears’ (4.22point out of 5.00). Significant differences in ‘advertisement of functional climbing wear is reliable’ were observed across age and gender; male rather than female group and ages 30 are than other age groups showed higher average value. Age 40’s significantly more wanted to be informed precise information via advertisement and preferred celebrity model than other age groups. Overall, ages 20-30’s were more satisfied with the advertisement of functional climbing wear than age 50’s. The results from this study could provide practical insights to establish guidelines for providing product information in the functional clothing industry.

In this study, a shape design and an analysis considering structural stability were investigated to develop an icosahedron-based hemispherical modular dome. To design this modular dome, a program that can perform icosahedron shape modeling, modularization of joint connection members, and the analysis of structural stability was developed. Furthermore, based on the adopted numerical model, the eigen buckling mode, unstable behavior characteristics according to load vector, and the critical buckling load of the modular dome under uniformly distributed load and concentrated load were analyzed, and the resistance capacities of the structure according to different load vectors were compared. The analysis results for the modular dome suggest that the developed program can perform joint modeling for shape design as well as modular member design, and adequately expressed the nonlinear behaviors of structured according to load conditions. The critical buckling load results also correctly reflected the characteristics of the load conditions. The uniformly distributed load was more advantageous to the structural stability than concentrated load.

베트남은 한자문화권의 한 국가로, 이미 오래 전부터 한문화의 깊은 영향을 받 았다. 베트탐의 외교와 행정 교류, 과거, 시문의 창작 등 생활의 각 방면에서 베트 남인들은 한자와 한문의 생활을 하였다. 특히 베트남인들은 여전히 한자와 한-쯔 놈의 서적을 국내외의 여러 도서관과 장서관에 보존하고 있다. 한-쯔놈 서목의 통 계와 한-쯔놈 이중 언어 사전을 편집하는 과정 속에서 베트남에서 오랜 동안 시 행되었던 한자교육의 역사를 살펴볼 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to survey the wearing and purchasing situation related to brassieres between Korean and Chinese women and to analyze the differences among them. This study utilized a survey targeting 397 women in their 20's in Korea and China. The results were as follows: First, Korean women considered that their breasts are conical in shape, whereas Chinese women considered their breasts to have a flat shape. With regard to breast size, those of Chinese women are larger than those of Korean women. Moreover, Chinese women expressed a high rate of dissatisfaction with their breasts. Second, regarding the wearing condition of brassieres, while Korean women expected their brassiere to converge their breasts to the center, Chinese women expected their brassiere to support the breasts. It was found that many of them were dissatisfied with the shoulder straps and the center front wire. Third, in the results pertaining to the purchasing brassieres, although both Korean and Chinese Women mainly visited brand name stores to buy brassieres, compared with Chinese women, Korean women prefer to shop at home to buy the brassieres. In addition, they considered the compensation effect, size, activity, fabric and fit as the most important selection criteria when purchasing a brassiere.

서평

This study focuses on an analysis of the Song cycle Reisebuch aus den österreichischen Alpen(op.62) by Ernst Křenek(1900-1991). When Křenek composed this Song cycle in 1929, the Orchersterlied had become a main genre in the 20th concert program and since Pierrot lunaire, Lied accompanied by a chamber ensemble elevated its position high in vocal music creation. Therefore, the conventional 19th century art song with piano accompaniment tradition had not continued into the 20th century. Křenek completed 31 art songs in his life. And this means a lot in the history of 20th century art song. Another fact that Křenek was of great importance in the history of 20th century art song is that he composed five Song cycles. Among these, four are based on his own poem, and the other one is Reisebuch aus den österreichischen Alpen. Composing Song cycle on his own poem verify the fact that Křenek was a person of a literary turn of mind and he faithfully followed the Song cycle tradition of the 19th century in purpose of unfolding a story based on one theme. Křenek’s Reisebuch aus den österreichischen Alpen consists of 20 pieces(19 songs and an Epilog added later) and is modeled on Wienterreise by F. Schubert. The Romantic inclination appeared in this Song cycle is the use of consistent rhythmic pattern in the song number eight ‘Unser Wein’, the pattern also favored by Schubert’s piano pieces. As Schubert described disenchantment of love in hisWienterreise, the fact that Křenek depicted his own hapless love for his homeland in this Song cycle is also considered to be a reflection of Romantic tendency. Křenek recapitulated the theme of the first song in the song number nineteen ‘Heimkehr’ and this is compared to the construction of Schumann’s Song cycle Frauenliebe und -leben. There are several factors in this Song cycle that continued the 19th century art song tradition, musical aspects of the cycle contain various contents of the 20th century. Twenty songs can be divided into two categories according to musical language: songs in Romantic musical languages are song number one ‘Motiv’, number seven ‘Regentatg’, number eight ‘Unser Wein’; songs in Expressionism musical languages are song number eleven ‘Alpenbewohner’, number twelve ‘Politik’. There are songs with text simply describing apparent impressions of journey such as song number two ‘Verkehr’, number three ‘Kloster in den Alpen’, and number six ‘Friedhof im Gebirgsdorf’. But those which put psychological, moral, social, and political contents into text are song number five ‘Traurige Stunde’, number nine ‘Rückblick’ and number twelve ‘Politik’. The close relationship between text and musical languages are conformed through the analyses.

In this study, we carried out interrupted cutting of carbon steel for machine structure(SM20C) with uncoated carbide tool and analyzed anova test and confidence interval to find influential factor to surface roughness, and obtained regression equation. Rhe results are follows: First, we found that affected factor to surface roughness in interrupted cutting was feed rate. Secondly, the cutting speed and depth of cut was small affected to surface roughness. Finally, from multi-regression analysis of interrupted cutting experimental result, obtained regression equation and it’s coefficient determination was 0.814 and it means that regression equation was predictable. Compared with other continuous cutting, if feed rate increase, surface roughness will grow in interrupted cutting.

The purpose of this study was to determine anthropometric measurements, dietary nutrient intakes, simple food intake frequencies, and rates of obesity in Cambodian women. A total 186 women, aged 20-69 years, living in Kampong Spue province of Cambodia and having the responsibility to prepare family meals participated in this study. Height and weight were measured body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and one-day 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaires were conducted. In total, 18.8% were underweight, 49.5% were normal weight, 13.4% were overweight, and 18.3% were obese according to the World Health Organization BMI standard for Asians. No significant difference in height by obesity level was determined (p≥0.05). The mean energy intake was 1571.2 kcal/day and protein intake was 43.6 g/day. There were significant differences in protein, niacin, and vitamin C intakes by obesity level (p<0.05). The prevalence of subjects consuming vitamins and minerals less than 75% of Recommended Dietary Allowances was 73-99%. All Cambodian women consumed rice ≥1 time/day. Approximately 50% of subjects reported ≥1 time/day intake frequency of bread, cookies, and chips. In total, 35% indicated no intake of beans or bean products. For intake frequencies of carbonated beverages and sports drinks, there was a significant difference by obesity level (p<0.05). These results may be very helpful to prepare nutrition education programs for Cambodian women

본 시험은 한국 재래계와 도입계의 육성기(0 ~ 20주령) 성장 능력을 비교분석하기 위하여 수행하였다. 공시계는 가축유전자원 관리기관에서 종란을 인수하여 부화시킨 암수 병아리 180 수를 이용하였으며, 한국 재래계 1 계통(A)과 도입계 2계통(B, C)으로 총 3 계통의 육성률, 육성단계별 체중, 증체량, 사료 요구율, 정강이 길이 등을 조사하였다. 육성 초기(0 ~ 4주) 육성률은, A와 C계통은 98.33%로 높게 나타났으나, B계통은 91.67% 로 낮게 나타났다. 육성기 전 주령(0 ~ 20주)육성률도 C계통이 98.33%로 높게 조사 되었고, B계통이 83.33%로 낮게 조사되었다. 육성기 전 주령의 체중은 A, B계통이 C계통에 비해 높게 조사되었다(p < 0.05). 한국 재래계통인 A계통은 발생 시에는 체중이 가장 낮게 조사되었지만, 20주령에는 1.64 kg으로 가장 무거운 것으로 나타났다(p < 0.05). 계통간 사료 요구율은 0 ~ 8주령에서 C계통이 가장 높았고(p<0.05), 12 ~ 16주령에서는 B계통이 가장 높았으며(p < 0.05), 0 ~ 20주령에서는 유의적 차이가 없었다(p > 0.05). 육성 단계별 정강이 길이를 살펴보면, 0 ~ 12주령까지 B계통에서 가장 높게 나타났고, 16 ~ 20주령에서는 B와 C계통에서 높게 나타났다(p < 0.05). 마지막으로 계통간 정강이 길이 증가량은 0 ~ 8주령까지 B계통에서 가장 높게 나타났고, 8 ~ 16주령까지는 C계통에서 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 이와 같이 한국 재래계의 육성기 능력이 도입계에 비하여 다소 낮게 조사되었지만, 한국 재래계 고유 특성을 유지하고 있었다. 이러한 한국 재래계의 고유 특성들은 한국 재래계 활용에 있어 기준 자료로 이용될 것으로 사료된다(색인어 : 한국 재래계, 도입계, 육성기, 체중, 정강이 길이).