Silica nano-powder (SNP) is an inorganic material able to provide high-performance in various fields because of its multiple functions. Methods used to synthesize high purity SNP, include crushing silica minerals, vapor reaction of silica chloride, and a sol-gel process using TEOS and sodium silicate solution. The sol-gel process is the cheapest method for synthesis of SNP, and was used in this study. First, we investigated the shape and the size of the silica-powder particles in relation to the variation of HCl and sodium silicate concentrations. After drying, the shape of nano-silica powder differed in relation to variations in the HCl concentration. As the pH of the solution increased, so did the density of crosslinking. Initially, there was NaCl in the SNP. To increase its purity, we adopted a washing process that included centrifugation and filtration. After washing, the last of the NaCl was removed using DI water, leaving only amorphous silica powder. The purity of nano-silica powder synthesized using sodium silicate was over 99.6%.

We investigate the effects of redox reaction on preparation of high purity α-alumina from selectively ground aluminum dross. Preparation procedure of the α-alumina from the aluminum dross has four steps: i) selective crushing and grinding, ii) leaching process, iii) redox reaction, and iv) precipitation reaction under controlled pH. Aluminum dross supplied from a smelter was ground to separate metallic aluminum. After the separation, the recovered particles were treated with hydrochloric acid(HCl) to leach aluminum as aluminum chloride solution. Then, the aluminum chloride solution was applied to a redox reaction with hydrogen peroxide(H2O2). The pH value of the solution was controlled by addition of ammonia to obtain aluminum hydroxide and to remove other impurities. Then, the obtained aluminum hydroxide was dried at 60˚C and heat-treated at 1300˚C to form α-alumina. Aluminum dross was found to contain a complex mixture of aluminum metal, aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride, and spinel compounds. Regardless of introduction of the redox reaction, both of the sintered products are composed mainly of α-alumina. There were fewer impurities in the solution subject to the redox reaction than there were in the solution that was not subject to the redox reaction. The impurities were precipitated by pH control with ammonia solution, and then removed. We can obtain aluminum hydroxide with high purity through control of pH after the redox reaction. Thus, pH control brings a synthesis of α-alumina with fewer impurities after the redox reaction. Consequently, high purity α-alumina from aluminum dross can be fabricated through the process by redox reaction.

본 연구는 ICuGI Database를 활용하여 수박 상용 F1 품종의 순도검정용 EST-SSR 마커를 개발하기 위해 수행되었다. 총 353개 EST-SSR primer set을 선발하여 (주)NH종묘의 수박 F1 품종 7종과 각 품 종의 양친 11종에 대해 검정하였다. 이중 1차 테스트한 96개 primer set 중, ‘오렌지’는 primer WMU0056, ‘흑보’는 WMU0400, ‘신동’은 WMU0056와 WMU0400, ‘새로나’는 WMU0056, WMU0400, WMU0529에 대해 각 품종의 양친들이 다형성이 보였고 F1 개체에서는 이형접합의 유전자형 을 보였다. ‘해동’ F1의 순도검정용 마커를 찾기 위해 추가적인 122개의 primer set에 대해 PCR을 수 행한 결과, WMU0056, WMU0400, WMU0580, WMU1211, WMU4136, WMU448이 순도검정에 적합한 것으로 나타나, WMU0056와 WMU0400이 ‘해동’에서도 유용할 수 있었다. ‘꿀나라’와 ‘황피’의 경우에는 공시된 타 품종들에 비해 양친간 다형성율이 각각 5%와 2%로 매우 낮아 모든 353개 primer set을 테스트하였으며, 그 결과 ‘꿀나라’는 WMU5339, ‘황피’는 WMU7003이 순도검정 마커로 적합 한 것으로 확인되었다. 개발된 마커를 이용하여 실제 농가채종된 4개의 F1 품종의 순도를 검정한 결과, 모두 97.5% 이상의 순도로 확인되었다. 이와 같이 ICuGI Database에 공시된 수박 EST-SSR 마커는 공 우성의 유전자 특이적 마커로서 F1 순도검정에 효과적으로 사용될 수 있었다.

In order to make high-purity ferro-manganese from Mn3O4 waste dust, the application of aluminothermite process to the reduction of the waste dust was investigated. The mixture from Mn3O4 dust as metallic source and Al metal powder as the reductant ignited, and reduced with an extremely intense exothermic reaction. The rapid propagation of the aluminothermite reaction occurred spontaneously and stably by ignition of the mixture. The Manganese having some alloy elements emerged as liquids due to the high temperatures reached up to about 2,500℃ and separated from the liquid by their differences of specific gravity. The result of thermite reaction showed the fact that can be obtained high purity ferro-manganese which have over about 90% of manganese content and lower impurities such as C, P, S than those of KS D3712 specification. The recovery of manganese from Mn3O4 dust was lower level of about 65% than about 75% from manganese ore by electric furnace process, that is due to spatter loss because of its extremely intense thermite reaction. But it will be improved by the process designed to provide CaO as the cooler or to use the Al metal powder having larger particle size distribution.

The great Chinese ancient novel, The Great Mansion, is a story of the daughters who were regarded as water and of the boy who was the guy regarded them as water. It is also a story implicated the pure beginning alike water of life and the clean ending alike snow of it. As a central concept in Chinese ancient literature, Water becomes an imago which represents the features of beauty and meanings of life.

EBR-II사용후핵연료의 파이로건식처리공정에 의해 발생된 우라늄의 순도에 대한 포괄적인 분석을 수행하였다. 분석결과를 미국 아이다호 국립연구소 및 한국원자력연구원의 협력과제 하에서 한국과 미국의 저준위 폐기물 기준으로 비교하였다. 미국의 저준위 폐기물 기준은 우라늄 동위원소를 포함하지 않으나, 한국의 경우는 포함하는 것으로 조사되었다. 분석결과 EBR-II 우라늄 생성물 내에서 저준위 기준을 초과하는 유일한 알파 핵종은 우라늄 동위원소가 아니라 Pu-239였다. 생성물 내의 Pu 오염은 개량된 염증류공정을 통한 예비실험 결과 획기적으로 줄일 수 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 보다 공정을 개선 시킨다면 제안된 기술을 이용하여 미국의 저준위 기준을 만족시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다

In this study, Ti powder was fabricated from Ti scrap by the Hydrogenation-Dehydrogenation (HDH)method. Hydrogenation reactions of Ti scrap occurred at near 450oC with a sudden increase in the reactiontemperature and the decreasing pressure of hydrogen gas during the hydrogenation process in the furnace. Thedehydrogenation process was also carried out at 750oC for 2hrs in a vacuum of 10-4torr. After the HDHprocess, a deoxidation treatment was carried out with the Ca(purity: 99.5) at 700oC for 2hrs in the vacuumsystem. It was found that the oxidation content of Ti powder that was deoxidized with Ca showed noticeablylower values, compared to the content obtained by HDH process. In order to fabricate Ti compacts, Ti powderwas sintered at 1100~1400oC for 2hrs under a vacuum of 10-4torr. The relative density of compact was 94.9%at 1300oC. After sintering, all of the Ti compacts showed brittle fracture behavior, which occurred in an elasticrange with short plastic yielding up to a peak stress.

Eu3+-activated R3GaO6 (R=Y, Gd) phosphors were prepared in a conventional solid-state reactionand their optical properties were investigated. These compounds exhibit strong red emission under lightexcitation at 254nm. The emission spectra are dominated by peaks appearing around 610-630nm that areinduced by the electric dipole transition of 5D0→7F2 of Eu3+. In addition, the appropriate CIE (CommissionInternationale de l’clairage) chromaticity coordinates, (x=0.656, y=0.336) for Y3GaO6 and (x=0.655, y=0.334)for Gd3GaO6, become closer to the NTSC (National Television System Committee) standard values. With theoptimized activator concentrations, the maximum emission brightness is approximately 80% of Y2O3:Eu3+typical red-emitting phosphor with improved color purity under an excitation condition of 254nm.

Sulfur is commonly used in Asia as a n herba l medicine to treat infl ammation and cancel‘. and potent chemopreventive effects have been demonstrated in various in vivo and in vitromodels for sulfur-containing compounds found in naturally occun‘ ing products. Here, we report the growth inhibitory and apoptosis-related effects of a newly developedhigh- purity eclible sulfur (ES) on immortali zecl human oral keratinocytes (IHOKs) and on oral cancer cells representing two stages of oral can cer (HN4‘ HN12) basecl on an 3-(4. 5-Dimethylt hiazol-2-yl)-2.5-cliphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) a ssay, Western blotting, cell cycle analysis, ancl nuclear staining. The puri ty of the ES used in th is s tucly was verified by high performance liquid chromat ography (HPLC) , amino acid analysis and energy di spersive spectroscopy (EDS). ES inhibitecl the proliferation of immor talized and malignant oral kerati nocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner FITC-Annexin V staining. DNA fragmentation testing. and Hoechst 33258 staining revealed that ES inhibits cell growth via apoptosis . ES blocked cell-cycle progression at the sub- Gl phase, with decreased expression 0 1' cyclins Dl, D2, and E, and t heir activating partners cdk2, cdk4, and cdk6‘ and a concomitant induction of p53 and p21/WAF1. Furthermore, ES treatment increased the cytosolic level of cytochrome c a nd resulted in caspase-3 activation‘ and thi s effect was correlated wi th Bax up- regulation and Bcl-2 down- regulation Taken together, these clata suggest that ES is a potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent for oral cancel

Sulfur is commonly used in Asia as an herbal medicine to treat inflammation and cancer , a nd potent chemo preventi ve effects have been demons tra ted in various in vivo and in vitromodels for s ul fur-containing compounds found in natura l1y occurring product s. Here, we 1'eport the growth inhibitory and apoptosis-related effects of a n ewly developedhigh-puri ty edible sulfur(ES) on immo1'tali zed human o1'al ke1'atinocytes(IHOKs) and on oral cancer cells representing two stages of oral cancer (HN4‘ HN12) based on an 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2.5- diphe n yltetrazolium bromide(MTI) assay, Western blotting, cell cycle analysis, and nuclear staining. The puri ty of the ES used in thi s study was ve1'ified by high performance liquid chromatog1'aphy (HPLC) , ami no acid analysis and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS). ES inhibited the prolife1'ation of imrnortalized and ma lig nant o1'al kerati nocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manne1' FITC-Annex.in V staining, DNA fragmentation t esting. and Hoechst 33258 s taining revealed that ES inhibits cell growth via apoptosis. ES bl ocked cell-cycle prog1'ession at t he sub-Gl phase‘ wi th decreased expression of cyclins Dl, D2‘ and E, and their activating partn ers cdk2‘ cdk4‘ and cdkfì, and a concomitant induction of p53 and p21/WAF1. Furthe1'more, ES treatment in creased the cytosolic level of cytochrome c and resulted in caspase- 3 activation‘ and thi s effect was co1'1'elated with Bax up-regulation and Bcl-2 down-1'egulation Taken together‘ these data suggest that ES is a potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeut ic agent fo r oral ca ncer

Ceremony is important to Buddhism as a part of the religious practice. Buddhist ceremony is a kind of discipline and it rules the Chan monastery life. This discipline, called $\ulcorner$Qinggui(淸規)$\lrcorner$ also forms a part of the practice for enlightenment in the Chan monastery(禪宗). Qinggui is derived from $\ulcorner$Baizhang's monastic code(百丈淸規)$\lrcorner$ which no longer exists. $\ulcorner$Chanyuan qinggui(禪院淸規)$\lrcorner$ is considered the oldest surviving Chinese monastic discipline. Its success is partly due to the emphasis in the Chan monastery on the succession of monks to abbot hood. Qinggui has been called the only discipline in Buddhist monastic life in religion. Whether it is also the discipline of the architectural space of the Chan temples is the focus of this thesis. The examination of this assumption may expand the meaning of Qinggui as embodying not only the religious form of discipline but also a fundamental part of the architectural archive. The majority of the buildings in the Chan monastery in Qinggui are related to $\ulcorner$Five Mountains Ten Checks figures$\lrcorner$. Most of all, it can be clarified that the elements of Qinggui are expressed through the analysis of the activities in each building. This proves that Qinggui has become a stipulation not only for the regulation of the monastery life but also the architectural code of the Chan temples. In conclusion, this study shows how the meaning of ceremony and monastery life in $\ulcorner$Chanyuan qinggui$\lrcorner$ can be expanded to include the design program of temples. The research proves that there is a basic code in the Chan temples for designing the structure of the monastery space. Similarly, $\ulcorner$Five Mountains Ten Checks Figures$\lrcorner$ was a diagram for examination and analysis as well as a tool for creating drawings of the temples in the Song era.

꼬막, 참굴, 바윗굴 및 가리비 등 폐기되는 몇 종의 패각류를 이용하여 칼슘 보강용 식품 첨가제의 원료로써 사용 할 수 있는 고순도의 탄산칼슘을 제조하고자 하였다. 꼬막 패각을 900℃에서 5시간 회화한 회화분의 칼슘 함량이 64.9%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 가리비 62.5%, 참굴 62.4%, 바윗굴 61.5% 순이었다. 백색도는 가리비 패각 회화분의 경우 81.6-85.8로서 패각류 중 가장 높았다. 꼬막 패각 회화분(Ca 39.92%)에 ammonium chloride process(ACP)와 ammonium nitrate process(ANP)법을 적용하여 제조한 CaCO₃의 Ca 함량은 40.03-40.04%로 높아졌고, ANP법에 의해 제조한 pH조정 시료의 경우가 40.04%로서 가장 높았으며, 이 방법들에 의해 불순물이 거의 대부분 제거되는 것으로 나타났다. ACP법과 ANP법에 의해 제조한 CaCO₃의 백색도는 101.0-101.5로 매우 우수하였으며, 칼슘보강용 식품첨가제로서 사용될 가능성이 충분하다고 판단된다.

Yeats received a letter from Sturge Moore complaining about the way he dealt with the goldsmith's bird in his “Sailing to Byzantium”. After Yeats had done a complete version of “Byzantium”, he wrote to Sturge Moore saying, "The poem originates from a criticism of yours." He added that the idea needed exposition. The focus of this paper is to discuss what that idea was which needed exposition. Frank Kermode maintained that Yeats wrote the latter poem to make more absolute the distinction between the goldsmith's bird as the Image and the natural bird. On the other hand, A. E. Dyson argued that Moore's criticism "can be safely ignored." Balancing these two contrary views, we have to rely on what Yeats himself implies as to this topic. What Yeats has to say about Byzantium as a symbolic city can be found in his poem itself and in his book A Vision. In the poem, we find the following expressions, "A Starlet or moonlit dome disdains / All that man is, / All mere complexities / The fury and the mire of human veins." As is evident to all Yeats students, a starlet night is a moonless night, phase 1 (complete objectivity) and a moonlit night is a full moon (complete subjectivity) in his system. These two phases represent superhuman purity. At these two phases human life cannot exist; for all human life entails a mixture of the subjective and the objective, hence "mere complexities." But their importance lies in the fact that they point to two different directions for human beings to pursue perfection. He wrote in his A Vision, "in early Byzantium, maybe never before or since in recorded history, religious, aesthetic and practical life were one." In addition, we have a great dome, symbolic of inclusiveness and the process of purgation in stanzas 4 and 5. We can infer that Yeats tried to represent Byzantium as an ideal city where "religious, aesthetic and practical life" are lived out in harmony with the vision of perfection available to man. But as night becomes day in Byzantium itself, "unpurged images" will surge upon the streets of Byzantium, and so goes on and on the process of purgation.

The synthetic methods for high yield of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) and singlewalled carbon nanotube (SWNT) with high purity by arc discharge have been investigated. MWNTs were synthesized under different pressures of helium and the gas mixture of argon and hydrogen. Relatively high pressure of 300-400 torr was required for high yield MWNTs synthesis at low bias voltage of about 20 V and 55 A, whereas low pressure of about 100 torr was required for SWNTs. The introduction of hydrogen gases during the synthesis of MWNTs improved the yield and purity of the samples. The SWNTs were synthesized by the assistance of a small amount of mixture of transition metals, which played as a catalyst during the formation process. The purity and yield of SWNTs were higher at a lower pressure and enhanced by mixing more components of the transition metals.

There are growing needs to produce relatively high purity(99.0% or higher) oxygen at low cost. For small scale production, both pressure swing adsorption(PSA) and membrane process are competitive and less expensive or more convenient than well known cryogenic fractionation technology. A continuous membrane column(CMC) combined with a PSA oxygen generator can be employed to produce high purity oxygen continuously. The oxygen enriched gas generated by a PSA unit, with a concentration of 93~94%, is fed to the CMC that consism of three modules of poly(imide) hollow fibers. Several experiments were conducted by varying parameters, such as feed flow rate, transmembrane pressure drop, stage cut, and feed location in order to obtain a high oxygen concentration above 99.0%. A two-series unit mode was also employed with CMC operation to optimize the given membrane area.

점토 광물로부터 황산 처리법을 이용하여 수화 황산 알루미늄을 제조하였다. 하동 카올린 을 황산 처리하였을 때 수화 황산 알루미늄 형성에 미치는 카올린의 하소 온도와 하소 시간, 산처리 반응 온도와 반응 시간 및 황산의 농도의 영향을 조사하였다. 또한, 황산 처리된 용액으로부터 수화 황산 알루미늄이 석출되는 최적 조건을 구하였으며, 생성된 수화 황산 알루미늄을 상온에서 1200˚C 까지 각각의 온도 구간에서 열처리한 분말에 대해서 XRD, TG-DTA, FT-IR, SEM, 입도 분석 및 불순물 분석을 하였다. 최적 조건 하에서, 카올린 중의 알루미나가 수화 황산 알루미늄으로 생성되는 전화율은 약 60%였고, XRD, TG-DTA, FT-IR 등의 분석 결과로 부터 생성된 수화 황산 알루미늄의 열분해 반응은 Al2(SO4)3·18H2O→Al2(SO4)3·6H2O→Al2(SO4)→ amorphous alumina→γ-alumina→δ-alumina→θ-alumina→α-alumina이었다. 또한 생성된 수화 황산 알루미늄을 1200˚C에서 하소 하여 얻은 알루미나 분말의 순도는 99.99%였다.