The objective of this study was to investigate the comparison of transferable embryos and pregnancy rate between Hanwoo and Chickso. The results obtained were as follows: No differences were observed in the efficiency of superovulation rates on Hanwoo 78%, and Chickso 85%, respectively. The mean number of total embryos are each 14.76± 2.16 and 6.23±1.07. So the mean number of transferable embryos are each 10.94±1.91 and 4.58±1.05. In addition, the mean number of total Hanwoo embryo from <10 and 10≤ of corpora luteum was 0.50±0.50, 11.56±1.92, respectively. In case of Chickso, The mean number of transferable embryo from <10 and 10≤ of CL was 2.75±1.39, 6.00±1.00, respectively. The pregnancy rates were Hanwoo 40%, and Chickso 37% following transfer of fresh embryos produced in vivo. Also, the pregnancy rates of Chickso 60% were significantly greater (p<0.05) than the Hanwoo 42.48% following transfer of following transfer of frozen embryos, respectively. In conclusion, these results suggest that Chickso may be effectively used for transferable embryos production in Hanwoo. Although the transferable embryos number was not enough, it seems the Chickso greatly affect pregnancy rate. The results indicated that the possibility of transferable embryos from Chickso for embryo transfer could be confirmed in this study. Based on the present findings, it was suggested that it is very important to evaluate in vivo embryo production and pregnancy rate of embryo transfer following superovulation for effective Hanwoo and Chickso production.

The decreased fertility is frequently thought to be problem of cattle production. However, studies figure out that number of these problems is related to bull factors especially in artificial insemination setting. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the fertility status of bull by their estimated relative conception rate of cows that were inseminated by frozen semen from Korean proven bulls. Here we use the non-return rate (NRR) to access the bull fertility whereas, the NRR was define as the proportion of bulls that semen were used to inseminate cows and the number of cows that did not return for another service within 60 days. The data from 54,388 artificial inseminations (AI) were analyzed from 88 KPN semen. The NRRs of highest and lowest fertile bull were 83.81 and 51.33%, respectively. And mean NRR was 68.27%. In comparison to previously reported study, our data shows 17.38% higher NRR and the absolute value of difference in 50%>NRR and 50%<NRR group was 22.17 and 10.51, respectively (p< 0.001). In conclusion, the decreased fertility might consider as key aspect in achieving considerable conception of cows in existing integrated farming system at Korea.

The bovine fatty acid binding protein 4 and 5 (FABP4 and 5) is a major positional and physiological candidate gene for the bovine marbling and carcass weight. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between economic traits of Korean cattle (Hanwoo) and genetic variation in fatty acid binding protein 4 and 5 (FABP4 and 5) genes within carcass/meat quality traits and the before/after of fatting in breed Hanwoo. Here, we characterized the nucleotide polymorphism of FABP4 and 5 in 86 cattle. We were detected the variability of three types (GG, AG, and AA) by PCR, and economic traits were analyzed by the mixed regression model implemented in the ASReml program. As the result of statistical and supersonic analysis, FABP4 gene was highly showed significant effect (p<0.006) on marbling score (MS), in contrast FABP5 gene was lowed (p<0.084) on MS before fatting. But, FABP4 gene was highly showed significant effect (p<0.0054) on MS, in contrast FABP5 gene lowest (p<0.0899) on MS in the after of fatting. Compare to supersonic result before fatting in FABP4 gene, it was detected type GG: (p<7.18), AG: (p<8.50), and AA: (p<10.50) (n=50), showed type GG: (p<4.88), AG: (p<2.33), and AA: (p<0.00) after weed out (n=20). Futhermore, it was detected type GG: (p<9.30), AG: (p<7.95), and AA: (p<7.40) (n=50) before fatting in the FABP5 gene. It was shown type GG: (p<2.67), AG: (p<3.50), and AA: (p<5.00) after weed out (n=50). Our results indicate that FABP4 and 5 gene transcription is regulated by the environment of feeding and management, and suggest that feeding and management could be potential key in determining FABP4 and 5 genes transcription for carcass/meat quality traits in breed Hanwoo.

발정주기와 상관없이 CIDR을 삽입하는 날에 50 mg progesterone, 2.5 mg estradiol benzoate를 근육주사하였다. CIDR 삽입 후 4, 5일에 28 AU FSH (Antorin R10)을 4일 동안 감량법으로 주사하였다. 6, 7회 FSH 주사 후 25 mg, 15 mg 를 각각 주사한 다음, CIDR는 7회 FSH 주사 후 제거하였다. 1회째 주사 후 48시간에 GnRH를 주사하였다. 공란우는 발정확인 후 12시간 간격

After spermatogenesis, spermatozoa come in contact with fluids in the epididymis where they mature. During ejaculation, spermatozoa are mixed with secretions from prostate gland, vesicular glands, and bulbourethral glands. During natural mating, seminal plasma is deposited in the female reproductive tract eliciting various physiological and immunological responses. With the advances in proteomics, the components of seminal plasma have been identified and the information may be valuable in identifying markers for fertility. Components of seminal plasma that affect fertility have been discovered and the mechanism of action of these factors has been determined. The objective of this study was to determine the specific seminal plasma proteins from Korean native cattle, Hanwoo, and Korean native brindle cattle (KNBC) with the long term goal of improving fertilization rate. After SDS-PAGE and 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, proteins were identified by Q -ToF analysis. They include plasma serine protease inhibitor precursor and platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase after SDS-PAGE. Number and density of the spots in 2-dimensional gels were higher in KNBC than Hanwoo. Proteins identified from the paired spots of both breeds include chain A, bull seminal plasma PDC-109 Fibronectin Type II module, BSP-30 kDa precursor, and Spermadhesin Z13 or its precursor. Interestingly, some proteins were identified from multiple spots. The functional differences of these diverse forms of the proteins may require further studies. With their previously reported roles in sperm capacitation by these proteins, the studies on the mechanism of action, ligand interaction and the variation in the genome may help improving fertility in cattle.

The purpose of this experiment was to compare the pregnancy rate (PR) according to the state of the ovaries and uterus, according to the number of embryos transferred from cows and heifers and to investigate the method of artificial twin induction with Hanwoo in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos by embryo transfer (ET). Looking at the PR according to the condition of the ovaries and uterus, the result was not influenced by the condition of the ovaries, but was significantly influenced by the state of the uterus. The PR according to the number of embryos transferred from cows was 36.8%, 53.0%, 50.5% for 1, 2, and 3 embryos, respectively and although there was a higher frequency of twin calves with 3 embryos than 2, the calving rate was the highest with 2 embryos. In case of heifers, the transfer of 1 embryo showed the best pregnancy and calving rate, and although the PR was similar with 2 embryos (67.7 versus 66.4), in case of 2 embryos transferred there was high frequency of embryonic loss (6.1%) occurred when a cow was diagnosed at 28 and 53 d after ET, total loss (21.3%); sum of fetal death, abortion and stillbirth after pregnant diagnosis at 60 day.

본 연구에서는 양질 조사료의 급여가 한우비육우의 사양성적, 육생산성 및 육질에 미치는 효과를 메타분석기법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 효과분석은 국내에서 수행된 논문들을 대상으로 총 5편의 연구논문들을 인용하였다. 양질조사료를 급여한 시험구를 처리구로 하고 볏짚을 급여한 시험구를 대조구로하여 처리구 결과와 대조구 결과의 평균차를 이용하여 효과의크기를 분석하였고, 요약효과는 임의효과모형을 이용하여 산출하였다. 그 결과, 사양성적에대한 정의효과는 사료섭취량, 일당증체량, 종료체중 및 사료효율 모두에서 나타났으며, 유의성은 일당 증체량에서만 발견되었다. 육생산량에 대한 정의효과는 도체중, 배측최장근 면적및 생산성 지수에서 나타났고, 등지방두께에서는 부의효과가 나타났다. 유의성은 도체중과배최장근 면적에서만 나타났다. 육질에 대한정의효과는 marbling score와 지방색에서 정의효과가 나타났으며, 육색은 부의효과가 나타났으나 유의적 효과는 발견되지 않았다.

본 연구는 다양한 수준의 셀레늄함유 청보리 사일리지를 육성기 거세한우에 급여 시 성장특성 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다.시험은 육성기 거세한우 20두 (개시체중 208.8± 17.9 kg)를 공시하였고, 처리구는 셀레늄수준과 형태에 따라 4처리구 (셀레늄시비 및 비시비청보리 사일리지이용 0.1 mg/kg 셀레늄 (대조구), 0.3 mg/kg 셀레늄 (T1), 0.9 mg/kg 셀레늄(T2) 및 무기셀레늄 0.9 mg/kg 셀레늄 (T3)로 나누어 처리구당 5두씩 배치하여, 90일간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 각 시험사료는 셀레늄함유및 일반 청보리를 조합하여 배합비의 30%를대체하였고, 무기셀레늄구 (T3)는 대조구사료에0.9 mg/kg의 셀레늄수준에 상응하는 양의 sodiumselenite를 첨가하였다. 사료내 조단백질 및 에너지함량은 처리구간 동일하였다. 사료 내 셀레늄의 수준 및 급여형태에 따라 사료섭취량과증체에는 영향을 미치지 않았고, 혈중 포도당농도는 대조구가 T1과 T2구 보다 유의하게 낮았다 (p<0.05). 혈중 총지질농도는 셀레늄수준이증가할수록 유의하게 낮아져, T2구와 T3구가대조구 보다 유의하게 낮았다 (p<0.05). LDL-콜레스테롤은 셀레늄급여구가 대조구보다 유의하게 낮았다 (p<0.05). 혈중 중성지방 또한 T2구가 대조구보다 유의하게 낮았다 (p<0.05). 혈중면역글로불린농도는 셀레늄의 급여로 전반적으로 상승하는 경향을 보였고, 사료 내 같은 셀레늄수준에서 T3구보다는 T2구가 높은 양상을나타내었다. 혈중 셀레늄농도는 셀레늄함유 청보리 급여수준이 높아짐에 따라 유의하게 증가였으나 (p<0.05), T3구는 대조구와 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이상의 결과에서 육성한우에 대한 셀레늄함유 청보리급여는 육성우의당 및 지질대사에 관여하는 것으로 나타났고,특히 혈중 총지질 및 LDL-콜레스테롤의 농도를 감소시켰다. 또한 무기셀레늄보다는 청보리내 존재하는 셀레늄이 장관내에서 더 잘 흡수되는 것으로 나타났고, 이는 육성기 및 어린성장단계에 있는 거세한우의 면역력을 향상시키는데 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

본 실험에서는 2008년부터 2010년까지 월동작물로 재배되는 청보리와 호밀에 화학비료,유기질비료 및 가축분뇨의 시용 그리고 콩과작물의 혼파재배가 작물의 생산성과 사료가치에주는 효과를 토양의 지력향상과 함께 양질의조사료를 확보하여 단위면적당 한우 사육 능력을 높일 수 있는 방법을 찾아내고자 무비구,화학비료 PK시비구, 화학비료 NPK 시비구, 유기질비료 시용구, 액상우분뇨 시용구, 액상우분뇨 시용에 헤어리벳치 혼파구 및 액상우분뇨시용에 청예완두 혼파구 등 7처리 3반복 난괴법으로 배치하여 실험이 실시되었다. 청보리의연간 건물과 가소화양분총량 (TDN) 수량은 화학비료 NPK 시비구 (각각 6.14와 3.97 ton/ha)가가장 높았으나 (p<0.05), 유기질 비료구 (각각5.24와 3.37 ton/ha), 액상우분뇨 (각각 5.53과3.63 ton/ha) 및 콩과 혼파구 (각각 5.00~5.15와3.32~3.33 ton/ha)와 유의적 차이는 나지 않았다.청보리의 TDN과 RFV는 액상우분뇨 시용에 청예완두 혼파구가 가장 높았다 (p<0.05). 청보리를 급여 시 한우 암소는 유기질비료, 액상우분뇨 혹은 액상우분뇨 시용에 두과작물 혼파구가연간 ha당 평균 2.5~2.9두를 사육할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 호밀의 연간 건물, 조단백질 및TDN 수량은 유기질비료, 액상우분뇨 혹은 액상우분뇨 시용에 두과작물 혼파한 구가 ha 당각각 6.69~7.13, 0.46~0.51 및 3.95~4.18 ton으로나타남으로써, 호밀을 급여할 경우 암소는 연간 ha 당 평균 3.1~3.3두 규모의 사육능력이 추정된다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 건물생산성만을 고려해서 화본과 작물을 단파로 재배하는 것보다는 가축의 기호성과 품질의 개선효과까지 고려하여 두과작물 등을 혼파 재배하고 가축분뇨를 시용함으로써 단위면적당 수량과 사료가치를 높일 수 있으며 한우사양 시에는 단백질공급원으로 이용되는 수입 곡류 등을 대체하는효과까지도 기대할 수 있으리라 생각된다.

This study was investigated the effects of marinating beef with thirteen different commercial vinegars on quality traits of Biceps femoris (BF) muscle of Hanwoo. Samples were divided into thirteen portions and injected with vinegar which was equivalent to 10% of the sample weight. The samples were all marinated for 15 hrs at 4℃ for experiments. The pH and cooking loss were tended to decrease (p<0.05) on all the vinegars and swollen rate was increased only on pomegranate vinegar. Shear force was decreased on all the thirteen commercial vinegars except persimmon vinegar. Most of commercial vinegars had influenced on water holding capacity, excluding omija-persimmon, pomegranate and grape vinegars. The yield was the greatest with the aloe-apple (p<0.05). Redness (a) was stable on aloe-apple and omija-persimmon vinegars. With an improvement of experimental design and process for future work, the results could be suggested to industrial utilization wherein low-quality meat could be improved by simple marination.

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of dietary cottonseed meal (CSM) supplementation on carcass and meat quality characteristics of Hanwoo (Korean cattle) bulls. Twenty two months-old-Hanwoo bulls of eight heads (4 heads per treatments) were fed for 5 months on a diet with or without (control) CSM (500 g/head/day). The samples of M. longissimus dorsi from carcasses were used for the quality measurement. Dietary CSM supplementation did not affect the carcass traits of bulls and pH value, drip loss, water-holding capacity and fatty acid composition of beef loin. Crude protein and crude ash content of beef loin were significantly (p<0.05) higher in beef loin from bulls fed CSM than in the control. During storage of 5 days at 4℃, CIE a*, b*, C* and total color values were significantly (p<0.05) higher in beef loin from bulls fed CSM than in the control. Overall, the present results indicate that dietary CSM supplementation may improve the oxidation stability of Hanwoo beef loin.

This study was conducted to estimate heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations among growth traits (weaning weight, weight of 12 month, weight of 18 month, weight of 24 month). Growth data collected from steers (n=3,321) and 8,818 animals in pedigree were used for estimation of genetic parameters. Traits evaluated included live weight at 4 month (W4), 12 month (W12), 18 month (W18) and 24 month (W24). Parameters were estimated using an multitrait animal model and derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood procedures. Heritabilities estimated for growth traits at W4, W12, W18 and W24 were 0.21, 0.11, 0.08 and 0.14, respectively. Genetic correlations were in the range of 0.79 to 0.87. Phenotypic correlations were in the range of 0.16 to 0.81.

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1) gene plays important role in fatty acid composition. In order to find marker-assisted selection (MAS) for improving the economic trait, this study was performed to identify the 878T>C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on SCD1 gene. Three genotypes (CC, CT, and TT) were detected in 878T>C SNP of SCD1 gene from 103 Hanwoo population by polymorphism chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and economic traits were analyzed by general linear model. The frequency of allele C and T was 0.534 and 0.466, also the genotype frequency of CC, CT and TT was 0.252, 0.563, and 0.184, respectively in the Hanwoo population. The TT genotype of SCD1 gene showed a significantly higher measures (p<0.05) of carcass weight (CW) than CT, CC genotype. No significant association was detected between genotype and other economic trait (marbling, backfat thickness, and longissimus muscle area) in this study. The results revealed that SCD1 gene 878T>C SNP could be useful for effective MAS to increase the economic quality in Hanwoo population.

The objective of the current study was to describe in vitro embryo production in Hanwoo, analyzing oocytes yield and embryo production. The effects of oocytes production and the number of OPU procedures per animal on embryo production were also evaluated. OPU was done every 3～4 days during experimental period and collected oocytes were fertilized in vitro in both OPU and needle puncture groups. First, we compared the recovery rate of oocytes based on OPU session (Experiment 1). The average of collected oocytes was calculated from every 10 session. The average number of total oocytes recovered per animalonsessionwas 5.16 (mean). Second, we compared the recovery rate base on collection period of OPU (Experiment 2). The following results show the difference of the number of recovered oocytes in every month during the procedure between the months of session. Every animal shows the constant number of recovered oocytes for the first 5 months. However, the recovery rate of oocytes was decreased from month 6 to 8. Third, we compared the developmental rate to blastocyst in two groups (Experiment 3). Oocytes by needle puncture were fertilized with frozen-thawing semen; the cleavage rate 24～48 h after in vitro fertilization (IVF) was 75.8% and blastocyst development rate was 18.8% in needle puncture group. Even though there is lower cleavage rate after IVF in OPU group (61.1%), blastocyst development rate was higher compared with needle puncture group (28.4%). In conclusion, Blastocyst developmental rate could be increased by OPU than classical method of needle puncture. Improvement of bio- technique in collecting oocytes could be applied to understand the reproductive physiology in cattle, expecially Hanwoo. Therefore, further investigation should be done to clarify the efficiency and advantage of OPU involved in reproduction in animals and human being.

여름철에 한우의 더위 스트레스를 경감하기 위하여 송풍팬을 이용하고 있으나 송풍팬의 가동 결정 기준이 마련되지 않아 가동 여부를 결정하는데 많은 어려움을 겪고 있는 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 한우의 더위 스트레스를 경감하기 위한 송풍팬의 가동 기준을 마련하기 위하여 수행되었다. 2010년 여름에 한우농가에서 한우의 호흡횟수, 온도, 풍속, 상대습도 등을 수집한 후 이를 이용하여 호흡횟수와 온도간의 상관관계, 호흡횟수와 풍속간의 상관관계 및 호흡횟수와 상대습도간의 상관관계 등을 분석함으로써 송풍팬의 가동 기준을 마련하였다. 실험 결과 온도에 따라 한우의 호흡횟수는 23℃ 정도부터 급격히 증가하는 것을 분석할 수 있었다. 또한 풍속 분석 결과 여름철 자연풍(풍속 0∼0.8 m/s)에 의해 한우의 더위 스트레스 경감 효과를 볼 수 없다고 사료되었고 이에 따라 송풍팬의 가동이 필수적이라고 판단되었다. 반면에 여름철 보통의 날씨에서는 자연 상태의 상대습도 60%이하에서는 한우의 더위 스트레스의 증감에 영향을 미치지 않는 점 등을 고려해 볼 때, 온도가 23℃ 미만이면 송풍팬을 가동시키지 않고 온도가 23℃ 이상이면 송풍팬을 가동시켜 한우의 더위스트레스를 경감시켜 주는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단되었다.

The purpose of this experiment is to compare the pregnancy rate (PR) according to the state of the ovaries and uterus, according to the number of embryos transferred from cows and heifers and to investigate the method of artificial twin induction with Hanwoo in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos by embryo transfer (ET). Looking at the PR according to the condition of the ovaries and uterus, the result was not influenced by the condition of the ovaries, but was significantly influenced by the state of the uterus. The PR according to the number of embryos transferred from cows was 36.8%, 53.0%, 50.5% for 1, 2, and 3 embryos respectively, and although there was a higher frequency of twin calves with 3 embryos than with 2, the calving rate was the highest with 2 embryos. In case of heifers, the transfer of 1 embryo showed the best pregnancy and calving rate, and although the PR was similar with 2 embryos (67.7 versus 66.4), in case of 2 embryos transferred there was high frequency of embryonic loss( 6.1%) occurred when a cow was diagnosed at 28 and 53 d after ET, total loss (21.3%; sum of fetal death, abortion and stillbirth after pregnant diagnosis at 60 day).

This study evaluated a method of sorting X and Y chromosomes based on size using the forward angle light scatter related refractive index (FSC) of a flow cytometer. Hanwoo bulls sperm were separated to X and Y chromosomes by the parameters of FSC or Hoechst 33342 intensity. As a result, using monitor program linked flow cytometry during sorting processing, the purities were or for the X-fraction and or for the Y-fraction in the two sperm sorting methods. There were no differences in the X and Y ratios (X and Y %) between the sperm sorting methods based on FSC or DNA content. The proportions of female and male embryos used for in vitro fertilization and development were or , and or when sperm were processed using the sex sorting method by FSC or Hoechst 33342. In conclusion, further study is needed to determine the optimum procedure and improve the nozzle to enhancing sorting accuracy or efficiency. Also, the findings of this study do not negate the possibility that the difference method of sperm sorting cannot use a UV laser beam.

This study evaluated a sexed sperm ability to produce embryos by flow cytometer. Hanwoo bulls sperm were separated to X and Y sperm via Hoechst 33342 stained with near UV laser or performed the pre-sorted without near UV laser beam in flow cytometry. Pre-sorted sperm had significantly higher viability (84±1.15 %, p<0.05) compared to other sorted groups in frozen-thawed semen. For fresh semen, pre-sorted sperm had the higher viability (79±3 %, p<0.05) than those of the X and Y sperm (44.7±1.67 and 41.7±1.2 %) separated by differences of DNA content. On the other hand, pre-sorted and X sperm sorted according to differences in DNA content had significantly higher viabilities (24.3±1.2 and 25.7±0.9 %, p<0.05) compared to that of the sorted Y sperm (13.7±1.2 %) in the hypoosmotic swelling test. The proportion acrosome reaction in the sorted X sperm was higher (55.0±1.7 and 45.0±1.5 %) than those of the sorted Y-sperm (32.3±0.9 %, p<0.05). However, the sperm morphologies of the sorted groups were not significantly differences. In conclusion, the sex-sorting procedure by flow cytometry affected some characteristics of Hanwoo sperm. Further study is needed to determine the optimal procedures to enhance male and female embryos and sorting accuracy.

This study was carried out to investigate artificial insemination (AI) failure status and frozen semen characteristics in Korean proven bulls‘ number (KPN) semen used for AI of Hanwoo cows in Gangwon East region (Gangneung, Donghae, Taebaek, Samcheok, Sokcho, Yangyang, Goseong). Among semen used for AI, AI failure rate showed lowest at KPN506 (27.6%), whereas highest at KPN593 (77.2%). Correlations of AI failure in between Korean proven bulls semen and cows was 0.2941, which means that AI failure rate of Korean proven bulls semen may have respectable effect on reproduction of Hanwoo cow. In addition, present study was conducted to investigate spermatozoal viability rate, ruptured acrosome rate and active mitochondria in frozen Korean proven bulls semen with flow cytometry. The semen of KPN593 showed significantly (p<0.05) higher viability rate in KPN593 (30.49%) than that in KPN637 (37.34%). Furthermore, percentage of ruptured acrosome was lower in KPN637 as 21.37% than in KPN637 (21.37%), but it was not statistically significant. In conclusion, these results indicate that choice of Korean proven bulls semen may correlate positively with conception rate in Hanwoo cow. Therefore, KPN with high AI failure rate might be avoid to increase conception rate and characteristics of frozen semen might be evaluated before its use for AI.