한반도 일부 토양에서 비정질 실리카(SiO2) 실트 입자들이 발견되었다. 토양 연마박편의 주사전자현미경에서 관찰된 비정질 SiO2 입자는 타원형이며, 1마이크론 이하의 극미세 공극들이 입자 내부에 집중 분포한다. 입자의 비정질성은 투과전자현미경 격자상 관찰과 전자회절로 확인하였다. 이 이질적인 실트 입자들의 풍성기원 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 중국 황토고원의 풍성퇴적물인 뢰스(loess)내 SiO2 실트입자들을 조사하였으나 유사 입자를 확인하지 못하였다. 아직 기원이 명확하진 않지만, 식물규소체나 화산재 풍화물일 가능성이 있다. 토양환경에서 비정질 SiO2 실트 입자의 장거리 이동 광물먼지(황사) 추적자로서 가능성은 낮다.

본 연구에서는 Lee et al.(2018)의 연구에서 제시한 새로운 수문학적 토양군 분류 방법을 제주도의 3개의 하천유역(중문천, 천미천, 한천)에 적용하고 그 적용성을 평가하였다. 적용의 결과로서 이들 세 유역의 CN 값이 산정되었으며, 이 값은 기존의 세 가지 방법론을 적용한 결과와 비교하였다. 또한 제주도에서의 침투, 강우-유출 해석 등에 사용되는 수문학적 토양군 분류와 관련된 선행 연구들을 검토하여 선택된 방법론에 따라 수문학적 토양 군 분류 결과가 어떻게 다른지를 평가하였다. 그 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. (1) 수문학적 토양군 분류 방법에 따른 제주도 대표 유역의 수문학적 토양군 분류 결과를 비교한 결과, Lee et al.(2018)의 토양군 분류 방법을 적용하는 경우에는 B군이 크게 나타났다. 이는 Hu and Jung(1987)의 분 류 방법을 적용하는 경우에서는 C군과 D군이, Jung et al.(1995)의 분류 방법을 적용하는 경우에서 A군과 C군, 마지막으로 RDA(2007)의 분류 방 법을 적용하는 경우에서는 D군이 상대적으로 크게 나타나는 결과와 비교된다. (2) Lee et al.(2018)의 수문학적 토양군 분류 방법을 제주도의 3개 대표 유역에 적용한 결과, 3개 유역 모두 기존 방법에 비해 가장 작은 CN 값이 추정되었다. 마지막으로 (3) 제주도에서의 강우-유출과 관련된 연구를 검토한 결과, 제주도 유역의 CN 값은 기존 방법에 의해 추정된 것에 비해 작을 가능성이 크고, 또한 초기 손실은 0.2S 이상의 큰 값을 가질 것으로 판단되었다.

Trains have been a major means of transport in Korea during these past decades. However, train facilities such as stations and repair shops are contaminated with organic and inorganic substances. There is a high probability of train facility contamination with polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study evaluated the PAH and heavy metal contamination of soil near railroads in the Kyungpook area. A total of 18 soil samples were collected from the railroads and analyzed for 16 PAHs and 6 heavy metal species. The contamination level of the top soil was found to be slightly higher than that of the subsoil for contamination with PAHs. The ratio of carcinogenic PAH concentration to the total PAH concentration was relatively high, with a maximum of 0.9. The toxicity equivalent (TEQ) of the PAHs were 500.6 ng/kg in the topsoil and 355.5 ng/kg in the subsoil. The ratio of low molecular PAHs (LPAHs) to high molecular PAHs (LPAHs) ranged from 6.7 to 29.5; this shows that contamination is primarily due to combustion of fuel rather than due to petroleum. The ratio of phenanthrene to anthracene and the ratio of fluoranthene to pyrene also show that contamination occurred due to combustion for transportation. The heavy metal contamination level was lower than the Korean standard, but higher than the background concentration; this indicates that the soil was affected by the operation of the railways.

This study was carried out to determine the effect of Kluyvera sp. CL-2 (KACC 91283P) on the growth of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris L.). The study consisted of three treatments, no treatment (NT), twice application of Kluyvera sp. CL-2 before transplanting (KC1), and five times application around transplanting (KC2). We determined the chemical properties of soil before and after the treatments, and compared the growth characteristics of watermelon among treatments. The treatment of Kluyvera sp. CL-2 at 1.0×106 cfu mL-1 significantly increased available P2O5. The organic matter showed to increase for all treatments, while soil pH, exchangeable Ca and Mg tended to decrease for all treatments. The leaf width was increased by 11.6% for KC1 and 26.2% for KC2 compared to NT. But there were no significant differences in yield, leaf length, fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, and pericarp thickness among treatments. The contents of free sugars such as fructose and glucose were increased by microbial treatments but sucrose was not different from NT. The content of glucose in watermelon was increased by 13.8% in KC1 and 12.8% in KC2 compared to NT. The content of fructose increased by 14.6% in KC1 and by 39.8% in KC2 compared to NT. The results from the study imply that Kluyvera sp. CL-2 can be used to increase sugar content in watermelon.

Background: Some phenolics detected in the soil may inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of ginseng (Panax ginseng). This study investigated the effect of irrigation and ginseng root residue addition on the soil microbial community and root rot disease in 2-year-old ginseng. Methods and Results: Each 20 ℓ pot was filled with soil infected with ginseng root rot pathogens, and irrigated daily with 2 ℓ of water for one month. After the irrigation treatment, ginseng fine root powder was mixed with the irrigated soil at a rate of 20 g per pot. In descending order, NO3 −, electric conductivity (EC), exchangeable Na (Ex. Na) and K (Ex. K) decreased due to irrigation. In descending order, NO3 −, EC, Ex. K, and available P2O5 increased with the additon of ginseng powder to the soil. The abundance of Trichoderma crassum decreased with irrigation, but increased again with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Haematonectria haematococca increased with irrigation, but decreased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Cylindrocarpon spp. and Fusarium spp., which cause ginseng root rot, increased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. The abundance of Arthrobacter oryzae and Streptomyces lavendulae increased with irrigation. The abundance of Streptomyces lavendulae decreased, and that of Arthrobacter spp. increased, with the incorporation of ginseng powder. Aerial growth of ginseng was promoted by irrigation, and ginseng root rot increased with the incorporation of ginseng powder. Conclusions: Ginseng root residues in the soil affected soil nutrients and microorganisms, and promoted ginseng root rot, but did not affect the aerial growth of ginseng.

Background : This study examined EC in soil depending on leaking water rate of sun shading facilities and conducted experiments to establish the proper leaking water rate for ginseng depending on rainfall. Methods and Results : For leakage examination, rainfall flowing into a ridge. As sun shading facilities of ginseng to examine leakage, four kinds such as Blue-Pe-sheet, Pe4 (four–layered polyethylene net) + Pe2 (two–layered polyethylene net), Pe4, Pe2 were installed. As for leakage, a plastic box (23 × 30 × 30 ㎝) was installed on the ridge of ginseng field and outside, rainfall into the box during precipitation was examined, and the leakage quantity was calculated as the ratio of the quantity into the ginseng field regarding rainfall outside. The leakage quantity was examined a total of six times on July 2, July 3, August 24, August 30, August 31, and September 4. Regarding EC in soil, WT–1000n (www.rfsenser.co) which is a EC measuring instrument was used, and the average was calculated through 3 repeated examinations. There are little differences in the leakage quantity depending on the sun shading with 0.1% of the Blue-Pe-sheet, 2.3% of Pe4 + Pe2, 4.3% of Pe4, and 30.7% of Pe2. At the leakage rate of 0.1%, EC decreased from 1.52 ds/m on July 3 to 1.04 ds/m on August 8, and increased again to 1.54 ds/m on September 3 At the leakage rate of 2.4%, EC changes were lower than that of the leakage quantity of 0.1%, and similar results depending on periods were found. At the leakage rate of 4.3%, salt concentration was measured at 0.92 ds/m on July 3, decreased since then, increased to 0.90 ds/m on September 3, and overall concentration was less than 1.0 ds/m. At the leakage rate of 30.7%, EC was the lowest at 0.46 ds/m and similar results were found since then. Conclusion : The differences in leakage quantity depending on sun shading facilities of ginsengs affected EC in soil, and EC became lower with more leakage quantity. As for the leakage quantity to maintain the EC in soil proper for ginseng growth and development lower than 1.0 ds/m, it was found to be effective to control the leakage quantity at 30% in May - June, and September - October when there are less rainfall, and at 2 - 5% in July - August when there are heavy rainfall.

Background : Ginseng sometimes develops physiological disorders as EC of soil accumulates in sun shading facilities with no leaking water. In addition, it is difficult to make moisture content of soil and EC stably suitable for ginseng growth and development in the same sun shading facility. Accordingly, this study examined EC in soil depending on leaking water rate of sun shading facilities and conducted experiments to establish the proper leaking water rate for ginseng depending on rainfall. Methods and Results : For leakage examination, rainfall flowing into a ridge. As sun shading facilities of ginseng to examine leakage, four kinds such as Blue-Pe-sheet, Pe4 (four–layered polyethylene net) + Pe2 (two–layered polyethylene net), Pe4 , Pe2 were installed. As for leakage, a plastic box (23 × 30 × 30 ㎝) was installed on the ridge of ginseng field and outside, rainfall into the box during precipitation was examined, and the leakage quantity was calculated as the ratio of the quantity into the ginseng field regarding rainfall outside. The leakage quantity was examined a total of six times on July 2, July 3, August 24, August 30, August 31, and September 4. Regarding EC in soil, WT-1000n which is a EC measuring instrument was used, and the average was calculated through 3 repeated examinations. There are little differences in the leakage quantity depending on the sun shading with 0.1% of the Blue-Pe-sheet, 2.3% of Pe4 + Pe2, 4.3% of Pe4, and 30.7% of Pe2. At the leakage rate of 0.1%, EC decreased from 1.52 ds/m on July 3 to 1.04 ds/m on August 8, and increased again to 1.54 ds/m on September 3 At the leakage rate of 2.4%, EC changes were lower than that of the leakage quantity of 0.1%, and similar results depending on periods were found. At the leakage rate of 4.3%, salt concentration was measured at 0.92 ds/m on July 3, decreased since then, increased to 0.90 ds/m on September 3, and overall concentration was less than 1.0 ds/m. At the leakage rate of 30.7%, EC was the lowest at 0.46 ds/m and similar results were found since then. Conclusion : Differences in leakage quantity depending on sun shading facilities of ginseng affected EC in soil, and EC became lower with more leakage quantity. For the leakage quantity to maintain the EC in soil proper for ginseng growth and development lower than 1.0 ds/m, it was found to be effective to control the leakage quantity at 30% in May - June, and September - October when there are less rainfall, and at 2 - 5% in July - August when there are heavy rainfall.

Background : Root rot is a major factors of replanting failure in ginseng cultivation. Some of the phenolics detected in the soil could inhibit the seed germination and seedling growth of ginseng. Methods and Results : Water of 2 ℓ was irrigated per pot (20 ℓ) into the soil infected with ginseng root rot pathogens for one month every day. After the irrigation treatment, the powder of ginseng fine root of 20 g per pot was mixed with the irrigated soil. NO3 -, electric conductivity (EC), exchangeable Na (Ex. Na) and K (Ex. K) were decreased in descending order by irrigation. NO3 -, EC, Ex. K, and available P2O5 were increased in descending order by incorporation of ginseng powder into soil. Trichoderma crassum was decreased by irrigation, but it was increased again by incorporation of powder. Haematonectria haematococca was increased by irrigation, but it was decreased by incorporation of powder. Cylindrocarpon spp. and Fusarium spp. causing ginseng root rot were increased by incorporation of powder. Arthrobacter oryzae and Streptomyces lavendulae were increased by irrigation. Streptomyces lavendulae was decreased, and Arthrobacter spp. was increased by incorporation of powder. Aerial growth of ginseng was promoted by irrigation, and ginseng root rot was increased by incorporation of powder. Conclusion : The residues of ginseng root in the soil affected soil nutrients and microorganisms, and promoted ginseng root rot, but did not affect the aerial growth of ginseng.

Background : Atractylodes macrocephala is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Asteraceae and should be cultivated in field soils with good water dripping due to plant characteristics. However, cultivating farmers mainly have recently been cultivated in paddy soil due to their regional characteristics, which causes the decrease in yield due to poor drainage. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the cultivation in high ridge and subsoil breaking effect for stable paddy soils cultivation technology of A. macrocephala. Methods and Results : Soil was paddy soils in the fall of 2017, and the pH (1 : 5) was 6.61 ± 0.15 as a result of chemical and physical properties. EC was 0.49 ± 0.05 dS/m, and organic matter content was 28.69 ± 69 g/㎏ and effective phosphoric acid was 306 ± 17.8 ㎎/㎏. As a result of the soil layering survey, the surface layer was 0 - 26 ㎝ deep as paddy soil mounded with sandy loam in the past. In the surface layer, there was a light layer after 17 ㎝ depth, and volume density was 1.71 ± 1.3 g/㎤. The porosity of the plow pan was 33.41 ± 2.34%. The cultivation methods were cultivation in high ridge (30 ㎝ or more) and level row (10 ㎝ or less) at 2 levels and 3 repetitions. In subsoil breaking, the depth of the plow pan was increased from 17.1 ± 0.5 ㎝ before treatment to 31.1 ± 3.6 ㎝ after treatment and the hardness was 24.8 ± 1.5 ㎜. In the case of rotary plowing, the depth of the plow pan was 17.1 ± 1.9 ㎝ before treatment and 26 ± 2.4 ㎝ after treatment and the hardness was 25.8 ± 2.9 ㎜. The medium growth characteristics of A. macrocephala per treatment showed the tendency of increase in plant length, culm length, number of nodes, number of leaves, and fresh weight in level row cultivation after subsoil breaking. Root growth of cultivation in high ridge after subsoil breaking tended to be good with rhizome weight of 11.6 g per hill. The survival percentages were 98.8 - 100% and the bolting rate was 93.4 - 96.2% Conclusion : In cultivation in high ridge after subsoil breaking in the paddy field of Gangwon area, the decrease of yield of A. macrocephala due to drainage was expected to be alleviated, but final conclusion should be drawn after analyzing soil temperature and soil moisture data.

Background : A major medicinal plant, Angelica gigas Nakai, have using root parts and mainly cultivated the cool temperature region of high alpine as wild type in the northeast of China, Japan and Korea. The roots of grow it’s rapidly form August, and harvested from October to November. This study performed that the growth characteristics on soil mulching vegetation cultivation field of 300 m altitude of under Larix leptolepis (S. et Z.) Gordon in Bonghwa-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do. Methods and Results : After one-year seeding of the same size (7 - 8 ㎜) were transplanted in three types soil mulching of cultivation (plastic, straw and non-mulching) overground growth surveyed in three times (May to August), To confirm of soil condition compared the average. Soil condition of plot were observed to pH 5.56, OM 3.22%, T-N 017%, and growth increment were higher observed to that straw and non-mulching then plastic mulching of such as plant length 46.8 ㎝, stem diameter 5.9 ㎜, leaf length 24.4 ㎝ and width 28.9 ㎝, number of radical leaf 3.1. But from August, when the average temperature was high, the growth characteristics such as plant length, petiole Length, leaf length and width were reversed compared to those of plastic and non-mulching. Conclusion : In case of cultivation of A. gigas in the environmental conditions of mountainous area, considering the growth from August to October when the roots growth bigger, It suggested that strew mulching is better than plastic and non-mulching, would be done through further research on underground growth characteristics of A. gigas according to harvesting time confirmed the relationship to the growth characteristics of A. gigas according to environmental conditions and soil mulching mountainous plantations.

Background : Wild-simulated ginseng (WSG, panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) is known to be grown in high altitudes with a climate of cool, well ventilated and fertile humid forests. In this study, the effects of altitude and soil characteristics on the growth of WSG were investigated. Methods and Results : The seeds were planted on designated line, and the altitude was set at 600 highland and 300 highland. At each highland soil characteristics and forest condition were investigated also Hobo (HOBO U30 Werther station) was set up to measure the microclimate in the site. Experiments were conducted in each highland to determine the difference in the growth of WSG according to the soil condition. Growth characteristics of undergrowth, such as root thickness and length also upper growth such as stem length and thickness were measured. As a result of the soil characteristics survey, the value of available phosphorus was found to be 256.7 ㎎/㎏ at 300 highlands. On the other hand, in 600 highland, available phosphorus was 29.59 ㎎/㎏, which showed big difference. Conclusion : Overall, the cation exchange capacity was higher than the 600 highland at 300 highland. The weight, stem length, root length and leaflet size of the wild-simulated ginseng were higher than those of 600 highland at 300 highland.

Background : Although Aster scaber is a perennial plant, it needs to be renewed every three years in the cultivation of the facility, so it is necessary to increase the efficiency of production by extending the cultivation period. This study was carried out to investigate the differences in the growth characteristics of facility grown A. scaber according to the treatment of soil conditioner for the extension of the plant cultivation. Methods and Results : Soil physics improvement material for the extension of cultivated aster scaber was selected from rice straw, rice husk charcoal and coir fiber. In this study, 1,000 ㎏ of coir fiber, 1,000 ㎏ of rice straw, and 1,000 ㎏ of rice husk charcoal were treated per 10a of the soil improvement material, and the untreated control was set as a control. After the test treatment, the growth conditions such as survival rate, plant length, leaf length, leaf width, and stalk diameter were investigated. The control group was investigated as the survival rate was 96.1%, plant length average was 16.3 ± 1.8 ㎝, leaf length average was 7.7 ± 1.2 ㎝, leaf width average was 7.4 ± 0.7 ㎝, and stalk diameter average was 1.97 ± 0.3 ㎜. rice straw treatment is as the survival rate was 95.8%, plant length average was 13.8 ± 1.9 ㎝, leaf length average was 6.5 ± 0.8 ㎝, the leaf width average was 5.9 ± 0.7 ㎝ and the stalk diameter average was 1.85 ± 0.4 ㎜. Rice husk charcoal treatment is as the survival rate was 99.7%, plant length average was 17.4 ± 1.7 ㎝, leaf length average was 8.4 ± 1.1 ㎝, the leaf width average was 7.5 ± 0.8 ㎝ and the stalk diameter average was 2.15 ± 0.5 ㎜. Coir fiber treatment is as the survival rate was 96.9%, plant length average was 16.9 ± 1.7 ㎝, leaf length average was 7.9 ± 1.4 ㎝, the leaf width average was 6.9 ± 1.0 ㎝ and the stalk diameter average was 2.01 ± 0.5 ㎜. The results of the study showed that the growth of rice husk charcoal was good and the survival rate was high and the growth of straw treatment was relatively low and the rate of survival was low. However, no significant difference was found in the treatment of the remedies. Conclusion : As a result of investigating the differences in the growth characteristics of the A. scaber according to the treatments of the soil improvement agent, the growth and survival rate of the rice husk charcoal treatments were relatively high, but no significant difference was found. Therefore, the use of rice straw, rice husk charcoal, and coir fiber as a soil improvement agent does not appear to have much effect on the initial growth of the A. scaber.

Background : Foliar fertilizer materials are used in the field of ginseng farming to enhance the growth of ginseng. The law for ginseng industry prohibits the use of chemical fertilizer as a material for growing ginseng, but in recent years, various organic materials derived from natural materials have been produced and used in farming sites. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of foliar fertilizer on the growth and soil properties of ginseng during continuous use. Methods and Results : For the test materials, native seedlings were used and the amino acid solution, liquid silicate, microbial liquid and fermentation enzyme were treated from 2 to 5– year-old ginseng after transplantation. The test plots were carried out to 3 repetitions by randomized block design. The area of one plot was 3.24 ㎡. The treatments were foliar application three times at intervals of 10 days from the late of May when leaf development was completed. The chemical properties of each foliar fertilizer pH was the highest at 9.63 for liquid silicate and lowest at 5.85 for amino acids. Ammonium nitrate had the highest amino acid content (56 ㎎/ℓ). Phosphorus was the highest with 113.7 ㎎/ℓ of fermentation enzyme. As a result of foliar fertilization for 4-years up to 5-years of ginseng, the pH was similar in soil chemical properties. EC and nitrate nitrogen contents tended to be higher in foliar application than in non-treatment. In the photosynthesis of ginseng, fermentation enzyme and microbial treatment tended to be high. Thickness of ginseng leaf was the thickest in microbial treatment. Microbial treatment was the highest in the underground part. Soil chemical properties were also affected but there was no significant change to inhibit the growth of ginseng. Conclusion : The treatments of the foliar fertilizer were more effective than the no treatment on the growth of ginseng. Among the foliar fertilizers distributed on the market, those derived from natural products can be used in ginseng cultivation.

Background : There are studies on the planting distance, sowing periods, and over wintering method of Saururus chinesis, but lesson the necessary soil moisture content for rhizome growth. This study examines the effects of soil moisture content on the growth of Saururus chinesis. Method and Results : The radicles of Saururus chinesis were harvested in the beginning of March and cut into three joints. The planting densities were determined as 40 ㎝ × 10 ㎝, 40 ㎝ × 20 ㎝ and 40 ㎝ × 30 ㎝, and the soil moisture content was adjusted through continuous flooding treatment, wetting (0 ~ -10 kPa), and field moisture capacity (-20 ~ -50 kPa). As a result of investigating the ground growth of Saururus chinesis, the growth through continuous flooding was best with the planting distance of 40 ㎝ × 20 ㎝ that yielded a plant height of 7.4 ㎝, stem diameter of 5.2 ㎜, and leaf number of 5.5. The growth through field capacity (-20 ~ -50 kPa) was poorest at the planting distance of 40 ㎝ ×10 ㎝. The transpiration rate, indicating the breathing of leaves, was highest at 1.4 s ㎝-1 through continuous flooding at 40 ㎝ × 30 ㎝, and decreased to 0.5 s ㎝-1 with the field capacity of (-20 ~ -50 kPa) 40 ㎝ × 20 ㎝. The investigation on the leaves showed that the leaf weight was heaviest at 23.1 g/plant through continuous flooding of 40 ㎝ × 30 ㎝ that also showed a wider leaf area and rich chlorophyll. At continuous flooding of 40 × 10 ㎝, the leaf weight was as light as 9.5 g/plant, showing no consistency among treatments. The investigation on the underground growth showed the best results through continuous flooding with a planting distance of 40 × 10 ㎝ where the root length was 50.7 ㎝, root diameter 6.7 ㎜, and fresh root weight of 45.3 g/plant, which decreased to 24.4 g/plant with field capacity (-20 ~ -50 kPa). The investigation on the polyphenol content as a functional component showed the richest content in the leaf of the plant at 752.5 ㎎/100g through continuous flooding, and lowest at 661.0 ㎎/100g with field capacity. With the field capacity (-20 ~ -50 kPa) it was the highest at 262.0 ㎎/100g. Conclusion : It was the most advantageous for mass Saururus chinensis radical production with continuous flooding treatment for soil moisture and a planting distance of 40 × 10 ㎝.

Paddy-upland rotation system is one of the important cropping system for improving soil quality and crop productivity. we conducted to investigate the effect of paddy-upland rotation system on soil properties and crop productivity in reclaimed tidal land. The paddy-upland rotation could be effective to conserve soil water contents and prevent from salt damage when cultivating upland crops. The first two years of maize cultivation after rice cultivation could be effective to secure stable production. However, in case of soybean crop, the rotation effect might be lower than that of maize. In the first year, the yield of soybean was 214 kg/10a. In the second and third year, the yields of soybean decreased consecutively to 152, 123 kg/10a respectively. In this paper, it would be suggested that maize be cultivated for up to two years and soybean be cultivated for one year after rice crop grown in reclaimed tidal land. This study could be provide basic data of the physico-chemical properties applicable to paddy-upland rotation system at reclaimed tidal lands.

In this study, microorganism community characteristics of organic managed soil which applied rye (Secale cereal L.) as green manure for 25 years, were determined. The chemical properties of organic soil showed high level of organic matter and available P2O5, while the level of exchangeable cation was low. The analysis of dehydrogenase activity and carbon source utilization indicated that the values in on organic soil were significantly higher than those of the control. It suggested that the microorganism community of organic soil had high microorganism activity, compared to the control. In addition, when the 16S rRNA genetargeted NGS (Next generation sequencing) analysis was conducted to estimate the class of bacterial community, the class level of bacterial taxon composition on organic soil showed higher portion of Sphingobacteriia, Acidobacteriia, Gammaproteobacteria, Solibacteres and Planctomycetia. By base on the results of various reports in which organic managed soil had high portion of Acidobacteriia and Planctomycetia, the characteristic of taxon composition in organic soil, which showed the high percentages of Ktedonobacteria, Sphingobacteriia, Acidobacteriia and Gammaproteobacteria, was resulted from the application of rye as a green manure for the long term. However, further researches were needed because the crop effect was not considered in this study.

Background: A soil-borne pathogenic fungus, Ilyonectria radicicola (Cylindrocarpon destructans) causes root rot on ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) and is known to attack many other plants. The Nectria/Neonectria radicicola complex has been renamed as the I. radicicola complex after analysis of its multi-gene relatedness and morphological characteristics. The fungi in this complex have been reclassified into 16 species under the genus Ilyonectria based on characteristics analysis Methods and Results: To obtain useful data from the Korean ginseng root rot, I. radicicola was isolated from the rhizosphere soils of the chestnut tree. They were identified through a pathogenicity test and a survey of the morphological features. The existence of I. radicicola in soil samples was confirmed by PCR detections using nested PCR with species-specific primer sets. These were subsequenctly isolated on semi-selective media from PCR-positive soils. Genetic analysis of the I. radicicola complex containing these pathogens was done by comparing the DNA sequences of the histone h3 region. These isolates originating from the rhizosphere soils of chestnut constituted a clade with other closely related species or I. radicicola isolates originating from ginseng or other host plants, respectively. Additionally, the pathogenicity tests to analyze the characteristics of these I. radicicola isolates revealed that they caused weakly virulent root rot on ginseng. Conclusions: This is the first study reporting that I. radicicola isolates from chestnut rhizosphere soils can attack ginseng plant in Korea. Thus, these results are expected to provide informations in the selection of suitable fields for ginseng cultivation.

Agricultural soils around springwaters heavily affected by pesticide run-off and around wells considering the regional characteristics were collected at 24 stations in Jeju Island, and the physicochemical properties and adsorption and leaching characteristics of four nonionic pesticides (diazinon, fenitrothion, alachlor, and metalaxyl) were investigated. The values of the major soil factors affecting the adsorption and leaching of pesticides, namely, soil pH(H2O), organic matter content, and cation exchange capacity (CEC), were in the range of 4.64 ∼ 8.30, 0.9 ∼ 13.1% and 12.7 ∼ 31.7 meq/100 g, respectively. The Freundlich constant, KF value, which gives a measure of the adsorption capacity, decreased in the order of fenitrothion > diazinon > alachlor > metalaxyl, which was identical to their lower water solubility. Among the collected soils, the KF value was very highly correlated with organic matter content (r2 = 0.800 ∼ 0.876) and CEC (r2 = 0.715 ∼ 0.825) and showed a high correlation with clay content (r2 = 0.473 ∼ 0.575) and soil pH(H2O) (r2 = 0.401 ∼ 0.452). The leaching of pesticides in the soil column showed a reverse relationhip with their adsorption in soils, i.e., the pesticides leached more quickly for the soils with lower values of organic matter content and CEC among the soils and for the pesticides with higher water solubility.

Background: Dazomet are widely used as soil fumigant to solve soilborne problems, and the degradation intermediates are toxic to nematodes, fungi, bacteria, insects and weeds. Methods and Results: The effects of cultivation of green manure crop, maize before and after soil fumigation on the control of ginseng root rot disease were compared using soil where 6-years-old ginseng was harvested. Fumigant (dazomet) were used for soil fumigation in May and September, respectively. Maize was grown for soil management before and after soil fumigation. After May fumigation, the sowing date of maize was delayed by 15 days and thus its dry weight was decreased significantly. Maize cultivation after May fumigation increased pH but decreased EC, NO3, P2O5, and K significantly. Maize cultivation after May fumigation decreased fungi population and the ratio of fungi and bacteria. Growth of 2-years-old ginseng was improved and the incidence of ginseng root rot was significantly decreased by maize cultivation after May fumigation. After harvesting 2-years-old ginseng, the population of Cylindrocarpon destructans was not different between treatment of May and September, but Fusarium solani showed a significant increase in September fumigation after maize cultivation. Conclusions: Maize cultivation after soil fumigation was effective in inhibiting ginseng root rot by the amendment of mineral composition and microorganism in fumigated soil.

Vertical farming systems offer many advantages in urban spaces. They have also been proposed as an engineering solution to increase the productivity per unit area of cultivated land by extending crop production in the vertical dimension. However, soil water retention is a major constraint affecting the plant environment. This study analyzed the effects of growth environment of Tropaeolum majus and Fragaria spp., on the vertical farming system, by using four different types of cover material types including sphagnum moss (Control), a shading net (S.N.), multi-layered fabric (M.L.F.), and non-woven fabric (N.W.F.). The volumetric soil moisture contents and plant characteristics were investigated from May to September 2014. Plant materials were individually cultivated in hanging baskets measuring 30×17×17 cm, filled with a mixture of soil and perlite, and placed at 1.5m height. Each treatment was performed in quadruplicate and consisted of five plants, amounting to a total of 20 plants. The analysis indicated that different covers were associated with multiple functions and soil water retention improvements may have a positive impact on the vertical farming system. The difference in soil water retention increased in the following order: M.L.F. > Control > N.W.F. > S.N.. Furthermore, the differences in plant height and survival rate increased in the following order: M.L.F. > Control > N.W.F. > S.N. Therefore, M.L.F yielded satisfactory good response for the vertical farming system of cover materials. Our results clearly demonstrate that vertical spaces represent an attractive alternative to urban farming and suggest that further increases in yield may be achieved via different cover materials in vertical farming using hanging baskets.