Hericium erinaceus is considered a functional food and potential medicinal source. The present study was conducted to examine the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of carried out with water and ethanol extracts of Hericium erinaceus grown on germinated green rice (HEGR-W and HEGR-E, respectively) and the water and ethanol extracts of germinated green rice (GR-W and GR-E, respectively) as potential medicinal resources or antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. Methods and Results: The total phenolic and flavonoid contents, DPPH, and ABTS activity, reducing power, DNA protective activity, cell viability, and NO production were investigated. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were highest in HEGR-E (66.53 ± 2.40 ㎎·GAE/100 g and 82.12 ± 7.10 ㎎·CE/100 g respectively). HEGR-E exhibited high DPPH (44.70 ± 1.28%) and, ABTS (44.70 ± 1.28%) activity and reducing power (0.219). HEGR and GR extracts showed protective activity against DNA damage. The cytotoxicity of HEGR and GR in RAW264.7 cells and LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells was low. HEGR-E and GR-W exhibited anti-inflammatory effects through a 28% inhibition of NO production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: These results suggested that the extracts of Hericium erinaceus grown on germinated green rice could be a potential medicinal material with natural antioxidant and NO inhibitory properties.

Background: Hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, is a serious problem in diabetes. Hyperglycemia induces the generation of free radicals which disrupts insulin signaling and result in insulin resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic potentials of LBO-1 mixture. Methods and Results: To evaluate antioxidant effect of LBO-1 mixture, DPPH, ABTS and reducing power were performed. LBO-1 mixture scavenged DPPH free radicals and ABTS radicals in a dose-dependent manner. The total phenolic contents of LBO-1 mixture was determined by a regression equation using a calibration curve by gallic acid equivalents. The obtained total phenolic contents were 65.90 ± 0.52 ㎎/g. Phenolic components of plant extracts that can scavenge free radicals. In addition, we evaluated effects of LBO-1 mixture on glucose production in high glucose-induced HepG2 hepatocytes. LBO-1 mixture decreased glucose levels in cultured medium and it down regulated Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) levels which is an enzyme used in the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis. Conclusion: These results indicate that the LBO-1 mixture can be used as hypoglycemic agent.

해방풍이 가지는 건강 기능성 소재로서의 가치를 확인하고자, 해방풍 부위별 용매추출물의 항산화 활성 및 면역조절 효과를 조사하였다. 해방풍 부위별 용매추출물의 추출수율은 10.73-30.57이며, 총 폴리페놀 및 총 플라보노이드 함량은 해방풍 잎 70% 에탄올 추출물(EL)에서 각각 10.79 g/100 g 및 2.01 g/100 g으로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. DPPH radical 및 ABTS radical 소거활성은 해방풍 잎 70% 에탄올 추출물(EL)이 100-1,000 μg/mL 농도에서 12.90-84.70% 및 11.78-57.64%로 가장 우수한 radical 소거활성을 나타내었으며, superoxide radical 소거활성 및 FRAP 활성은 해방풍 잎 70% 에탄올 추출물(EL)이 100-1,000 μg/mL 농도에서 각각 49.91-84.05% 및 255.38-975.28 μM로 가장 우수한 활성을 나타내었다. 대식세포주인 RAW 264.7 세포에 해방풍 부위별 용매추출물을 처리하였을 때 nitric oxide 생성 억제능을 확인하기 위해 분석한 결과, 추출용매에 따른 nitric oxide 생성량은 70% 에탄올 및 70% 메탄올 추출물에서 가장 낮은 생성량을 보였으며, 해방풍 부위별에 따른 nitric oxide 생성량은 뿌리, 잎 및 씨앗 순으로 낮았다. 그 중에서 해방풍 뿌리 70% 에탄올 추출물(ER)에서 가장 낮은 nitric oxide 생성량을 보여 우수한 nitric oxide 억제 효과를 확인하였으며, 이를 이용하여 기능성 소재, 미용식품 및 화장품 제조용 원료 등 다양하게 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Corni fructus extracts (CEF, EtOAc extraction; CBF, buthanol extraction; CWF, water extraction) were investigated. The total phenolics of CEF (173.3 mg TAE/g) were significantly higher than those of CWF (26.7 mg TAE/g) and CBF (94.8 mg TAE/g). DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity of CEF (DPPH: RH50; 25.1 μg/mL, ABTS: RC50; 36.1 μg/mL) showed even higher than that of BHA and α-tocopherol used as positive control. All three Corni fructus extracts in the concentration of 1~100 μg/mL were effective inhibitors of NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). NO production was inhibited 71.3~92.2% by CEF, 76.8~85.5% by CBF and 74.4~96.9% by CWF, respectively. CEF, CBF and CWF (1~100 μg/mL) inhibited also pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 very effectively. TNF-α was inhibited up to 51.2% by CWF and IL-1β was inhibited up to 67.1% by CEF. IL-6 was best inhibited by CEF up to 58.9%. This study suggested the potential of Corni fructus for use as an excellent antioxidant substance and inflammatory inhibiting mediators. Therefore CEF, CBF and CWF Corni fructus extracts may be used for therapeutic approach to various inflammatory diseases.

Background: Valeriana fauriei (Valerianaceae) has been used to as a traditional medicine to treat a variety of symptoms, including headache, insomnia, hypertension, and menstrual irregularity. However, the present study investigates the species' antioxidant activity and its inhibition of oxidative DNA damage, which have yet to be studied.Methods and Results:The antioxidant activity was assessed using radical scavenging assays with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and, 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and a reducing power assay. The total phenol content was also analyzed, and phenolic compounds were detected using HPLC/UV, whereas the inhibitory effect of Valeriana fauriei on oxidative DNA damage was measured using φ-174 RF I plasmid DNA cleavage assay. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity were 75.17 ± 3.55% and 95.83 ± 0.63%, repectively, and the reducing power was 93.14 ± 1.74 at 200 μg/ml. The total phenol content was 10.24 ± 0.04 ㎎/g, whereas chlorogenic acid, catechin, caffeic acid and epicatechin were identified using HPLC/UV, and the φ-174 RF I plasmid DNA cleavage assay indicated that V. fauriei provided protection against oxidative damage.Conclusions:The results of the present study suggest that V. fauriei has powerful antioxidant activity that can provide protective effects against the oxidative DNA damage caused by free radicals. The species, therefore, provides a valuable resource for the development of natural pharmaceutical to treat aging, cancer, and degenerative diseases.

Background : The objective of this study was to investigate antioxidant activities, inhibitory activities against heme induced colonic epithelial cell proliferations, anti-inflammatory activities and anthocyanin profiles in the anthocyanin rich fraction (ARFAM) from fruits of Aronia melanocarpa, where these are considered functional substances and available food coloring agents in Korea. Methods and Results : Anthocyanins were identified by reversed-phase C18 column chromatography and HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS analysis. To compare the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity of Aronia melanocarpa berries, recognized for their high content of anthocyanins, isolation method was developed to obtain high-purity anthocyanins in the extract. Anthocyanin-rich fractions (ARFAM) enriched in anthocyanins were found to be potent strong inhibitory activity towards heme induced colonic epithelial cell proliferations are associated with an increased risk of colon cancer than acidic ethanol extract (AME). The immunomodulation properties were assessed in growth of both human B and T cells, its cytokines secretion such as IL-6 (interleukin-6) and TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha). AME enhanced interleukin-6 and reduced tumor necrosis factor-a production, whereas ARFAM only had a effect in increasing of IL-6 expression. Conclusion : These results demonstrated that there was no major relationship between the antioxidative and immunomodulation capacities of AME and ARFAM.

Backgrounds : Pomelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck) is the kind of citrus fruit which is Dicotyledoneae belongs to Rutaceae and special product in Jeju island. According to the previous researches, coumarin, eliocitrin, naringin are identified and these kinds of constituents revealed to be effective as anticancer, antioxidant, and antidiabetic. Until recently, there are many investigations about its functional properties were reported, but investigation about biological activities depend on extraction conditions are not sufficient. Methods and Results : 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was performed by the method of Blois with minor modification. After adding DPPH radical to each sample solutions, the mixtures were incubated in 30 minutes at aphotic place. Then, the degree of scavenging activity was recorded by microplate reader at 490 nm. The scavenging activity was expressed by RC50, which is the concentration of sample solution necessitated to scavenge 50% DPPH radical against negative control. For α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, the method using p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (pNPG) was applied. To each samples, α-glucosidase and pNPG were mixed and incubated, consequently, Na2CO3 was added to terminate the reaction. Finally, absorbance was read at 450 nm. The same as DPPH radical scavenging activity, the inhibition was explicitly expressed by the amount of sample solution to inhibit 50% α-glucosidase, IC50. The 80% MeOH extract demonstrated the highest radical scavenging activity with 74.32±8.45 μg/ml. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity was carried out to evaluate the inhibitory activity of sugar digestion and absorption and 60, 80% MeOH extract exhibited 416.35±11.07 μg/ml and 336.57±2.03 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion : The DPPH radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity were evaluated in this study. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was seen in 80% Citrus grandis Osbeck MeOH extract, following 60% MeOH extract exhibited the second highest scavenging activity. Also, 80% MeOH extract showed 336.57±2.03 μg/ml, which was the highest α-glucosidase inhibition among all extracts.

Antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on oxidative DNA damage of ethyl acetate fractions extracted from Cone of Red Pine (Pinus densiflora) were investigated to find utilization of Cone, by-product of Red Pine, thrown out after berry shatter, as a new natural plant resource. Cone from P. densiflora was extracted with methanol (MeOH) and separated to petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and water fraction. Among them, ethyl acetate fraction was used. The antioxidant activity was conducted by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical, 2, 2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, Fe 2+ chelating assay and reducing power assay. The inhibitory effect on oxidative DNA damage was determined by DNA cleavage assay using φX-174 RF I plasmid. The results of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity at 200 ㎍/㎖ of extracts were 86.50% and 95.80% respectively, which were similar figures compared with L-ascorbic acid as control. Fe 2+ chelating activity was 77.96% and reducing power was 0.77 at 200 ㎍/㎖. Total phenolic component was 27.29±0.3 ㎎/g and Vitamin C content was 1.84±0.1 ㎎/g. Also ethyl acetate fraction from Cone has inhibitory effect, using φX-174 RF I plasmid on DNA cleavage assay. In conclusion, Cone, by-product of P. densiflora, showed high antioxidant activity and inhibitory effect on oxidative DNA damage. Therefore this study suggests Cone, useless by-product, can be developed as a new natural plant resource with lots of utilization such as an effective antioxidant, natural medicine, food, cosmetics and so on.

Background : This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of extract from different parts of water chestnut (Trapa japonica Flerow). Methods and Results : The total polyphenol content of pericarp and seed extract was 438.31 ㎎/g and 25.32 ㎎/g respectively. DPPH radical scavenging assay showed that the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 values) of pericarp and seed extract were 5.28 ㎍/㎖ and 355.51 ㎍/㎖ respectively. In addition, the pericarp extract showed strong reducing power. In the MTT assay, the pericarp extract significantly inhibited the viability of A549, AGS, HeLa, PC-3, HCT116, HT29 and SW620 cell lines compared with the seed extract. Conclusions : These results suggest that T. japonica Flerow extracts have significant antioxidant and antiproliferative activity.

In this study, we tried to offer the possibility of White Hibiscus syriacus L. (WHS) flower extracts as a preven-tive and improving agent of osteoporosis that bone mass reduction is induced by an decrease of osteoblast involved in boneformation and increase of bone resorption by osteoclast activity. As a results, it was found to have antioxidant activity andcontain a flavonoid contents (47.74㎎/g) of the WHS flower. There was cytotoxicity at more than 250㎍/㎖ concentration ofWHS flower extract of RANKL-induced osteoclast in RAW264.7. There were no significant inhibited TRAP activity in theWHS leaf and stem. However, it was confirmed that it is significantly inhibited the differentiation activity of osteoclasts in 50and 100㎍/㎖ concentration of cells of stability levels of only WHS flower extracts (p<0.01). The WHS flower prominentlyinhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation activity by decreased calcitonin receptor and TRAP mRNA (p<0.01).These results indicate that of osteoclasts differentiation activity is inhibited by protection of oxidative stress due to the anti-oxidant activity of the WHS flower. Therefore, suggesting the WHS flower may be a presents the possibility as a preventiveand therapeutic agents for osteoporosis.

In the present study, we investigated biological activities of Rosa davurica Pall. leaves in order to evaluate thepossibility as a natural biomaterial. The 80% ethanol extract and its subsequent fractions of Rosa davurica Pall. leaves wereprepared using several solvents with different polarities. The extraction yield was 33.4, 36.6, 25.2, 18.7, 5.8 and 5.8% in etha-nol extract, aqueous, butanol, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, chloroform fractions, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction(661.38㎎/g), butanol fraction (396.68㎎/g) and 80% ethanolic extract (239.54㎎/g) has higher total polyphenol contentsthan other fractions. The antioxidant activity was detected in ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions. Theethyl acetate fraction showed the highest levels of DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50, 4.77㎍/㎖). Moreover, the ethylacetate fraction significantly inhibited production of NO in LPS-stimulated macrophage RAW 264.7 cells without cytotoxic-ity. These results indicate that 80% ethanol extract and its fractions of Rosa davurica Pall. leaf, especially ethyl acetate frac-tion, have the properties of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation, suggesting leaf of Rosa davurica Pall. may be a candidate fornatural and functional materials.

Maesa japonica (Thunb.) is an evergreen shrub belonged to the Myrsinaceae family, which was discovered in2006 in South Korea. And, its biological functions have not been well studied. In this study, we determined the antioxidantactivities, α-glucosidase inhibitory effects and antimicrobial activities of methanol extract and the solvent fractions of M.japonica leaves and twigs. The highest antioxidant activity obtained by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scav-enging assay and reducing power assay was found in the ethylacetate fraction of twigs methanol extract, which contained thehighest level of total phenolic compounds compared to the other fractions. In addition, ethylacetate fraction of twigs extractexhibited higher inhibitory activities against α-glucosidase (IC50=0.8㎍/㎖) compared to the IC50 of the buthanol fraction(IC50=16㎍/㎖) of leaves extract. It showed antimicrobial activities against Bacillus atrophaeus and Bacillus subtilis subsp.Spizizenii. Although the data is too limited, the current study is the first report on biological functions of M. japonica.

초미세 분쇄를 하였을 때 입자가 작아질수록 추출수율이 높아져 약 2.5배 높은 추출수율을 나타내었다. 일반 분쇄한 시료 추출물에서 69.8%의 전자공여능 억제효과가 관찰되었고, 미세분쇄와 초미세분쇄 추출물에서는 각각 70.7과 83.8%의 억제효과를 나타내었다. 일반분쇄 추출물과 미세 분쇄 및 초미세분쇄 후 추출물 모두 97% 이상의 높은 ABTS 억제효과를 나타내어 분쇄 방법에 따른 항산화력의 차이는 거의 없었다. 일반 분쇄한 시료 추출물 보다 미세분쇄와 초미세분쇄 추출물에서 더 높은 PF값을 확인하였으며, 50% ethanol 초미세분쇄 추출물에서 1.8 PF로 가장 높은 항산화력을 나타내었다. 미세분쇄와 초미세분쇄 추출물에서는 일반분쇄 추출물에 비해 입자크기가 작아질수록 TBARS 억제율이 높아지며, 물 추출물보다 ethanol 추출물의 효과가 더 우수한 것으로 확인되었다. Xanthin oxidase 저해의 경우 초미세분쇄 후 효소억제 증대 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. Angiotensin converting enzyme 억제활성은 일반 분쇄 추출의 경우 물 추출물에서는 억제활성이 나타나지 않았고, 50% ethanol 추출물에서 24%의 억제율이 확인되었다. 또한, ethanol 추출물의 억제효과가 물 추출물에 비해 상대적으로 우수하였다. 50% ethanol 초미세분쇄 추출물에서 Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli에 대해서 아주 약한 항균효과를 나타내었을 뿐 나머지 추출물에서의 항균 효과는 거의 관찰되지 않았다.

본 연구는 색소의 종류가 다른 흑미와 적미의 생리기능 성을 구명하여 천연 기능성 식품 소재로의 이용을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 일반 벼인 일품을 포함하여 흑미인 흑광, 흑설 및 적미인 적진주, 홍진주을 실험재료로 항산화 활성 및 암세포 성장 억제에 대한 실험을 수행하였다. 추출 수율 및 총 페놀함량은 흑미가 적미 보다 높았다. 총 페놀함 량에서 흑미와 적미는 일반벼 보다 4배 이상 높은 수준이었 다. DPPH radical 소거능은 적미와 흑미 간에는 차이가 없었 으나 품종 간에는 홍진주, 흑광, 흑설, 적진주 순서로 높았 다. 반면, ABTS 항산화력은 적미보다 흑미가 높았다. 이는 총 페놀화합물 함량 결과와 경향이 같았다. 암세포 성장 억제 능 측정 결과, 적미는 폐암세포 성장 억제 효과가 흑미 보다 높았다. 반면, 유방암 세포 성장 억제 능은 흑미와 적미 간에는 차이가 없었으며, 품종 간에는 적진주, 흑광, 홍진주, 흑설 순으로 높았다. 흑미와 적미의 생리기능성 비교 결과, 항산화 활성은 흑미가 높은 반면, 적미는 폐암세 포 성장 억제 효과에서 높았다.