Formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) including trihalomethans (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) from chlorination of six different species (Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus sp., Anabaena cylindrical, Microcystis aeruginosa, Asterionella formosa and Aulacoseira sp.) of algal extracellular organic matter (EOM). The EOM characteristics evaluation of six algal species reaching at the stationary phase in the growth curve showed most of its SUVA254 showed below 1 and this means hydrophilic organic matter is much higher than hydrophobic organic matter. Chloroform formation potential (CFFP), dichloroacetic acid formation potential (DCAAFP) and trichloroacetic acid formation potential (TCAAFP) were mainly composed of THMFP and HAAFP in the EOM of various algal species. In the case of THMFP/DOC and HAAFP/DOC values, EOM of blue-green algae has appeared highest and EOM of green algae and diatom in order. THMFP/DOC was higher than HAAFP/DOC in EOM of blue-green algae. In comparison of formation potential by unit DOC composed of HAAFP in algal species EOM, DCAAFP/DOC was 1.5 times to 7.5 time higher than TCAAFP/DOC in the EOM of blue-green algae, while DCAAFP/DOC was found to be relatively high compared to TCAAFP/DOC in the EOM of green algae and diatom.

The HWND_G02 (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Crataegus pinnatifida, Polygonum multiflorum Thunberg, Cnidium officinale Makino) and HWND_G03 (Cinnamonum cassia Blume, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Crataegus pinnatifida, Polygonum multiflorum Thunberg, Cnidium officinale Makino, Allium macrostemon Bunge) are new natural mixture composed with several oriental herbs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of HWND extracts on high cholesterol diet (HCD)-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: control, HCD, atorvastatin (5 ㎎/㎏, po), ethanolic extracts of HWND_G02 (1,000 ㎎/㎏, po) and HWND_G03 (1,000 ㎎/㎏, po) were administered to the HCD-induced hyperlipidemic rats for 4 weeks to evaluate their anti-hyperlipidemic activities. HWND extracts markedly decreased body and liver wight gain, and recovered serum lipid levels, such as total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) in the HCDinduced hyperlipidemic rats. Furthermore, the lipid levels (TC and TG) and the lipid accumulation were significantly lowered in the liver tissue of HWND-administrated rats. After a HCD, each group had a lower atherogenic index (AI) compared to the HCD group. In conclusion, these data suggest that HWND extracts could be the candidate for the material to prevent hyperlipidemia.

본 연구는 산업부산물인 제철 산업의 전기로 산화슬래그골재를 이용하여 천연골재를 대체하고 자동차 산업에서 발생하는 폐유리를 분쇄하여 채움재로 활용하는 연구로써, 환경친화적인 아스팔트 포장 재료를 개발하였으며, 폐PVB로 아스팔트 바인더의 물리적 성능을 개선하여 현장적용성을 검토하였다. 최적의 공극률을 결정하기 위한 반복적인 배합설계를 거쳐서 13-5mm(40%), 5-0mm(57%), 폐유리미분말 채움재(3%), 아스팔트(4.1%)의 투입량을 결정하였으며, 마샬안정도는 약 10,000N의 강도를 발현하였으며, 간접인장강도는 1.00~1.16 MPa의 범위를 나타내고 있었다. 혼합 및 다짐온도 조건은 실내 최적 배합설계에서 적용한 결과를 동일하게 적용하였다. 현재 전기로 산화슬래그는 제철 인근의 토목현장에 사용되고 있으며, PVB 필름과 차량 폐유리는 토목·건축용 자재로 일부 사용되고 있으므로 향후 도로현장이 추가 수요처로 안정된 소비가 기대된다. 본 연구에서 더욱 기대되는 것은 PVB 필름으로 개발될 중온형 아스팔트 바인더에 전기로 산화 슬래그 골재의 높은 강성과 고분말 폐유리 미분말의 충진성이 조화되어 기존 제품과 차별화된 친환경 고내구성 포장체의 한 분야를 개척할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) and Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) are usually used as novel etching and cleaning gases in semiconductor industry and electrical equipments. Recently, the many studies about PFCs decomposition have been performed due to high global warming potential (GWP). This study is to identify the effects of the hydrogen on the destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of NF3 and SF6 when using the electron-beam. The experiment was conducted at a flow rate of 10 LPM with NF3 and SF6 of 1,000 ppm. Absorbed dose (electric current) was 1,028 kGy (5 mA). The DREs of NF3 and SF6 gases increased about 54% and 68% respectively with hydrogen injection. By-products formed by NF3 and SF6 destruction were mainly HF and F2 gases. In addition, the particles were generated during the NF3 and SF6 destruction due to corrosion of reactor and SF6 decomposion, respectively.

유색 수수인 황금찰수수를 도정할 때 grain과 함께 발생 하는 도정부산물인 hull과 bran의 4가지 용매 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 함량, 항산화 활성, 천연색소 함량과 RAW 264.7 세포주를 이용하여 항염증 활성을 검정하였으며 결과를 요 약하면 아래와 같다. 1. 도정부산물인 hull의 100% 메탄올과 70% 에탄올 추 출물에서 총 폴리페놀 함량이 29.4±0.4와 29.7±0.2 mg GAE/100 g으로 가장 많았고, ABTS 라디컬 소거능(IC50) 이 6.8±0.4, 6.3±0.1 μg/mL로 가장 높은 항산화 활성 을 나타내었다. 2. 총 천연색소 함량에서도 수수 hull의 0.5% 염산 함유 100% 메탄올 추출물에서 322.6±14.5 mg/100g으로 가 장 많은 색소 함량을 나타내었고 hull, bran, grain 모 두의 경우에서 0.5% 염산을 함유한 100% 메탄올을 용매로 추출한 경우에서 가장 많아 수수를 이용하여 천연색소를 추출할 경우 수수 부산물인 hull을 산을 함 유한 메탄올로 추출하였을 때 가장 많은 색소 추출물 을 얻을 수 있었다. 3. 수수 도정부산물과 grain 추출물을 LPS로 NO 생성을 유도한 RAW 264.7 세포에 처리하였을 때, 세포 독성 이 없는 100 ug/mL 농도 이하에서의 NO 생성 억제량 은 hull, bran, grain 추출물의 순으로 나타났고 hull 추 출물의 경우에 농도에 따라 가장 큰 NO 생성 억제를 보였으며 천연색소 화합물 중에서는 apigeninidin의 NO 생성 억제 활성을 확인하였다. 4. 위 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 수수 도정부산물 중 hull은 grain 에 비해 총 폴리페놀 화합물과 천연색소 함량이 높고 항산화 활성과 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서의 NO 생성 량 억제 활성이 우수하여 앞으로 수수 부산물이 항산 화 및 항염증 소재로 가능성이 있음을 확인하였다.

본 연구의 목적은 청국장, 시금장, 표고버섯 분말의 첨가비율을 달리하여 새로운 발효 식품(일명: 청금장)을 개발하고자 하였다. 시금장, 청국장, 시금장과 청국장의 첨가비율을 달리하여 청금장 A(Sigumjang:Cheonggukjang=1:2), 청금장 B(Sigumjang:Cheonggukjang=1:1), 청금장 C(Sigumjang: Cheonggukjang=2:1) 시료를 제조한 후 이화학적 특성과 기능성 평가를 실시하였다. 청금장은 시금장보다 단백질 함량은 증가하였으며, 청국장보다 지방과 칼로리는 낮았으나, 유리당 함량은 청금장 C에서 5.8681 g/100g으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. DPPH 라디컬 소거능은 시금장과 청금장 C가 양성대조구인 BHT와 유사할 정도로 높은 활성이 나타났다. SOD 유사활성능은 시금장이 가장 높은 SOD 유사활성능을 나타내었고 청금장 중에서는 청금장 C가 가장 높았다. 금속이온의 지방산패 촉진에 대한 청금장의 억제능은 Cu²+ ion에 대한 억제능보다 Fe²+ ion에 대한 억제능이 다소 높은 것으로 나타났고, 활성 산소종의 지방산패촉진에 대한 청금장의 억제능은 KO₂보다 H₂O₂에 대한 억제능이 다소 높은 것으로 나타났다. Xanthine oxidase 활성저해능은 700 ppm 에서는 전반적으로 높은 xanthine oxidase 활성 저해능을 나타내었고, 특히 시금장과 청금장 C는 높은 xanthine oxidase 활성 저해능을 나타내었다. α-Glucosidase 저해 활성능은 모든 농도(300 ppm, 500 ppm, 700 ppm)에서 전반적으로 우수한 α-glucosidase 저해 활성능을 나타내었으며 시금장과 청금장 C는 높은 α-glucosidase 저해 활성능을 나타내어 혈당을 조절하는데 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다. 관능평가 결과 청금장 C가 색, 향기, 쓴맛, 짠맛 및 종합적인 맛에서 가장 높은 평가을 받은 것으로 나타났기 때문에 시금장과 청국장을 단독으로 사용하는 것보다 시금장과 청국장을 2:1로 혼합하여 제품을 제조하는 것이 이화학적 특성과 기능성에 효과적일 것으로 판단된다.

Since organized living cooperative associations sold their environment-friendly agricultural products directly to independent consumers in the past, the general distribution channels such as wholesalers had difficulty in handling these products. However, the ratio of distribution via wholesale channel has been gradually increased as consumption of environment-friendly agricultural products has expanded. This study is to address vitalization of wholesale distribution for environmentfriendly agricultural products by gathering previous statistical data and analysis. In addition, statistical analysis are conducted by utilizing surveys on forwarders, consumers for environment-friendly agricultural products. As a result, the products producers ship are distributed through dealers at producers sites, producers cooperatives, or food process companies, food companies, internet shopping malls, large-scale distribution companies, consumer groups such as living cooperative associations, direct outlets at consumers sites, or exports. Among the channels, the large-scale distribution companies and franchised special shops account for 47%, the general supermarkets 15.7%, and living cooperative associations 14.6% respectively. By utilizing the research results on producers and consumers, and the distribution weight by channels for environment-friendly agricultural products, the distribution channels for living cooperative associations, wholesale markets, and large scale distribution companies are compared and evaluated. As a result, the level of producers’ and consumers’ satisfaction for them is the lowest since the low selling price for producers and high distribution margins.

Sulfur hexafluoride has an extremely high global warming potential (GWP) because of strong absorption of infraredradiation and long atmospheric lifetime which cause the global warming effect. This study is to identify the effects ofdestruction and removal efficiency of SF6 by the addition of conditioning agent (oxygen, water vapor and hydrogen) whenusing the high ionization energy. The irradiation intensity of ionization energy was 2mA, 5mA, 10mA and 15mA. TheSF6 was completely removed with H2O and H2 gas injection at 2mA. Main by-products were HF and F2 gases. HF andF2 gas formation was increased with irradiation intensity increasing. Most of the by-products of particle were sulfur andmetal sulfate.

In this study, application of industrial by-products as an ultra rapid hardening cement substitute for semi-rigid pavement grout was evaluated. The examination of abrasion resistance showed that the loss ratio was 8.0~11.5% in every mixing condition, which indicates a good abrasion resistance.

While a range of natural organic matter (NOM) types can generate high levels of disinfection by-products (DBPs) after chlorination, there is little understanding of which specific compounds act as precursors. Use of eight model compounds allows linking of explicit properties to treatability and DBP formation potential (DBPFP). The removal of model compounds by various treatment processes and their haloacetic acid formation potential (HAAFP) before and after treatment were recorded. The model compounds comprised a range of hydrophobic (HPO) and hydrophilic (HPI) neutral and anionic compounds. On the treatment processes, an ozone oxidation process was moderate for control of model compounds, while the HPO-neutral compound was most treatable with activated carbon process. Biodegradation was successful in removing amino acids, while coagulation and ion exchange process had little effect on neutral molecules. Although compared with the HPO compounds the HPI compounds had low HAAFP the ozone oxidation and biodegradation were capable of increasing their HAAFP. In situations where neutral or HPI molecules have high DBPFP additional treatments may be required to remove recalcitrant NOM and control DBPs.

SF6 (sulfur hexafluoride) gas has an extremely high global warming potential (GWP) because of strong absorption of infrared radiation and long atmospheric lifetime which cause the global warming effect. The objective of this study is to identify the effects of destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of SF6 by the addition of oxygen, water vapor and hydrogen. The applied dose of ionization energy was 1,028 kGy(5 mA). The initial concentrations of SF6, O2, H2O and H2 gases were 1,000 ppm, 1,000 ppm, 3,000 ppm, 3,000 ppm, respectively. The DRE was increased about 2 times with O2 gas injection. The SF6 was completely removed with H2O and H2 gas injection. By-products formed by SF6 destruction were mainly HF and F2 gases. In addition, SF2, NF3, N2O, SO2, SO2F2, and NOx gases were produced.

Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) has been used as a novel etching and cleaning gas in semiconductor industry. Recently, the many studies about NF3 decomposition have been performed due to high global warming potential (GWP : 17,000). In this study, the role of conditioning agents such as H2, O2, and H2O (water vapor) in the destruction of NF3 gas using electron-beam technology is assessed in terms of the destruction and removal efficiency (DRE, %). The inlet concentration of NF3 was 1,000 ppm and the concentration of conditioning agents ranged from 250 to 1,500 ppm respectively and electron beam current was 5 mA. From the result, the by-products of NF3 decomposition were NO, N2O, and HF.

농업유래의 바이오매스 중 볏짚의 저장형태와 저장기간에 따른 수분함량 변화와 바이오매스의 화학적 성분 변화를분석함으로써 바이오에탄올 생산을 위한 원료의 최적 저장방법을 제시하고자 하였다. 주요 결과는 아래와 같다.1. 볏짚의 수분함량 변이를 측정한 결과 실내에서 보관한사각곤포 및 원형곤포는 약 20 ~ 25%의 수분함량을유지하였으며 실외에서 보관한 비가림 시설을 도입한사각곤포의 경우 20%이하의 낮은 수분함량을 확인하였다.2. 볏짚의 화학적 성분의 변이를 분석한 결과 실외보관곤포는 cellulose 및 hemicellulose의 함량이 큰 폭으로감소하였으나, 실내에서 보관한 곤포들은 비닐원형곤포를 제외한 나머지 집속형태에서는 오히려 성분의 함량의 증가를 확인하였다.3. 볏짚을 장기간 보관할 때에는 외부환경을 차단할 수있는 실내에서 보관하거나 부득이하게 실외에서 보관할 때 최소 비가림 시설을 도입하여 수분함량 및 화학적 성분의 감소를 최소화해야 바이오에탄올 생산을 위한 고품질의 원료로써 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

With the increase of visitors to rural tourism villages, the direct selling at sites is getting vitalized. Accordingly, their display stores is getting more important. Therefore, this study has selected 30 domestic rural tourism villages as study objects for the attitude survey of 200 farming suppliers and the site examination for the designs of those display stores in order to analyze their status and classify the types of necessity. Such operation status as sale item, sale method, method of supply and demand, major customer, sales scale, manager, opening hour, and operation cost were examined, to identity and for design factors the pattern, material quality and color were investigated. For the attitude of farming suppliers, the tactics of sales, the reason for being positive or negative, the functionality and the features of display stores were examined through brainstorming. IBM SPSS Statistics 20 Program was employed for Frequency, which indicated that village chiefs and store managers with the sales scale of 1 to 20 million won are dealing with female customers in their 40's and 50's and that those stores are open at the time of experience or year round without any operation expense. Permanent type and Fixed type were found to be the design factors of the display-case type with the material and the color of wood and orange respectively. The result of investigation analysis of farming suppliers' attitude showed the followings: the need of display stores is quite high, structure type and permanent type have high fitness and from the viewpoint of display-on-table type as a standard moving type was very convenient. The analysis of significant items at the characteristics of those display stores revealed that their locations, quality conservation, sanitation, users' convenience, designs and promotion are very important. The result of status analysis revealed that though there is a correlation among the types of display stores depending on the visiting season of tourists their installing is not desirable. Three types have been analyzed: Type 1 is a structure type only in the villages with continuous visitors, Type 2 a moving-table type only in the villages with temporary visitors and Type 3 is a fixed display-case type.

The purpose of this research is to distinguish the quantitative determination of phytochemicals in various agricultural products and to optimize an HPLC method for the determination of lycopene, lutein, α-carotene, β-carotene, and cryptoxanthin. Among the different conditions studied, the most suitable ones for our samples were the extraction with hexane/acetone/ethanol (50:25:25, v/v/v), dissolution of the dry extract in tetrahydrofuran/acetonitrile/methanol (15:30:55, v/v/v), injection on a C18 column with methanol/acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) + triethylamine 9 μM as mobile phase, and λdetection=475 nm. The mean percent recovery for the HPLC method were 120.7±4.1% (lycopene), 89.2±3.5% (lutein), 91.2±2.9% (α-carotene), 99.1±4.4% (β-carotene), and 100.0±5.3% (cryptoxanthin). The contents of lutein in the agricultural products were spinach, kiwi, tomato, blueberry, melon, respectively. However, the lycopene contents were the highest in the Black tomato (56.66±7.48 mg/kg) and Jangseong tomato (50.28±5.42 mg/kg). The concentration of β-carotene in all of the agricultural products ranged from 0.07 mg/kg to 65.03 mg/kg. The quercetin content of the agricultural products increased in the order of blueberry (986.57∼1,054.06 mg/100 g), kiwi (44.96∼55.09 mg/100 g), hallabong (31.92∼35.60 mg/100 g), and tomato (26.38∼34.94 mg/100 g). The highest kaempferol content was found in the blueberry (47.79∼76.15 mg/100 g) with results in all of the tested samples varying between 6.54∼48.11 mg/100 g. The total polyphenol contents of the various agricultural products increased in the blueberry (213.60∼229.96 mg/100 g), spinach (112.50∼141.67 mg/100 g) and kiwi (46.49∼70.44 mg/100 g). The total flavonoid content was the highest in both blueberry and spinach. Vitamin C content was detected in kiwi > hallabong > tomato > blueberry, respectively. The total anthocyanin contents (TAC) was detected in the Damyang blueberry and the imported blueberry.