This investigation was undertaken for the purpose of studying the quality and acceptability during storage at room or refrigerator temperature of Yackwa containing waxy rice flour substituted for 0,10,30,50,70% of the wheat flour. The storage periods were 0,15,30 and 45 days. Chemical composition, composition of fatty acids, and value, and peroxide values of Yackwa were measured. Sensory evaluation was done by a panel of 5 judges majoring in food and nutrition. The evaluation was repeated 4 times. Objective evaluation was done by rheometer and color difference meter. Chemical composition of Yackwa were 5.9~6.8% for moisture, 3.43~4.09% for crude protein, 22.35~27.65% for crude fat, 0.27~0.31% for ash, 15.6~18.4% for fructose, 10.6~13.7% for glucose, 0.34~1.0% for sucrose, and 0.79~2.37% for maltose, respectively. Fatty acid contents of Yackwa were 10.54~10.73% for palmitic acid, 4.12~4.18% for stearic acid, 25.8~26.9% for oleic acid, 51.6~52.1% for linoleic acid, and 0.27~0.34% for linolenic acid, respectively. Acid value and peroxide value of Yackwa during storage showed little change. As a result of sensory evaluation for Yackwa made various levels of waxy rice flour, there were no significant differences in most of characteristics between the samples supplemented with waxy rice flour to 30% of wheat flour at 0.01% level. By the color difference meter, the value of L (lightness) and b (yellowness) were increased by increasing the amounts of waxy rice flour, however, there were no significant differences at 0.1% level between the samples supplemented with waxy rice flour to 30% of wheat flour, on the other hand, the value of a (redness) was decreased by increasing the amount of waxy rice flour. In the textural characteristics, brittleness, and chewiness were increased by increasing the amounts of waxy rice flour, and by lengthening the storage period, on the other hand, resilience and cohesiveness showed vice versa. In the correlation coefficient between sensory characteristics and mechanical characteristics, overall acceptability in sensory evaluation correlated significantly with cohesiveness, chewiness, and the values of L, a, and b in mechanical test in most of samples(p〈0.001).

수도(水稻)의 양질(良質) 품종육성(品種育性)을 위한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 벼 7개친(個親)과 이를 이면교배(二面交配)한 21조합(組合)의 에 있어서 심복백(心腹白), 알카리붕괴도(崩壞度)를 조사(調査)하고, 조합능력(組合能力)의 검정(檢定) 및 유전분석(遺傳分析)을 한 바, 얻어진 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 분산분석결과(分散分析結果) 모든 형질(形質)에서 친간(親間) 및 간(間)에 유의차(有意差)가 있었으며 친대(親對) 간(間)에도 모든 형질(形質)에서 유의차(有意差)가 있었다. 모든 형질(形質)에서 일반조합능력(一般組合能力)과 특정조합능력(特定組合能力)이 유의(有意)하였고, 12시간처리(時間處理)에서의 알카리붕괴도(崩壞度)는 비상가적유전분산(非相加的遺傳分散)이 상가적유전분산(相加的遺傳分散)보다 컸으며 타형질(他形質)은 상가적유전분산(相加的遺傳分散)이 비상가적유전분산(非相加的遺傳分散)보다 컸다. 12시간처리(時間處理)에서의 알카리붕괴도(崩壞度)는 완전우성(完全優性)을 나타내었으며 타형질(他形質)은 모두 부분우성(部分優性)을 나타내었다. 우성(優性)의 방향(方向)은 부(負)의 방향(方向)이었으며 전(全) 형질(形質)에서 광의(廣義) 및 협의(狹義)의 유전력(遺傳力)이 높게 추정(推定)되었다. 심백(心白)과 복백간(腹白間) 및 복백(腹白)과 알카리붕괴도간(崩壞度間)에 정(正)의 유의상관(有意相關)이 인정(認定)되었다.

우량수도품종육성(優良水稻品種育成)을 위(爲)한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 입(粒)의 크기가 서로 다른 벼 7개품종(個品種)을 이면교잡(二面交雜)하여 미립(米粒)의 크기와 모양에 대(對)해 잡종강세(雜種强勢), 조합능력(組合能力) 및 유전분석(遺傳分析)을 실시(實施)하여 얻어진 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 평균(平均) heterosis는 입장(粒長)과 장/폭비(長/幅比)에서 부(負)의 방향(方向)으로 유의(有意)하였고, 입폭(粒幅), 입후(粒厚), 입중(粒重)에서는 유의성(有意性)이 없었다. 2. 전형질(全形質)에서 일반조합능력(一般組合能力), 특정조합능력(特定組合能力) 및 정역교잡효과(正逆交雜效果)가 유의(有意)하였고, 입장(粒長), 입폭(粒幅), 입후(粒厚), 입중(粒重)에서는 상가적(相加的) 유전분산(遺傳分散)이 비상가적(非相加的) 유전분산(遺傳分散)보다 컸다. 3. 일반조합능력효과(一般組合能力效果)는 입(粒)의 크기와 입중(粒重)에서 Arborio와 BG2 등(等) 대립종(大粒種)이 정(正)의 방향(方向)으로, 장/폭비(長/幅比)에서는 BG2와 낙동(洛東)벼가 단원방향(短圓方向)으로 유의(有意)한 효과(效果)를 나타내었다. 4. 전형질(全形質)에서 부분우성(部分優性)을 나타내었으며, 우성(優性)의 방향(方向)은 입장(粒長), 입폭(粒幅), 장/폭비(長/幅比)에서 부(負)의 우성(優性)이었고 입후(粒厚)와 입중(粒重)에서는 일정(一定)하지 않았다. 5. 유효유전자수(有效遺傳子數)는 입장(粒長)과 장/폭비(長/幅比)에서 2개정도(個程度)로 추정(推定)되었고 협의(狹義)와 광의(廣義)의 유전력(遺傳力)은 전형질(全形質)에서 매우 높게 나타났다.

동할발생조건(胴割發生條件)에 대(對)한 미립(米粒)의 형태(形態)나 성분함량(成分含量)의 영향(影響)을 알고저 비료시용방법(肥料施用方法)을 달리하여 재배(裁培)한 벼의 동할립(桐割粒)과 건전립(健全粒)을 구분(區分)하여 분석(分析)해본 결과(結果) 동할발생(桐割發生)은 삼강(三剛)벼가 락동(洛東)벼보다, 만기수확구(晩期收穫區)가 적기수확구(適期收穫區)보다 많았으며 3요소외(三要素外)에 규산질비료(珪酸質肥料)를 병용함으로서 동할율(桐割率)이 감소(減少)되었다. 동할립(桐割粒)은 건전립(健全粒)에 비(比)하여 천립중(千粒重) 및 미립(米粒)의 체적(體積)(립장(粒長)립폭(粒幅)립후(粒厚)), 립장(粒長), 립장(粒長)/립폭(粒幅)이 컸으며 품종간(品種間)에는 미립(米粒)의 립장(粒長)/립폭비(粒幅比)가 큰 삼강(三剛)벼가 락동(洛東)벼보다 동할율(胴割率)이 높았다. 동할(胴割)이 비교적(比較的) 잘 되는 삼강(三剛)벼는 미립내(米粒內) 규산함량(珪酸含量)이 낮았고 인산함량(燐酸含量)이 높았으며 동할(胴割)이 잘 안되는 락동(洛東)벼는 그 반대(反對)이었다. 그래서 삼강(三剛)벼는 미립내(米粒內) 규인비(珪燐比)가 낮았고 락동(洛東)벼는 높았으며 비료삼요소(肥料三要素)에 규산(珪酸)을 시용(施用)함으로서 그 함량비(含量比)를 높일수 있었다.

시험은 흰빛잎마름병의 품종별 감수성과 수량 및 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명코자 시비량을 보비재배와 다비재배로 구분하여 전남지역에서 수행 되었다. 흰빛잎마름병은 발생은 다비조건에서 심했으며 심한 발병은 수도 품종들의 등숙에 영향을 주어 수량 감수를 초래하였고 청미율은 품질을 저하 시켰다. 또한 조생계품종에서는 지엽과 차엽이 발병되었지만 중, 만생계품종에서는 지, 차, 삼엽이 발병되었다. 이러한 차이는 보비조건에서 보다 다비조건에서 더욱 뚜렷하였다. 이 병에 대한 저항성품종은 태백벼, 백운찰벼, 팔공벼, 밀양 42호이었고 밀양 30호, 금강벼, 낙동벼, 진주벼는 감수성이었으며 이러한 경향은 시비 수준간에 같은 경향이었다.

The physicochemical properties of soil and the yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Sailmi) were assessed using Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Kowinearly)-rice double cropping systems in the paddy fields at Goseong and Miryang in southern Korea. The average temperatures during the ripening period were approximately 1 °C higher than the optimal temperature for rice ripening and the sunshine duration was reduced by frequent rainfall. Consequently, it was slightly below the optimal conditions required for rice ripening. In the soil at Goseong, winter Italian ryegrass cropping increased the pH, electrical conductivity, and the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen (T-N), available P2O5, K, Ca, and Mg than winter fallowing. Particularly, the contents of T-N and available P2O5increased significantly. In the soil at Miryang, Italian ryegrass slightly increased the electrical conductivity and the T-N, Mg, and Na contents. Therefore, winter Italian ryegrass cropping improved the physicochemical properties of paddy soils; however, Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping slightly reduced the culm length at both Goseong and Miryang, without markedly changing the panicle length or number compared to fallow-rice cropping. Furthermore, at Goseong, Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping slightly decreased the spikelet number and milled rice yield, and increased the ripened grain rate; however, at Miryang, contrasting results were observed. In addition, fallow-rice cropping revealed no differences in the head rice or opaque rice rates. The protein content was slightly increased in Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping, without significant changes in the amylose content or Toyo value, compared to that in fallow-rice cropping. The peak and breakdown viscosities were slightly decreased. These results indicate that winter Italian ryegrass cropping might alter rice taste but may not exhibit remarkable negative effects on rice cultivation. Therefore, Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping system is recommended for paddy fields in southern Korea. Nevertheless, to increase the rice yield and quality, fertilization standards for rice cropping that consider the changes in the T-N and organic matter contents in paddy fields caused by winter Italian ryegrass cropping need to be established.

본 연구는 벼 품종에 따른 미음 가공특성을 구명하기 위하여 국립식량과학원에서 육성한 9개 벼 품종의 호화점도 특성과 미음의 색도, pH, 점도 및 퍼짐성을 측정하고, 초미세구조를 관찰하였다. 신속점도계를 이용한 호화 점도(페이스팅) 분석에서, 치반점도는 한아름4호, 화선찰이 각각 -45.84 및 -27.50 RVU, 최종점도는 화선찰, 한아름4호가 각각 109.00, 213.42 RVU로 미음죽의 노화가 다른 품종들에 비해 느릴 것으로 판단된다. 쌀 낟알과 미음의 미세구조를 주사현미경(SEM)으로 관찰하였는데, 쌀알은 다각형의 전분립으로 구성된 구 형태의 전분체와 이러한 전분체로 구성된 전분세포로 구성되어 있었다. 도담쌀은 구 모양의 전분체가 관찰되었고 다른 품종들에 비해 빈 공간이 더 많았으며, 한아름4호는 일반 멥쌀의 형태와 같은 다각형의 전분립을 확인하였고, 화선찰벼는 전분체를 구성하는 전분립들의 부서짐이 많은 것을 관찰하였다. 그리고 이 품종들로 만든 미음죽 호화양상은 품종별로 달랐는데 이는 주로 아밀로오스 함량 차이에 기인하는 것으로 판단되나, 같은 고아밀로오스 품종이라 하더라도 도담쌀에 비해 고아미4호는 잘 풀어지고 호화가 잘 되는 것으로 나타나는 바(data not shown), 이에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다 하겠다. 품종별 미음 제조 후, 관능검사에서 통일형(초다수성) 벼품종과 자포니카 벼 품종들의 차이가 뚜렷하게 나타나지 않아 초다수성 벼 품종으로 자포니카 벼 품종을 대체할 수 있을 것으로 판단하였다(data not shown). 또한 아밀로오스 함량 차이에 따른 벼 품종들 간의 점도 차이가 확연하게 나타났는데 아밀로오스가 없는 찰벼 품종은 미음죽의 점도를 낮추고, 고아밀로오스 품종들은 미음죽의 점도를 높였다. 통일형(초다수성 벼)을 포함한 일반메벼 품종들의 점도는 찹쌀과 고아밀로오스 품종들로 만든 미음의 중간정도를 보였으며 품종간의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 요컨대, 통일형 품종은 일반쌀 품종에 비해 밥용으로 식미가 나쁜 것으로 알려져 있으나, 미음에 대한 가공적성 평가 결과, 통일형쌀 품종과 일반쌀 품종 간에 품질 차이가 없었다. 쌀미음의 점도와 퍼짐성은 쌀미음의 품질을 결정하는 중요한 요소이며 9개 품종(통일형 4개 품종, 일반형 5개)의 쌀미음 가공적성을 평가한 결과, 고아밀로오스(31.8%-42.8%) 쌀 품종들은 점도가 높아(낮은 퍼짐성) 걸쭉하였고, 저아밀로오스(5.0%)인 찹쌀 품종은 낮은 점도(높은 퍼짐성)로 유동적이었다. 중간정도의 특성을 가진 멥쌀(18.2%-19.9%) 품종들이 쌀미음에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 멥쌀 품종들 중에서 생태형(통일형/일반형)에 따른 쌀미음의 점도와 퍼짐성에서 차이가 없었다.

This study was conducted to develop rice cookies added with young persimmon fruits. Effects of varying amounts (0-12%) of the fruit powder from a young astringent persimmon fruit (picked at July) on the quality characteristics of rice cookies were studied. Ingredients [rice (Oryza sativa subsp. japonica ‘Ilpum’) flours, persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. ‘Cheongdobansi’) powder, sugar, butter, salt, baking powder, egg] were mixed, cut (thickness 3 mm, diameter 35 mm), baked at 170-180℃ for 9 min, cooled, and packaged in polyethylene/nylon bags. The loss rate and spread factor after baking of cookies increased and then decreased with an increase in the amount of fruit powder added. The moisture content and color values (L* and a*) of cookies decreased with an increase in the amount of the persimmon powder added. Phenolic compounds content and DPPH radicals scavenging activity increased with an increase in persimmon powder content; in particular, the DPPH activity of the cookies sharply increased after the addition of 3% persimmon powder. These results suggest that the addition of the young persimmon fruit powder affected the quality characteristics of rice cookies and this fruit powder (approximately 3%) can be utilized as an additive during rice cookie processing.

This study evaluated the quality characteristics, polyphenolic compounds, and radical scavenging activity of cooked-rice added to commercially available mixed grains. L-value of cooked-rice with various mixed grains decreased compared to that of cooked-white rice; however, a- and b-values increased. Hardness and elasticity of cooked-rice added to various mixed grains were significantly lower in the pressure cooker compared to the electric cooker. There was no significant difference in adhesiveness and stickiness between rice from the electric cooker and pressure cooker. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of cooked-rice added to various mixed grains were significantly increased. The average total polyphenol content of cooked-rice added to various mixed grains cooked in an electric cooker and pressure cooker were 16.50 ± 3.86 and 15.88 ± 3.52 mg gallic acid equivalent /100 g, and flavonoid contents were 1.58 ± 0.00 and 1.55 ± 0.02 mg catechin equivalents/100 g, respectively. The average of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity was 9.27 ± 2.62 and 8.72 ± 2.41 mg trolox equivalent (TE)/100 g, and 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity was 22.89 ± 4.60 and 23.07 ± 4.49 mg TE/100 g for cooked-rice added to various mixed grains cooked in an electric cooker and pressure cooker, respectively. Phenol content and radical scavenging activity of cooked rice was in proportion to the amount of added grains, such as brown rice, colored rice, barley, soybean, and sorghum.

We investigated physicochemical properties of puffed snacks with intermediate and high amylose rice varieties. The intermediate amylose rice varieties ‘Sindongjin’ and high amylose rice varieties newly developed for food processing, ‘Dodamssal’ and ‘Goami4’ were tested for this study. The crude fat and crude protein contents of the rice cultivars ranged 1.47-3.08% and 6.30-7.63%, respectively. The resistant starch and amylose contents of Dodamssal and Goami4 were higher than those of Sindongjin. The hardness of rice was the highest in Sindongjin and Dodamssal. Also, Hardness of puffed snacks decreased by 72.07% for Sindongjin, 88.21% for Dodamssal and 66.67% for Goami4 compared to raw rice samples. The sensory evaluation showed that the highest scores in taste, texture and overall acceptability of puffed snacks were obtained in Dodamssal. The results of this study indicate that Dodamssal was suitable varieties for puffed snacks. Also, the physicochemical properties of Dodamssal were improved by the extrusion process. Therefore Dodamssal can be used for the industrial production of puffed snacks.

Rice quality should be considered as a primary consumer requirement. Regarding marketing, characteristics such as appearance, physicochemical properties, and palatability of brand rice are of high economic importance. Therefore, this study was conducted to select the optimal rice cultivars representing the commercial rice brands of Gyeongsangbuk-do province in Korea. Various rice grain quality components, grain appearance, several physicochemical properties of rice grain, and texture or palatability of cooked rice grains of ten cultivars (namely ‘top quality rice’) cultivated at three different locations, such as inland mountainous and southern plain areas of Gyeongsangbuk-do province in 2013~2014, were evaluated, and the obtained data was analyzed. ‘Hiami’ showed slightly higher protein contents and lower palatability of cooked rice than the other rice cultivars. Rice production and head rice yield produced at Gumi were the highest. The protein content of milled rice produced at Andong, an inland mountainous region, was approximately 0.3% point lower than that from other locations, whereas the amylose content of milled rice was approximately 1% point higher than those from the other plain regions, Daegu and Gumi. We evaluated the texture, Glossiness value determined using a Toyo teste meter and palatability of cooked rice of ten cultivars. The hardness of cooked rice produced in Andong was slightly lower than that produced in Daegu and Gumi, and additionally, the palatability of cooked rice produced in Andong was the best, followed by that producted in Gumi and Daegu. Considering rice yield and grain quality in the major rice cultivation areas of Gyeongsangbuk-do province, the rice cultivars that may be suitable for each region could be recommended mid-late maturation: ‘Younghojinmi’ and ‘Mipum’ in Daegu, ‘Daebo’, ‘Samgwang’, Chilbo’ and ‘Younghojinmi’ in Gumi, ‘Samgwang’, ‘Jinsumi’ and ‘Sukwang’ in Andong. These results obtained in this study imply that the selected cultivars with high yield and quality could be recommended with high priority to rice farmers in the regions.

In this study the effect of rice addition on the quality of beer was investigated. Pilot-scale brews were performed with addition ratios of 10, 20, 30, and 40% of brown rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hangaru) which were compared with 100% malt beer and commercial beers in terms of quality. Alcohol content of beer was between 3.93 to 4.40%. The total sugar content increased when the rice percent was increased. The pH range of beer were 4.32 and 4.60, which were no significant differences found among by the rate of rice added. Total acidity and amino-acidity decreased corresponding to increasing percent of rice, on the other hand, lightness of beer was increased the increase in percent of rice, while redness and yellowness of beer were decreased. The study demonstrated that the increases of rice addition in beer provided some positive effects on beer quality by decreasing bitterness where as improving beer color.

‘Manbaek’ is a bacterial blight resistant mid-late maturing rice cultivar with high grain quality. ‘Manbeak’ was derived from anther culture using the backcross combination, Hopum*2/SR30075. ‘Hopum’ is a mid-late maturing rice cultivar with high grain quality and ‘SR30075’ is a pyramid line carrying three bacterial blight resistance genes. ‘Manbaek’ was selected through the pedigree method, yield trials, and local adaptability tests. ‘Manbeak’ carrying two bacterial blight resistance gene Xa3 and xa5 showed high-level and broad-spectrum resistance against bacterial blight. ‘Manbaek’ was resistant to K3a, mostly virulent race in Korea, and exhibited resistance reaction against 16 Korean bacterial blight isolates. ‘Manbaek’ was a mid-late maturing rice. The heading date of ‘Manbaek’ was August 19th, which was 5 days later than that of ‘Nampyeong’. Manbaek’ was a lodging-tolerant rice with short culm and dark green leaf. Due to the low viviparous germination, ‘Manbaek’ could be a useful material to prevent pre-harvest sprouting. ‘Mabeak’ was resistant to bacterial blight and rice stripe virus, but susceptible to other virus diseases and insect pests. The yield of ‘Manbaek’ was similar to ‘Nampyeong’. ‘Manbaek’ showed excellent grain appearance and good tastes of cooked rice, so that it could contribute to improving the quality of bacterial blight resistant cultivars. ‘Manbaek’, bacterial blight resistant cultivar with high grain quality, is suitable for the cultivation at bacterial blight prone area and has been utilized in the breeding programs for enhancing the resistance against bacterial blight (Registration No. 6069).

This study was carried out in 2014 and 2015 to investigate the effect of transplanting density on panicle production and to analyze the relationship of panicle production with yield traits in the mid-maturing quality rice cultivar ‘Haiami’ in the mid-plain area of Korea. Number of tillers per square meter increased by reducing planting distance and increasing seedling number per hill. These effects were maintained until maturity and were reflected in the final number of panicles per square meter, although the effect of planting density decreased as rice growth progressed. However, increased panicle number per square meter following dense planting did not improve head rice yield. Panicle number per square meter was negatively associated with spikelet number per panicle and was not correlated with other yield components or head rice yield. Head rice yield was not correlated with head rice percentage but was closely and positively correlated with milled rice yield. Milled rice yield did not increase with grain filling percentage but increased with spikelet number per square meter. Spikelet number per square meter increased with both spikelet number per panicle and panicle number per square meter, although the former had a greater influence. Therefore, we conclude that head rice yield of the ‘Haiami’ cultivar grown in the mid-plain area of Korea is not improved with an increased panicle number following high planting density but it could be improved with high milled rice yield by increasing spikelet number per unit area.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Lentinus edodes powder on the quality characteristics and antioxidant of rice cookies. The cookies for this experiment was made by 3 main ingredients including rice powder, flour, Lentinus edodes powder. The proportion of rice powder was fixed to 50% for the total amount of ingredients. The amount of reminded 2 ingredients (flour and Lentinus edodes powder) were varied. The amount of flour was decreased up to 38%, and the addition of Lentinus edodes powder was increased to 4%, 8% and 12%. Density of the dough, hardness, total polyphenol content, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and reducing power increased with increasing Lentinus edodes powder content. Moisture content, pH of the dough, spread factor, loss rate, leavening rate, and L values of the cookies were decreased with increasing Lentinus edodes powder content. The result of consumer acceptance test revealed that there were no significant differences in smell, taste and overall acceptability, while the preference of color decreased as the amount of Lentinus edodes powder increased. To sum up, the cookies with 12% Lentinus edodes powder can produced the best results in terms of quality and antioxidant potential.

‘Nunkeunheugchal’ is a waxy black rice variety that has a large embryo. The quality of black rice depends on the anthocyanin content of the rice seed coat, which is mainly determined by cultivation environment. Factors that affect the anthocyanin content include nitrogen level, planting density, transplanting date and harvesting date. This study was carried out to investigate the optimum black rice cultivation conditions by examining the effects of different nitrogen levels and planting densities. An initial study was conducted to determine the optimum nitrogen level in which four levels of nitrogen were applied to the field (0, 4, 8 and 12 kg/10a). As the nitrogen contents were increased up to 8 kg/10a, there was a concomitant increase in rice yields. However, nitrogen levels greater than 8 kg/10a, the yield was maintained at the same level. Correlation analysis indicated that the optimum nitrogen level for maximum yield was 9.6 kg/10a. In addition, anthocyanin levels showed a trend similar to that of yield, with correlation analysis indicating that the optimum nitrogen level for maximum anthocyanin content is 10.6 kg/10a.On the basis of these results, a second study was conducted to determine the optimum combination of planting density and nitrogen level. The planting densities investigated were 30 × 12, 30 × 14, 30 × 16cm and nitrogen levels were 7, 9 and 12 kg/10a. A high planting density (30 × 12cm) was shown to produce higher numbers of tillers and yield. As calculated in the first study, a nitrogen level of 9 kg/10a shown to produce the highest anthocyanin content and yield. Collectively, the results of this study indicate that a planting density of 30 × 12 cm and a nitrogen level of 9 kg/10a is the optimal combination in terms of maximizing both rice yield and anthocyanin content.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of rice cultivars (Hangaru, Seolgaeng, Dasan-1 and Anda) on the quality characteristics of rice beer. Hangaru and Seolgaeng which are soft rice varieties, had moisture contents that were 14.48% and 14.62% higher than those of Dasan-1 and Anda, respectively. Dasan-1 and Anda showed higher protein contents than those of the other two varieties. The amylose content of Hangaru was found to be 17.71% lower than that of the other varieties, whereas the reducing sugar content of Hangaru and Seolgaeng was higher than that of Dasan-1 and Anda. Hardness measurements for Hangaru and Seolgaeng were lower than those for Dasan-1 and Anda. Measurements of the alcohol content, pH and color of beers brewed using these rice cultivars revealed no significant difference among the cultivars. However, measurement results for bitterness showed that beers brewed with Hangaru and Seolgaeng had lower bitterness than did the beers brewed with Dasan-1 and Anda. The results of this study indicate that Hangaru and Seolgaeng can be considered as cultivars with brewing qualities suitable for rice beer.