본 실험에서는 외인성 효소 첨가제 및 혼합 세균 배양을 통한 고상발효(Solid-state fermentation, SSF)가 채종박(Rapeseed meal, RSM)의 체외건물소화율(In vitro dry matter digestibility, IVDMD) 및 단쇄지방산(Short chain fatty acid) 생성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 외인성 효소 칵테일(첨가 및 미첨가) 및 RSM에 대한 SSF(발효 및 비발효)를 나타내는 2 x 2 요인 설계가 적용되었다. 3-step 돼지 소화율 모델을 적용하여 채종박의 건물 소화율을 분석하였으며, 72시간 대장발효 후 상층액을 수집하여 단쇄지방산 생성량을 분석한 후 칼로리 단위로 변환하여 가소화에너지 소화율을 분석하였다. 소장 (IVDMDh) 및 전장 (IVDMDt) 건물소화율에서는 고상발효된 채종박이 더 높게 나타났다 (각각 p < 0.01). 마찬가지로, 외인성 효소 첨가제 처리구에서 채종박의 소장 소화율(IVDMDh)이 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다(p = 0.06). Acetic acid 및 butyric acid의 생산은 대조구에 비해 고상발효 처리 시 유의하게 더 생산되었으며 (각각 p < 0.01), 이는 총 단쇄지방산의 생산 증가 경향을 나타냈다(p = 0.09). 에너지 소화율에서는 채종박의 고상발효 및 외인성 효소제 첨가가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다 ( p < 0.01). 그러므로 채종박의 고상발효 처리는 단백질 이용성을 비롯한 영양적 가치를 향상시키는데 효과적이라고 사료된다.

This study investigated the nutritional characteristics of before and after fermentation of domestic soybean (Glycine max L.) by Rhizopus oligosporus. The soybean storage proteins, β-conglycinin (11S globulin) and glycinin (7S globulin), were the most abundant in Seonyu (SY) and Danbaegkong (DBK), with concentrations of 253.4 mg/g and 193.0 mg/g, respectively. For 11S/7S related to sulfur-containing amino acid, DBK had a value of 0.95, making it the most excellent nutritionally among all the cultivars. The free amino acid content significantly increased from 0.04~10.45 mg/g before fermentation to 1.37~16.95 mg/g after fermentation, and the essential amino acid composition increased, confirming an improvement in protein quality after fermentation. Phytic acid, known as a nutritional inhibitor of soybeans, decreased from 1.66~2.13 g/100 g before fermentation to 0.90~1.58 g/100 g after fermentation, suggesting that mineral absorption inhibition was alleviated. In addition, the trypsin inhibitor content is suppressed by 76.20% to 81.25% after fermentation, which is expected to improve protein utilization in the body. This study confirmed some properties of fermented products by Rhizopus oligosporus using domestic soybeans, and these results are presented to serve as the basic data for establishing new uses of Korean soybean cultivars.

This study evaluated the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB, a mixture of Enterococcus faecium and Lactobacillus plantarum) supplementation, the storage temperature, and storage period on the fermentation characteristics and in vitro ruminal digestibility of a total mixed ration (TMR). The TMR was prepared into two groups, namely, CON (control TMR without the LAB) and ML (supplementing a mixture of E. faecium and L. plantarum in the ratio of 1% and 2% (v/w), respectively). Both groups were divided and stored at 4°C or 25°C for 3, 7, and 14 d fermentation periods. Supplementing LAB to the TMR did not affect the chemical composition of TMR except for the lactate and acetate concentration. Storage temperatures affected (p<0.05) the chemical composition of the TMR, including pH, lactate, and acetate contents. The chemical composition of TMR was also affected (p<0.05) by the storage period. During in vitro rumen fermentation study, the ML treatment showed lower (p<0.05) dry matter digestibility at 24 h incubation with a higher pH compared to the CON. There was no difference in the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of TMR between the CON and ML treatment however, at 24 h, ML treatment showed lower (p<0.05) IVDMD with a higher pH compared to the CON. The effects of storage temperature and period on IVDMD were not apparent at 24 h incubation. In an in vivo study using Holstein steers, supplementing LAB to the basal TMR for 60 d did not differ in the final body weight and average daily gain. Likewise, the fecal microbiota did not differ between CON and ML. However, the TMR used for the present study did include a commercial yeast in CON, whereas ML did not; therefore, results were, to some extent, compromised in examining the effect of LAB. In conclusion, storage temperature and period significantly affected the TMR quality, increasing acetate and lactate concentration. However, the actual effects of LAB supplementation were equivocal.

본 연구는 증숙밤(95℃, 90분) 페이스트의 발효에 적합한 유산균을 탐색하고 유산균에 의해 발효된 밤 발효 퓨레의 품질적 특성을 조사하였다. 유산균 12종에 대하여 2.0%(v/w)의 농도로 접종하여 3 7℃에서 48시간 발효한 결과 L. plantarum KCTC 21004가 산 생성능이 우수하였다. 증숙밤의 함량, 균 접종량 및 발효온도에 따른 발효 밤 퓨레의 발효 및 품질적 특성을 분석한 결과 물리화학적 특성에는 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았으나 퓨레의 물성 측정시 증숙밤 50% 함량 페이스트가 최적의 조건이었다.

This study investigated the effects of silage additives on rumen fermentation characteristics of rye silage. Rye was harvested at ripening stage and treated with different additives in quadruplicate following: without additive (control), with either lactic acid bacteria inoculant (LAB), formic acid (FA), or Ca-formate (Ca-FA). Overall, ensiling characteristics of FA and Ca-FA silages contained 4-fold more (P<0.05) butyrate and 2-fold more (P<0.05) NH3-N concentration (% total nitrogen) than those of control and LAB silages. Cows fed LAB silage showed a diurnal trend with the highest values of propionate concentration compared to the control at 1, 2 and 3 hr after feeding. In contrast, FA and Ca-FA silages increased the proportion of butyrate significantly (P<0.05) at all sampling times compared to control and LAB silage. In conclusion, Forage rye treated with FA or Ca-FA showed different fermentation characteristics during ensilage and in the rumen compared to LAB silage. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether different fermentation characteristics in the rumen between LAB and FA silages had effect on partitioning of nutrients between milk production and body tissue.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculation to domestically-cultivated Italian ryegrass (IRG) on silage fermentation and in vitro ruminal fermentation. There were six treatments based on the LAB inoculants: 1) no addition of LAB (negative control: NC), additions of 2) commercially-available LAB (positive control: PC), 3) Lactobacillus plantarum (LPL), 4) L. paracasei (LPA), 5) L. acidophilus (LA), and 6) L. pentosus (LPT). All treatments were inoculated at a concentration of 106 CFU/g and ensiled for 3, 7, 21, and 42 days in triplicate and analyzed for nutritive values when ensiling was terminated. Day 42 silage from all treatments were also examined for in vitro ruminal fermentation. After 42 days, LAB-inoculated silages had higher (P<0.05) lactic acid concentration compared to the NC. In terms of nutritive values, the silages treated with LPA, LA, and LPT showed higher (P<0.05) crude protein and lower (P<0.05) neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content compared to the rest of the treatment. In vitro ruminal dry matter degradability was not affected by LAB addition. However, LAB-treated IRG had shown higher (P<0.05) ammonia-N compared with that of the NC. LPA had shown the highest (P<0.05) volatile fatty acid concentration among the LAB examined. In conclusion, the addition of a single strain of LAB appeared to produce a quality IRG silage compared with the NC and the PC. Among the strains examined, LPA seemed to be superior to the others.

본 연구는 이형발효 유산균을 첨가한 이탈리안 라이그라스 및 총체보리 사일리지의 저장 기간 동안의 변화에 따른 반추위 발효 효과를 규명하고자 수행하였다. 사일리지의 접종 균주는 이형발효 유산균으로 Lactobacillus casei KACC 12413 및 Lactobacillus reuteri KCTC 3594 및 Lactobacillus casei + Lactobacillus reuteri로 하였다. In vitro 실험의 pH 변화는 LCR 처리구가 높은 경향이었으며, 작물 간의 차이는 WCB사일리지 보다 IRG 사일리지의 pH가 높았다. 총 가스 생산량은 대조구에 비해 유산균 첨가구가 낮았고, WCB 보다 IRG 사일리지가 높은 수준이었다. 암모니아태 질소 농도는 유산균 첨가구 보다 대조구가 높은 경향이었고, 30일 보다 60일 사일리지가 낮았다. 총 휘발성지방산 생성량은 30일 및 60일 WCB 사일리지의 LC 처리구가 높았다. In situ 실험에서 건물 소화율은 48시간 발효 했을 때 LCR 처리구가 높았고 대조구가 가장 낮았다. 작물 간에 차이는 WCB에 비해 IRG가 8∼10% 더 높았다. NDF 소화율은 LC 처리구 및 LCR 처리구가 높은 경향이었고(p<0.05), ADF 소화율은 LC 처리구 및 LCR처리구가 높았다. 본 연구의 결과로 미루어 보아 propionate를 생성하는 이형 발효 유산균이 접종된 사일리지는 반추위 내 발효조건을 개선하고 가축의 사일리지 소화율을 증진 시킬 것으로 보이며, 가축의 생산성 및 사료가치가 향상 될 것으로 여겨진다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of different storage periods of lactic acid bacteria (LAB)-fermented low moisture fresh rice straw silage. The low moisture fresh rice straw sample was inculcated with LAB and stored for different storage periods such as 45, 90, and 365 days, respectively. The low moisture fresh rice straw (LMFRS) silage inoculated with LAB exhibited reduction in pH throughout the fermentation as compared with the control (P<0.05). The lactic acid content was increased at the late fermentation period (90 and 365 days, respectively) in LAB inoculated LMFRS silage as compared with the control (P<0.05). In contrast, the acetic acid and butyric acid concentrations were slightly reduced in the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage sample at 90 and 365 days fermentation, respectively. Meanwhile, the non-inoculated LMFRS silage showed higher amounts of acetic acid and butyric acid at an extended fermentation with low bacterial population as compared with the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage. However, lactic acid concentration was slightly high in the non-inoculated LMFRS silage at early 45 days fermentation. Additionally, the nutrient profile such as crude protein (CP), acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), and total digestibility nutrients (TDN) were not significantly different in control and LAB inculcated samples during all fermentation. Though, the microbial population was greater in the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage as compared with the control. However, the massive population was noted in the LAB inoculated LMFRS silage during all fermentation. It indicates that the inoculated LAB is the main reason for increasing fermentation quality in the sample through pH reduction by organic acids production. Overall results suggest that the LAB inoculums are the effective strain that could be a suitable for LMFRS silage fermentation at prolonged days.

Fermented total mixed ration (TMR) is a novel feed for ruminants in South Korea. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the quality of TMR and in vitro ruminal fermentation. Strains of three LAB spp. (Lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis, L. mucosae) were used in fermentation of TMR. Inoculations with the three LAB spp. lowered pH and increased concentrations of lactic acid, acetic acid, and total organic acid compared to non-LAB inoculated control (only addition of an equivalent amount of water) (p<0.05). Bacterial composition indicated that aerobic bacteria and LAB were higher. However, E. coli were lower in the fermented TMR than those in the control treatment (p<0.05). Among the treatments, L. brevis treatment had the highest concentration of total organic acid without fungus detection. Gas production, pH, and ammonia-nitrogen during ruminal in vitro incubation did not differ throughout incubation. However, ruminal total VFA concentration was higher (p<0.05) in the LAB spp. treatments than the control treatment at 48 hours. Overall, the use of L. brevis as an inoculant for fermentation of high moisture. TMR could inhibit fungi growth and promote lactic fermentation, and enhance digestion in the rumen.

The effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) mixtures on low moisture Italian ryegrass (IRG) silage fermentation was evaluated in field conditions. The experiment was categorized into two groups: Un-inoculated (Control) and Inoculated with LAB mixture for four storage periods (45, 90, 180, and 365 days, respectively). Silage inoculated with the LAB mixture had the lowest pH with highest lactic acid production than the control from beginning at 45-365 days at all moistures. Higher LAB counts were observed in inoculated silages than the control silages at whole experimental periods. It is a key reason for the rapid acidification and higher lactic acid production in silages during the storage periods. Overall results suggest that an adding of LAB mixture had positive effects on the increasing aerobic stability of silage and preserved its quality for an extended duration.

콩 가공 부산물인 콩 배아 이소플라본의 생체내 활성을 증가시키기 위하여 LA, LB, LP 등 3가지 유산균을 단독 또는 혼합하여 비배당체화 전환 효율을 증가시키고자 균주의 종류와 접종량, 발효시간에 따른 이소플라본 함량을 분석하였다. 그 결과 균주를 이용한 모든 발효에서 균주를 사용하지 않은 대조군에 비하여 높은 이소플라본 비배당체 전환을 보였고, 발효시간에 따른 비배당체 전환율은 24시간에서 급격히 증가하였고 이후에는 큰 변화는 보이지 않았다. 비배당체화 발효의 최적 균주는 LP균, 접종량은 5%, 발효시간은 24시간 이었다. 대조군의 이소플라본 배당체의 구성은 글리시틴>다이드진>제니스틴 순으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었고, 유산균을 접종하여 발효시켰을 때 배당체들은 감소하였고, 비배당체 함량이 증가하였으며, 다이드제인>글리시테인>제니스테인 순으로 45% 이상의 비배당체 전환율을 나타내었다. 특히, 대조군과 비교하여 유산균으로 발효시켰을 때 다이드진의 함량이 가장 크게 감소하였고, 다이드제인 함량이 가장 크게 증가하였다. 소야사포닌의 경우 발효에 의하여 Ab가 급격하게 감소하였고 Ba와 Bb가 증가하였다. 발효액은 pH 3에서 pH 6으로 증가함에 따라 이소플라본 비배당체 함량이 증가하였으며 특히, 다이드제인 함량이 많이 증가하였고, 소야사포닌 함량은 Ab 함량이 급격하게 감소하였고, Ba와 Bb 함량도 소량감소하는 등 발효액의 pH가 발효에 의한 이소플라본과 소야사포닌 함량 변화에 많은 영향을 미치는 중요한 요인중의 하나임을 알 수 있었고, LP균을 이용한 발효로 가공부산물인 콩 배아의 생리활성 증가 및 기능성소재화를 꾀할 수 있을 것 으로 생각된다.

Gastrodia elata Blume often has been used for the treatment of headaches, convulsions, hypertension, and neurodegenerative diseases. The main active constituents are gastrodin, 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, vanillyl alcohol, 4-hydroxybenzylaldehyde and parishin A, B, C and E. Because Gastrodia elata has also unacceptable off-odor (swine barnyard-like) for food, there is a need to reduce it as well as allow for greater utilization as a functional food materials. In this study, a major off-odor producing substance of Gastrodia elata was fractionated by steam distillation and silica gel column chromatography. The substance was identified as p-cresol(4-methyl phenol) by GC-MS analysis and comparison of the retention time with that of an authentic compound in GC. The content of p-cresol in fermented Gastrodia elata was decreased. A fermented sample of Latobacillus sakei for 2 days was reduced to 54.7%, when compared with a unfermented sample. The five parishin derivatives in Gastrodia elata were identified by HPLC-MS analyses, and a comparison of HPLC retention times with those of authentic compounds. When compared with parishin derivatives of an unfermented Gastrodia elata, those of Gastrodia elata fermented by L. sakei, increased to 18.3% for 2 days. Increases of about 14.0~38.4% of the total phenolic compounds and 57.4~77.3% total flavonoids were found in fermented extracts, by 3 lactic acid bacteria strains. They were compared with 97.1±2.9 μg/g and 40.9±2.0 μg/g in the unfermented control, respectively. The extracts of Gastrodia elata Blume that were fermented by lactic acid bacteria had higher DPPH free radical scavenging activity and FRAP reducing power than the unfermented control.

Polygonum multiflorum (Polygonaceae family) is effective to cholesterol lowering effect, increased immunity effect and whitening effect. P. multiflorum root is used for medicinal herb that can be used as raw material for food. In this study, acetic acid fermentation was adding extracts of P. multiflorum root (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%) for the developing healthy beverage. In this study, we investigated the contents of free sugars, organic acids and inorganic components of P. multiflorum root. As a result of free sugars from P. multiflorum root analysis, three kind of free sugars were determined the glucose, sucrose and lactose by HPLC. Four kind of organic acids were found in lactic acid fermented P. multiflorum root. And oxalic acid, lactic acid and succinic acid were detected in organic acids. The content of lactose and lactic acid in lactic acid fermented P. multiflorum root was the highest among the free sugars and organic acids. The content of minerals were in high orders of sodium > calcium > magnesium in P. multiflorum by acetic acid fermentation. The content of inorganic components was highest in lactic acid fermented solution with 5% and proportional to the content of P. multiflorum

Polygonum multiflorum (Polygonaceae family) is effective to cholesterol lowering effect, increased immunity effect and whitening effect. P. multiflorum root is used for medicinal herb that can be used as raw material for food. In this study, acetic acid fermentation was adding extracts of P. multiflorum root(0%, 1%, 3%, 5%) for the developing healthy beverage. In this study, we investigated the contents of free sugars, organic acids and inorganic components of P. multiflorum root. As a result of free sugars from P. multiflorum root analysis, three kind of free sugars were determined the glucose, sucrose and lactose by HPLC. Four kind of organic acids were found in lactic acid fermented P. multiflorum root. And oxalic acid, lactic acid and succinic acid were detected in organic acids. The content of lactose and lactic acid in lactic acid fermented P. multiflorum root was the highest among the free sugars and organic acids. The content of minerals were in high orders of sodium> calcium> magnesium in P. multiflorum by acetic acid fermentation. The content of inorganic components was highest in lactic acid fermented solution with 5% and proportional to the content of P. multiflorum

The acidity of soy curd fermented by lactic acid bacteria is a major factor degrading the sensory properties of soy curd. For preparation of soy curd with low sour taste, lactic acid bacteria were separated from kimchi. The lactic acid bacteria which showed yellow-clear zone around the colonies on BCP plate and formed soy curd with low level of acidity were selected. The selected strain was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequence and named as Pediococcus inopinatus Y2. The maximum viable cell number of the soy curd fermented by P. inopinatus Y2 was obtained at 10.73 log CFU/mL at 25°C for 24 h of fermentation. By the results of panel test, the overall sensory quality of the soy curd produced by P. inopinatus Y2 was higher than that of Leuconostoc mesenteroides No. 4395 and Lactobacillus sakei strain No. 383.