The Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi recorded a wide range of dictionaries in Han Dynasty, only Cang Jie, Ji Jiu and Analytical Dictionary of Characters had been passed down. Apart from these, scholars of the Qing Dynasty collected the lost content of Fan Jiang, Xun Zuan, Cang Jie Xun Gu, Quan Xue, which can help us to recognize and deepen the understanding of the Han Dynasty dictionaries. There are eleven kinds of books of them, reflecting the strict paradigm of editing in the Qing Dynasty. Among them, Ma Guohan’s edition contains the largest number of articles, with the strengths of detailed evidence and fine proofreading. His weakness is that it mistakenly compiles character sequences of anonymous texts as sequences of Analytical Dictionary of Characters. The disagreement among the people is whether the references to Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong in Analytical Dictionary of Characters claim should be subsumed in Fan Jiang and Xun Zuan. The second difference lies in the collection of scattered writing style of the exegesis of Fan Jiang, Xun Zuan, Cang Jie Xun Gu, Quan Xue.

The Yongzhai Library (庸齋文庫) edition of Gujin Shilin (古今釋林) was compiled by Korean scholar Lee Ui-bong (李義鳳) on the basis of additional annotation of Zheng Baoweng (鄭抱翁)’s Ximen Yulu (溪門語錄解) Annotation by searching Zhuzi (朱子)’s quotations, etc., learning dialect and common sayings, local pronunciation, official reading, imitated ErYa (爾雅), and annotated more than 21000 Chinese characters from more than 1500 ancient books. This book has important research value in the following aspects: ①from the perspective of language research, it has ideal data for studying the formation and construction of early vernacular Chinese compound words; ②from the perspective of dictionary compilation, it can be used as the earliest Chinese vernacular language dictionary published in the middle of the Choson Period; ③from the perspective of cross-cultural language dissemination, it reflects the characteristics of the times and the different ways of national thinking of words.

본 연구의 목적은 청허휴정(1520~1604)의 심공급제(心空及第) 기반의 깨침과 선명상시 특징을 살펴보는 데 있다. 숭인 장로의 ‘심공급제’의 가 르침을 받아 출가 한 휴정은 임제종의 종풍을 이어받아 마음이 모든 것 의 근본임을 깨닫고 지관(止觀)을 통하여 본래 모습을 찾고자 하였다. 특 히 그는 세상과 절연하여 청산과 백운 속에서 무상함과 깨달음을 구하고 교화하는 의연한 수행 자세를 보여주었다. 깨달음의 세계나 선심은 언어 의 압축과 고도의 상징적 언어로 표현된다. 이러한 관점에서 휴정은 구도 와 깨달음, 보임(保任)과 교화의 과정에 있어 맑고 탈속한 마음의 경계를 가장 절제된 시적 양식의 하나인 오언절구와 칠언절구를 통해 잘 표현하 였다. 이는 곧 휴정의 선명상시의 특징이자 그의 선적 직관과 시적 상상 력이 조화를 이루어 빚어낸 깨침의 미학이다. 선시가 철저한 구도와 깨달 음의 표현이라 할 때, 철저하게 깨닫는다는 것은 나와 너, 그리고 그 모 든 존재와의 관계성을 깨닫는 것이라 할 수 있다. 따라서 휴정의 ‘심공급 제;의 선명상시를 읽고 이해하며 감상하는 것은 탐・진・치 삼독으로 번 다하게 살아가는 현대인들에게 ‘내려놓기’의 지혜와 ‘텅 빈 충만’의 기쁨 을 전해주는 치유적 의미로 작용할 수 있다.

송전철탑의 심형기초 시공 시 안전확보가 매우 중요한데, 무거운 철근을 취급하는 작업자의 중대 재 해 위험이 크고 실제로 심형기초를 위한 철근공 작업자들의 사고가 끊이질 않는 실정이다. GFRP는 철근 이상의 인장강도를 갖도록 제작이 가능하고, 철근에 비해 무게가 가벼워 취급이 용이하며 시공 편이성이 높다는 장점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 철근을 대체하여 GFRP를 보강근으로 활용한 심 형 기초의 구조설계에 대해 다루었다. 국내 송전철탑 설계기준(가공송전선용 철탑기초 설계기준, DS-1110, 한국전력) 및 ACI440.1R-06 설계기준을 참고하여 GFRP 보강근이 적용된 심형 기초의 구 조검토를 수행하여 GFRP 보강근의 적용성을 검토하였다. 송전철탑의 심형 기초 단면에는 휨모멘트와 축력이 동시에 작용하며 심형기초의 주체부 및 구체부 특성에 따라 축력에 의한 편심모멘트가 추가로 작용한다. 이에 따라 설계 검토는 휨 및 축력이 동시에 작용하는 경우에 대해 수행되었다. 국내 기준 (DS-1110)의 구조검토는 허용응력설계법의 형식을 취하므로 축력과 휨모멘트에 의한 최대응력을 산 정하여 허용응력과 비교하였고, 강도설계법을 통한 구조검토는 보강된 단면의 P-M 상관도를 작도하 여 휨모멘트 및 축력이 동시에 작용하는 경우 구조 안전성 확보 유무를 판단하여 GFRP 보강재를 배 근한 단면의 설계적정성을 판단하였다.

심린 길은 싱가포르 태생으로 어린 시절 다양한 국가로 이주하며 성장하였다. <숲>은 그와 같은 길의 자전적 경험이 반영된 사진 작품이다. 길은 싱가포르와 말레 이시아에 있는 열대 숲의 식물들에 텍스트가 인쇄된 종이를 삽입한 후 16점의 흑백 사진을 촬영하여 <숲>을 구성하였다. 열대 식물에 이식된 종이 텍스트들은 그곳의 기후와 환경에 따라 식물과 함께 자라나거나 부패하는 등의 과정을 겪는다. 즉 낯선 장소로의 이식과 적응의 과정 거치는 것이다. 특히 <숲>이 제작된 장소와 길이 이용 한 종이 텍스트들은 과거 식민주의적 이주의 역사와 깊이 관련된 요소들이었다. 길은 이와 같은 <숲>을 통해 이주민으로서의 자신의 정체성뿐 아니라 식민주의적 이주가 이루어졌던 장소들의 의미 변화 과정을 이야기한다.

There are several print types of original East Asian books, such as woodcut, movable type, and manuscripts by hands. Especially in woodcuts and manuscripts by hands is the possibility of errors caused by misprints and hand writing’s errors is higher. The current method of publishing is also the same problem, but at mid-age everything print or copy was done by hand, so the possiblity of error would be high than now. Therefore, proofreading was a very important and difficult task in the East Asian books. In Korea, the importance of proofreading has recently been emphasized, and there have been several discuss at seminars and several specialized books on proofreading have been published. However, there has not been a rigorous national rule, and the issue of Han-character processing in particular has not been discussed. In this article, I discuss in detail the principles of proofreading prevailing in Korea, and hope find develop solutions.

The history of the Japanese army’s exploitation of comfort women during World War II differs greatly from other history of violence in that it was transnational, transracial, and perpetual. The history had been silenced due to the aftermath of the Cold War, authoritarian governance, and the social stigmatizing by the patriarchal society. It was from the 90s that the history became a global agenda when Korean comfort women publicized their experiences of the abuse by the Japanese army. However, the Japanese army is in denial of their brutality, and many victims have deceased. Therefore, it remains as a crucial task of our generation to convert the history of comfort women into collective memory. Taiwan is suffering from a similar history of their comfort women, and the development of the Taiwanese literary narrative of the victims may inspire the Korean society. This paper explores four Taiwanese literature on comfort women- Chen Qian Wu’s ｢輸送船｣ and ｢獵女犯｣, Lee Yung Ping’s ｢望鄉｣, and Chang Ying Min’s 櫻- and illustrates the meaning of the evolution of the narratives regarding the Taiwanese society’s ideology. These novels depict the trauma of comfort women as the result of a combination of numerous oppressions including imperialism, patriarchy, and social classification. Furthermore, these novels describe the trauma of comfort women from multiple angles and in detail.

Translators of chemical translations in the late Qing Dynasty translated element terms in several ways: connected with Chinese natural object nouns and recorded new meanings with the same characters of the nouns, created translated names, used common words, borrowed from inherent Chinese characters, and created new character. Translators use or create characters according to different motivations, and the selected characters may accord with the components of the characters coincidentally, resulting in one character with multiple translations. As different translators translated the foreign names of the same element, different motivations for selecting/creating characters, or the same motivations with different components of the characters, resulting in different characters with the same usage. Because of the influence of the words used in the translation of Hua Xue Jian Yuan and the requirements for the systematic use of words, most of the words used for liberal translation that are related to the natural nouns have been retained, and the other words have been almost eliminated. The reasons for the elimination include: the selection of inherent Chinese characters leads to an imbalance in the Chinese character system, the inconvenience of the recognition/use of borrowed and created characters, the phenomenon of one character with multiple translations and different characters with the same usage, etc.

본 연구에서는 삼마제 수행의 근간이 되는 이결정의(二決定義)와 수행 의 방편으로써 제시되는 육근수행을 통해 번뇌의 원인이자 원통의 통로로서 의 육근의 공덕과 작용을 살펴보고자 한다. 아울러 번뇌의 해결과정인 육해 일망에 대해 논의하고자 하였다. 초발심의 두 가지 결정의는 삼마제 수행의 필수 근간이 되는 지침의 역할을 한다. 세존이 설하신 두 가지 결정의는 다음 과 같다. 첫째, 인지(因地)의 발심이 과지(果地)의 깨달음[覺]과 같아야 한다. 인지가 과지와 일치하려면 환망한 생멸심을 버려야 하므로 오탁이 설명되어 야 한다. 둘째, 번뇌의 근본과 그 발업윤생(發業輪生)의 원인을 깨달아야 한 다. 번뇌의 근본과 그 발업윤생함이 육식과 육근에 기인함을 깨닫고 바로 그 육근을 통해 번뇌를 풀어야 함을 말한다. 능엄경에서 이러한 삼마제의 방 편으로서 원통근을 통한 수행을 제시한 이유는 육근이 바로 번뇌의 원인이자 깨달음의 통로[解結同體]로 작용하기 때문이다. 세존의 삼마제 법문 가운데 가장 먼저 설법한 초발심의 두 가지 결정의의 내용으로 본다면 오탁에 의한 생멸심이 중생의 번뇌를 필연적으로 야기한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 결국 중생의 번뇌는 육근과 육진의 전도로 인하여 발생함을 깨닫고 번뇌의 원인인 육근을 통해 번뇌를 벗어나야만 불성으로서의 여래장 묘진여성에 이를 수 있게 된 다.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 운동심상 훈련이 심폐 기능에 미치는 효과를 확인하는 것이다. 방법: 본 연구는 20대 성인 남성 26명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 참가자는 각각 13명의 참가자를 고려하여 운동심상 훈련 군과 대조군으로 무작위로 할당되었다. 측정 방법으로는 트레드밀에서 심장부하 검사를 실시하였고, 최대산소섭취량, 운동 시간 및 회복 심박수를 측정하였다. 운동심상 훈련군은 일주일에 5번 운동심상 훈련을 적용하였다. 본 연구에서는 군 내 결과를 확인 하기 위하여 대응 t 검증을 하였고, 군간 비교를 위하여 독립 t검증을 실시하였다. 결과: 최대 산소 섭취량은 각 군의 전후 비교와 각 군 간의 비교에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 운동심상 훈련군은 대조군에 비해 운동시간에 유의한 변화가 있었다. 회복 심박수에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론: 본 연구에서는 운동심상 훈련군에서 최대산소섭취량 및 운동 시간을 개선하지만 회복 심박수에는 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 운동심상 훈련은 심폐 기능 강화를 위한 프로그램으로 고려할 가치가 있다

The social changes in the Yuan Dynasty had a decisive influence on the formation of Chinese literati's seal cutting art. The Yuan Dynasty under the Mongols' rule had a big blow to the entire Han culture, and many aspects including the traditional social hierarchy, order, and concepts were obviously impacted (Fu Haibo & Cui Ruide 1998). Affected by this influence, the art of literati seal cutting realized aesthetic consciousness. The practice of literati seal cutting has also transitioned from the initial design of the seal surface to the whole process of design and production. And these changes are directly related to the change of people's mentality under the social background of the Yuan Dynasty. This article is mainly divided into two parts. The first part mainly discusses the current mainstream views in the academic circles about the formation time of literati seal cutting art, and reveals the rationality of the formation of literati seal cutting in the Yuan Dynasty through analysis. The second part mainly discusses the root cause of the formation of literati seal cutting in the Yuan Dynasty. This article believes that the real factor that promoted the formation of the seal cutting of the literati in the Yuan Dynasty is the change of the people's mentality under the background of the changes of times. When the literati participated in the practice of seal cutting, there was no ideological burden, and it was possible to realize whether they were doing this as a career or merely responding to their inner aesthetic appeal. The appearance of seal cutters, seal cutting theories, and seal cutting works indicate the formation of the true sense of the art of seal cutting by literati

This paper is from the perspective of the modernity of the Cold War, examining and analyzing two works of Korean Chinese novels in the 1960s, “A different kind of feeling in my mind”(bie you yi fan zi wei zai xin tou） and “Yantai Story”(yan tai feng yun). Both of these two works show how Hanwha looked for self-coordinates in the changing times during the Cold War period. ‘What is the modernity’ is the dialectical issue in these novels. How do them reflect the issue from the social reality, transnational movement, utopian imagination? When modernity brings about changes in regional movement, cultural convergence, military technology, and economic activities, how do them imprint on the Korean Chinese? The overseas Chinese education policy that was born in response to the Cold War was not only a means for the regime to recruit overseas Chinese in the form of education subsidies, but also an opportunity for overseas Chinese to move across borders, engage in new trade patterns, and produce unique commodity cultures. On the other hand, when the war broke out, the confrontation between regimes became a fact. Korean Chinese learned the way of imagining China in popular novels and created an ideal utopia by this. Although it exists in the past time and space, it also embodies the helplessness of reality.

Non-face-to-face online education which suddenly began with COVID-19, was an opportunity to expand to university education sites. This study presents online classes based on the Tandem learning method as examples and examines the class operation, learning content, and learner satisfaction according to the actual type of flip learning classes and real-time video classes. By converting Tandem classes operated by B University in Busan into online classes, the existing e-Tandem classes were expanded using flip learning and ZOOM. The first Flip learning class allows self-directed learning, and the free form of learning through pre-learning becomes an advantage of the online class type. However, while professors participate in the small conference room and feedback, there is a need to be supplemented with the ability to feedback directly to other teams. Furthermore, as a result of the learner satisfaction survey, there were complaints about prior learning and the amount of tasks, so studies on specific tasks and the content and methods of prior learning are also needed. The second real-time video class allows interaction between professors and learners, learners and learners. The biggest feature of this class type is that it can solve the absence of communication, which was a disadvantage of non-face-to-face classes. However, the ability of a professor is needed to conduct a real-time video class like this. Unlike learners who are familiar with digital technology, only when they understand and learn various online content and functions will their online classes become as natural as face-to-face classes.

Metal bodies have generally been produced through machining process, even the smallest parts that are assembled and mounted on the metal body. In this study, we will study the process of manufacturing parts called SIM Tray through compound forging process instead of cutting. The process of replacing a series of SIM Tray production process with a composite forging process by simulating the forming process using DEFORM-3D and making process design, mold design, mold fabricating.

The purpose of this research was to revive the bathochromic effects of wool fabrics by using natural dyestuffs with minimum heavy metallic mordants. The natural dyestuffs used in this research were the indigo plant, Phellodendron amurense, and Caesalpinia sappan. Sample no. 1 was pre-dyed five times with indigo. Sample no. 2 was pre-dyed five times with indigo and then once dyed with Phellodendron amurense. Following the same method as sample no. 2 with an additional Phellodendron, Sample no. 3 consisted of a pre-dye five times with indigo and twice with Phellodendron amurense. Sample no. 4 was pre-dyed six times with indigo and then once dyed with Caesalpinia sappan. Sample no. 5 followed the same method as no. 4 with an additional dye of Caesalpinia sappan. Sample no. 6 was pre-dyed five times with indigo and then once dyed with Phellodendron amurense and once dyed with Caesalpinia sappan. The results were as follows: first, all samples showed deeper colors. Second, according to the results of the surface K/S measurement, the surface K/S of wool fabrics was >20. Third, the results of lightfastness measurement showed superiority over grade 4 in samples no. 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6. However, sample no. 4 was grade 3. In the colorfastness to washing measurement, sample no. 2 showed greater superiority than grade 3—4, while samples no. 1 and 3 were grade 3. In addition, the colorfastness to dry cleaning for all samples was satisfactory or excellent by more than grade 3.

As part of research on the Chinese subjective decrement markers, this study is aimed at analyzing the combinatorial aspect and semantic characteristic of them through a synchronic and diachronic research especially into ‘不怎么’ and ‘不那么’, both of which are of profound significance for expressions denoting the subjective decrement. By means of doing so, the work seeks to understand the background, and further to clarify the grammaticalization process whereby they are used as markers showing the subjective decrement. “Quantity is an important category with which humans perceive, understand and make expressions of the world”, and “the quantitative category of the linguistic world is divided into objective quantity and subjective one”. The subjective quantity is defined as that which comes to have subjectivity due to the speaker's subjective evaluation of the objective quantity, and is usually divided into large and small one. Research related to the subjective quantity has attracted the attention of many scholars and there have been remarkable achievements made with regard to it even in Chinese language studies. However, there has been a limitation, on the other hand, that most of the studies have focused only on the syntax, semantics and pragmatics of expressions denoting the large subjective quantity and small one. What needs to be paid attention to, in this respect, is that the Chinese language also has expressions for the subjective decrement such as ‘不怎么’ and ‘不那么’ in addition to those for the large and small subjective quantity. For all that, few researchers have observed and analyzed them from the perspective of the subjective quantity. For such a reason, this study considers ‘不怎么’ and ‘不那么’ to be the subjective decrement markers most of all, analyzing the combinatorial aspect and semantic characteristic of and the difference between them through a synchronic research. Then, another analysis of their degrees of lexicalization is conducted through a diachronic research into their semantic expansions and frequency increases based on the examination of their periodic examples. The work, in the last analysis, deduces their grammaticalization processes along with the background analysis of how meanings of the subjective decrement have come to be generated in them despite the fact that they have not in other interrogatives or demonstratives.

In recent years, the phonetic study of foreign dialects is wide and deep, but the study on the history of researches on phonetic aspects of foreign dialects is rare. Even rarer is that on the Chinese characters in Korean. With the help of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), this paper attempts an exhaustive analysis of the content, method and condition of research on the basis of academic researches on phonetic aspects of Chinese characters in Korean. Thus, this work is expected to make clear the researches and problems in this field in China so as to facilitate quick references for other scholars.