창원시는 질 좋은 철(鐵)을 생산하여 넉넉한 삶과 찬란한 철 기문화를 꽃 피운 전통을 지니며, 우리나라 기계공업의 중심도 시다. 창원시는 “삼한 시대부터 좋은 철이 많이 생산되어 중국 과 일본에까지 수출했다.”는 역사적인 사실에 기반하여 기계공 업을 꽃피운 도시의 의미를 시민 화합의 구심력으로 삼고자 야 철축제(冶鐵祝祭)를 개발하였다. 야철축제에서 가장 상징성 있는 행사가 성산패총(城山貝塚) 에서 시작하는 야철제의(冶鐵祭儀)인데, 이 제례의식에서 추는 5가지 춤(고청무, 강신무, 기원무, 대동무, 천도무)을 통칭해서 기원무라고 한다. 이 명칭은 전래한 것이 아니라, 발굴 후, 체 계를 잡는 과정에서 이름을 붙인 것이다. 본고는 창원야철제 기원무가 창원시의 정체성을 담은 민속문 화유산으로 전승하는데 기초자료를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 이 춤의 기원, 전승, 의상, 무구, 춤사위, 장단, 상징 등에 관하여 무용학적 측면에서 고찰한 것이다. 본고의 연구범위 영상은 창원야철제기원무 여현주 보존회장 이 제공한 영상과 자료를 기반으로 했고, 면접과 대담을 통해 보충하였다.

이 연구는 오사카의 재일한인 축제 가운데 통일문화운동 사례인 원코 리아페스티벌과 한반도와 일본의 문화 교류를 재현하는 사천왕사왔소의 역동성을 비교하였다. 재일한인 축제는 민족정체성의 강화, 한민족 문화 의 계승과 보존, 모국과 재일한인의 연결 기제, 한류 전파의 촉매 역할을 수행 등 여러 부문에서 유용성을 갖고 있었다. 사천왕사왔소는 원코리아 페스티벌 보다 축제 규모, 동원 및 관람객, 재정과 후원, 프로그램의 구 성에서 비교 우위를 갖고 있었다. 특히 축제 패러다임의 변화 또는 위기 에 대한 대처는 동력의 약화나 강화로 나타났다. 이들 축제의 지속적인 발전을 위해서는 모국정부의 관심과 지원, 그리고 성공을 위해 재일한인 들의 노력과 의지가 하나로 결집되어야 한다.

This study attempted to estimate the amount of expenditure per capita of visitors to the Mongsanpo fishing village tourism festival, and quantitatively measure how much the festival contributes to the local and national economy through input-output model. The analysis data used 302 questionnaires, excluding missing questionnaires, surveyed on festival visitors from April 21 to May 7, 2018, during the 9th Mongsanpo port webfoot octopus and seafood festival. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, analyzing the average expenditure per person of festival visitors, it shows that the average one-person festival visitor consumes KRW 129,519: entertainment costs KRW 5,672 (4.4%), accommodation costs KRW 16,860 (13.0%), food costs KRW 74,791 (57.7%), transportation costs KRW 21,646 (16.7%), shopping costs KRW 6,788 (5.2%), and other costs KRW 3,762 (2.9%). Among the expenditures of festival visitors, the proportion of food expenses was the highest, and transportation costs and accommodation costs were in order. Second, based on the actual expenses spent by visitors at the fishing village tourism festival, the direct economic effect of the Mongsanpo fishing village festival was estimated be approximately KRW 14.8 billion. Third, as a direct and indirect economic impact effect of the Mongsanpo fishing village tourism festival in 2018, the amount of production induced in the local and national economies was estimated at KRW 33.3 billion, and the amount of value-added inducement was estimated at 11.3 billion won, and employment inducement reached 272 people, which is considered to contribute greatly to the national economy. This study quantitatively analyzes and provides the extent to which the fishing village tourism festival using local specialized fisheries directly or indirectly contribute to the local and national economy. Thus, it is expected to serve as useful information by providing basic information on business feasibility required for budgeting for local fishing tourism festivals.

This study conducted a survey and evaluation on ‘The 2021 Jeju World Natural Heritage Festival’ with a framework of various stakeholders related to festivals. While aiming for the essential context of the celebration, we tried to find suggestions to ensure the continuity of the celebration and the designation of the World Natural Heritage. As a methodology, surveys and interview surveys were conducted in parallel with the framework of multifaceted evaluation. To summarize the important contents presented as policy suggestions, first, it is necessary to expand the concept of ' encounter with hidden nature' from the positivity of the concept of 'encounter with hidden nature' to have fellowship with mankind about natural heritage. For reference to this, efforts should be made to secure the continuity of the designation of World Natural Heritage through a contextual approach using the frame of 'encounter'. Second, since the participation of experts can help in many ways, it is necessary to encourage many experts to participate as a staff or activist. Third, it is necessary to sublimate Jeju's natural heritage into a public celebration without damaging it. Finally, it should be a festival centered on local communities and local residents. It is necessary to actively seek a system in which the World Natural Heritage Village Preservation Association, which will be created (tentative name), will be centered and promoted by the villagers.

This study is to investigate the determinants of consumption expenditure by considering potential expenditure factors such as socioeconomic, fishing village tourism behavior, motivation for visits, and optional attributes of tourists at Muchangpo webfoot octopus and finespotted flounder festival in Boryeong. The analysis data are 300 questionnaires of visitors to the festival during the 2018 Muchangpo Mysterious Sea Road Webfoot Octopus and Finespotted Flounder Festival from March 17 to April 8, 2018. As a result of analyzing the factors of consumption expenditure of tourists to the festival in Boryeong, socioeconomic factors such as gender and residential groups outside Chungcheong-do have a positive (+) effect on consumption expenditure. Among the factors of fishing village tourism behavior, the only number of days of stay more than one night has a positive (+) effect on consumption expenditure. In addition, in the analysis of factors for motivation to visit the festival, fun/interest and simple rest/leisure have a significant positive (+) effect on expenditure whereas stress relief have a negative (-) effect on expenditure. In the analysis of the factors of festival selection attributes, tourism facilities has a significant positive (+) effect on expenditure, but natural scenery and excellent natural scenery show a significant negative (-) effect on expenditure. The main implications that can be obtained from the results of this study are as follows. First, it suggests that the promotion should be actively conducted outside of Chungcheong Province in order to achieve the original purpose of revitalizing the local economy from the Muchangpo webfoot octopus and finespotted flounder festival. Second, it indicates that there should be a variety of unique high-quality festival programs differentiated from other local festivals, promoting the existence of simple rest/leisure facilities rather than webfoot octopus boat fishing experiences or natural scenery (i.e., mysterious road and sunset) in order to attract festival tourists' spending at the Muchangpo webfoot octopus and finespotted flounder festival.

본 연구는 2021년 3월 개최된 온라인 대중음악 페스티벌 <#우리의무대를지켜주세요> 공연 기획 자를 중심으로 공연 현황 및 개선방안에 대해 다루어졌다. 이를 통해 그간 선행되지 않았던 온라 인 대중음악 페스티벌에 대해 사회 관심을 불러일으키며 향후 온라인 대중음악 페스티벌의 발전 가능성을 제시하는 목적을 가지고 연구가 진행되었다. 연구의 범위는 <#우리의무대를지켜주세요> 로 COVID-19 팬데믹 사태로 인해 침체되어 있던 국내 인디 라이브 공연장을 활성화시키고자 국내 에서 최초로 개최된 유료 캠페인형 온라인 대중음악 페스티벌이다. 연구 방법은 심층 인터뷰를 통한 질적 연구 방법으로 <#우리의무대를지켜주세요> 공연 기획자 5명을 선정해 심층 인터뷰를 진행하였다. 심층 인터뷰로 도출된 결론은 첫째, 온라인 대중음악 페스티벌의 지속 가능성은 다소 부정적이었으나 향후 공연 문화가 온-오프라인 동반 개최로 바뀔 것으로 예상해 다양한 관점에서 대중음악 페스티벌을 연구해야 할 것으로 보인다. 둘째, 온라인 대중음악 페스티벌의 문제점으로 예산의 부족, 기술적 문제가 존재했으나 페스티벌의 질을 높인 후 티켓 가격을 상승시켜 예산을 확보하며 온라인 공연 플랫폼 강화로 기술적 문제를 해결해야 할 것으로 보인다. 셋째, 관련 업계 관계자와 정부 부처의 긴밀한 의사소통을 통해 장르 간 차별 없는 규제와 실질적인 지원정책이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 본 연구는 <#우리의무대를지켜주세요> 단일 사례로 온라인 대중음악 페스 티벌의 개선방안 및 발전 가능성을 제시했다는 한계가 존재하지만 향후 대중음악계가 꼭 해결해야 할 문제를 다룬 연구가 될 수 있다는 제언을 하였다.

스리랑카에서는 인도로부터 붓다의 사리를 전해 받아 탑을 세우면서 사리 이운(移運) 페라하라 의식을 거행하게 되었는데, 이로부터 스리랑카에서 페라하라 전통이 시작되었다. 이 축제는 역대 스리랑카 문화에 가장 큰 영향을 끼친 축제로 오늘날 스리랑카 국민에게 생활 깊숙이 내재화되어 있다. ‘까티나(Kaṭhina) 가사공양 페라하라’, ‘웨삭(Vesak) 페 라하라’, ‘결혼식 페라하라’, ‘장례식 페라하라’ 등 다양한 형태로 페라하라가 스리랑카 문화 속에 스며들어 있다. 세계적으로 가장 오래된 역사 적인 축제 중의 하나인 ‘캔디(Kandy) 페라하라’는 많은 사람들에게 널 리 알려져 있는 바, 이미 1,800여 년의 역사를 지니고 있다. 싱할라 왕조가 캔디 시대 때에 이 축제를 ‘에살라(Esala) 페라하라’라고 불렀고 그 후 이 축제는 스리랑카 불교의 유구한 전통을 상징하는 축제로 성스러운 불치(佛齒)사리 및 신들에 대한 공경을 표하기 위해 거행되어 왔다. 이처럼 불심(佛心)뿐만 아니라 신앙사상도 나타내는 페라하라 축제는 스리랑카의 문화 발전에도 도움을 주고 있다. 스리랑카에서 페라하라가 정치ㆍ문화ㆍ경제ㆍ심리 등 여러 방향에서 영향을 미쳐왔는데, 오늘날에도 이 페라하라 의례를 통해 사람들에게 정신적 맑음과 경제적 발전을 이루게 했고, 사람들로 하여금 불교적 감각과 감정을 지닐 수 있도록 하여 창조적인 힘을 성취하게 만들었다. 또한 이후 스리랑카에서 붓다와 관련된 유물에 가장 최고의 존경을 보이게 만들었고, 스리 마하보디를 돌고 치아사리를 이운하는 페라하라 전통을 창출하였다. 페라하라 의례 행사는 붓다의 사리 등 불교 유물이 스리랑카 사람들에게 최고의 숭배를 받으며 다루어지도록 하는 결정적 계기가 되었다. 이 페라하라 전통은 스리랑카인들에게는 깨달음을 상기 시켜 줄 뿐만 아니라, 또한 이것이 사람들을 깨달음으로 이끄는 한 가지 방법이라고 본다. 뿐만 아니라 500년 동안 서양 식민지를 겪었음에도 불구하고 이런 전통을 지키고 있다는 것은, 스리랑카인들의 삼보에 대한 신심이 깊다는 것을 충분히 반증하고 있다고 생각한다.

Since fireflies are considered to be insects that come from green or clean regions, many local festivals are held around the country. Fireflies in Muju, Chonbuk, Mt. Gyeyang in Incheon, Anter Village in Chungbuk, and O-chang Chungbuk (Chungbuk Agricultural Research Extension Services) are the most popular festivals. In the case of O-chang, Chungbuk, we looked at the possibility of fireflies succeeding as a local festival. The O-chang Firefly Festival was held from June 1, 2018 to June 5, 2018, marking the ninth anniversary of the Firefly Festival as the topic of “Firefly·Insect industry Festival.” Firefly (Luciola lateralis, the larvae are aquatic) is a main exhibiting insect. About 30 living species of aquatic insects, attracting insects, agricultural insects, and edible insects, and insect photo artwork were displayed. The event was organized not only watch, but also experience for making various insect models, such as cooking insects and a exhibition of illustrated poems of insect subjects. In addition, they performed special stage performances such as bubble shows, magic shows, puppet shows, and insect movies to watch while waiting. As a result, the number of visitors increased 67 percent year-on-year to 21,700 this year. It is considered a success by relieving visitors of various free attractions and experiences.

Festival branding is undergoing a revolution based on the consolidation of new communicative behaviours in virtual brand communities (VBC), above all channelled through social media platforms (Hudson & Hudson, 2013; MacKay, Barbe, Van Winkle, & Halpenny, 2017). Although generic literature (Dessart, Veloutsou, & Morgan-Thomas, 2015) has highlighted the role of user engagement in VBC, there are no in-depth analyses of how users modulate engagement attributes and behaviours and how they are related to festival branding, as well as other possible and sometimes interrelated drivers (social capital creation, place making). Thus, this paper aims to characterise these elements in festivals’ VBC to cover these shortcomings. This proposal performs a multi-platform, multi-period, multi-user and mixed-method analysis of nearly 2,150 references in the Twitter and Facebook VBC of one of the most prominent music festivals in Europe, Sónar (Barcelona). Results show the benefits for organisers (and other relevant users) of jointly understanding these elements (and their mutual relationships) with the aim of retaining various positive economic and social impacts.

Using social network analysis, the current study examines the image of a unique festival in a well-established tourist destination on the East coast of the United State of America, the Myrtle Beach area of South Carolina. Social Network Analysis (SNA) emphasizes the importance of constructing interconnectedness among concepts and knowledge networks in respondents’ minds (Hanneman & Riddle, 2011; Scott & Carrington, 2011). The technique visualizes complicated perception of tourists in a most simple but scientific way. Using concept maps and degree centralities derived from social network analysis as well as dendrograms, this study provides insights on wine and food festival in Myrtle Beach Area. Together with cluster analysis, the SNA suggests unique contributions to the understanding of tourist behaviour in tourism destination research.

The garden festival is mostly required to move visitors while omitting the value of taskscape, temporality, and contextuality, which are in the original garden. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to how the garden festival represents a given theme by implication and embodies the disconnected time. For this purpose, this study is intended to look at the narcissism garden (entitled “To you who don’t love me [To me in the mirror]”), which was exhibited in the garden art section of the Goyang International Flower Festival in 2018, to investigate how it effectively conveys the theme how space, time, and human senses in the garden were expressed. The mystic gate acts as a gateway into the garden and is a space for setting up the time and context that is cut off at the garden festival. The inside wardrobe creates a visual focus through objects and decorates the appearance with a time that is trapped in the eyes of others, but expresses the inside that is itself hurt by a lack of confidence. The hourglass in the heart expressed the social atmosphere of tightening the corset strings that it was wearing and a look wanting to hold onto the flying time. The double-sided mirror newly interpreted narcissism by arranging two dressing tables and looking at itself ecstatically in front of the broken mirror, thinking its face was beautiful. The message wall had a direct expression through the text and indirectly expressed the message that it is beautiful by planting a peach tree, but is only a temporary appearance in which flowers fall after a short period of time. The significance of this study is that both the design strategy and motive for clearly delivering the theme given to the festival to the visitors were reflected in the actual space through a focus on the time of the garden and the forming of new thinking and approach.

A variety of garden exhibitions were held in major Korean cities during the fall of 2017. Various themes and garden forms were displayed in the six major cities of Seoul, Busan, Incheon, Suncheon, Gyeonggido Ansan, and Gyeonggido in Dongtan New Town. Many participants of the garden fair decorated gardens around natural objects that showed space and time according to their design. The garden provides the best means of personal development. It is a space and place in which to express the dynamics of self-realization. The garden fair offers interactivity through a combination of biophilia, and toylism that provides customers with pleasure, fashion, and satisfaction. There were 280 works on display in these six major metropolitan cities during the fall of 2017. This number has grown from the 10 original Korean garden show writers. We began this study to discover regular or irregular patterns contained at the exhibition as well as to present elements that could be used in major studies.

This study created a thematic garden, entitled “Spring revisited”, in the outdoor garden section of the 2017 Goyang International Flower Festival to present the life and ideas of poet Yoon Dongju through garden culture. It used visual narrative techniques to express and present the poet’s life and the value of his literature in the language of space design. Through this method, the garden provided a holistic experience of Yoon Dongju’s selfhood and literature through indirect perceptions experienced in the space rather than as direct experience. The room of wind and time embodied the poet’s life by overlapping small pieces of blue-colored clothing, and fluttering cloths and grasses were used to represent the wind. In the room of night and stars, a black mirror expressed the night sky as a visual embodiment of his poetry. In the road of desolation, a long passage was created with walls on either side to express the desolation and agony of life to the viewers as they walked through the dark space. The path of the writing pad was modeled on a manuscript to convey the meaning of the poet’s path, and the poetic language of the poet’s masterpiece, heaven, wind, stars, and poems, were written there on. The stone grave, flower grave area combined the negative words of “stone grave” with contrasting images of stone and flower to seek a transition in the emotional atmosphere. The poet’s room was a partially open space inspired by a prison cell. A chair and a desk with a writing pad and pen reminded the viewers of the poet and helped them to experience him. The space of spring was a double meaning of the spring time he could not experience and his aspiration for the nation’s independence. At the height of the garden festival, numerous types of beautiful spring plants were presented. The significance of this study lies in its design techniques that enabled a clear presentation of the topic in the garden space to a general stream of visitors combined with the values pursued by the poet.

The purpose of this study is to consider the relation between the deciding factors of local identity and local image improvement. To achieve this purpose, the deciding factors of local identity have been set as the following four: historical identity, cultural identity, (nature) scenery identity, and industrial identity. The writer has established a model to represent the relation between these factors and the local image improvement, namely 'Visitor Satisfaction' and 'Revisit Intentions', and framed a hypothesis for empirical verification. The study results are as follows: First, the deciding factors of local identity which this study addressed are empirically proven to have a significant effect on the visitor satisfaction and the intention to revisit in which is it likely that the greater the impact of the deciding factors, the higher the visitor satisfaction and revisit intentions would be. Second, the deciding factors of local identity, it appears that the 'historical identity' factor had the largest impact on the visitor satisfaction, and the 'cultural identity' factor had the largest impact on the revisit intentions. Therefore, of the four deciding factors, the 'historical identity' should be considered the highest priority to increase the visitor satisfaction, and the 'cultural identity' should be considered the highest priority to increase the revisit intentions. Third, based on the verification of the relation between the visitor satisfaction and revisit intentions, it can be presumed that the greater the visitor satisfaction, the higher the revisit intentions would be.

A garden festival is characterized by its nature as a garden exhibition event. The Seoul Garden Festival was held to expand garden culture, increasing citizens’ quality of life, and also to achieve urban regeneration through discovery and development of features of various gardens in Seoul. Mother’s Garden of Memory is based on the motif of the gardens tended by mothers in the past, and inspires recollection of related memories and stories. Gardens tended by mothers in the past can be encountered today in everyday life as practical living gardens. Facilities and suitable space sizes for a living garden were selected based on previous research results. The exhibition garden was designed to include a fruit tree hill, medicinal plant/herb garden, and butterfly garden in its planting space; a vegetable garden in its multi-purpose space and production space; a pond in its waterscape space; and a seating wall in its resting space. Additionally, the garden’s plants consisted primarily of species that were suitable for the characteristics of each space, could be tended practically, and could be accessed easily. Finally, a garden management plan was established to provide a model for living gardens, ensuring that these gardens could be continuously sustained.

This study aims to arouse the people clearly to the differences of Danoje Festival in Korea from Danoje Festival in China for which it was designated as a world heritage. This study investigates the overview of the contents of Danoje Festival in Korea and China, and the differences of Danoje Festival in Korea from that in China can be summarized as follows: First, there is a difference in the origin/purpose of Danoje Festival between Korea and China. Danoje Festival in Korea is a kind of harvest ceremony celebrating the creation of life and praying for safety by the Yin-Yang harmony through sacred marriage of Cheonbusin (Heavenly father god) with Jimosin (Earth mother goddess) (or Sumosin (Water Mother Goddess)) in the myths of Dangun, Jumong, Park Hyeokgeose and Kim Su-ro. Yongseon (Dragon ship) game of Danoje Festival in China is a prayer for the safety of Qu Yuan’s corpse or a Yongmuje event for calming the appearance Sea god (God of water) by the battle under the water. Second, there are differences in the process of the development of Danoje Festival between Korea and China. In Danoje Festival in Korea, primarily, Summer Solstice Festival or May Festival was combined with secondary god of nature and thirdly, it was replaced by human gods, Gongeophyeong (General Han and His Sister, State Master Beomil and Kim Yu-Sin). In Danoje Festival in China, first, the summer solstice system was combined with the sea god festival, and second, the sea god was replaced by a human god in a kind of revengeful spirit (Qu Yuan). Third, there are differences in the process of the succession of Danoje Festival between Korea and China. Danoje Festival in Korea focuses on the rites, so entertaining group play Hwaetbul Nori (Torch play), Seokjeon (Mock fight with stone missiles) or horse race were included as part of Danoje Festival. Danoje Festival in China focuses on the games/plays instead of the rites, so ritualistic elements are diminished. In other words, Korea focuses on the rites while China focuses on games. Although Danoje Festival in Korea and China was developed in similar religious activities because of the regional background of high temperature and humidity and the industrial background of agriculture, it was found that Danoje Festival in Korea had different cultural styles with that in China, in terms of the origin/purpose and the processes of development and succession. The succession and development are most important parts of cultural heritages. In this sense, it is judged that it would be necessary to have a broad mind of understanding and respecting the country’s culture, rather than establishing the rights and wrongs based on the similarity of name or origin.

This study aims to introduce the local festival sponsored by KOTRA (Korea Trade- Investment Promotion Agency) in Banteay Meanchey Province in Cambodia, find that the vitalization strategies that allow the local festival concept to be used as a new rural development strategy alternative, and share those strategies with other donor countries and agencies that may want to implement something similar. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis was utilized to derive the internal and external factors found in the process of planning and promoting a local festival. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) analysis was employed to prioritize the factors derived from SWOT analysis. These results would lead to the establishment of applicable vitalization strategies. The vitalized local festival can be a tremendous resource for rural regions in Cambodia by helping maintain the rural societies, support the inheritance of their cultural legacies, and provide additional outlets to sustain local development. Acting as sponsors of these strategies will help donors strengthen the ties and construct international cooperation partnerships with Cambodia.

본 연구의 목적은 계획행동이론을 적용하여 양양송이축제 방문객들의 축제 방문 의사결과정을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 이를 위하여 구조방정식 모형을 이용하여 방문동기의 구조적 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 계획행동이론에 대한 분석 결과 지각된 행동통제감은 행동의도에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 태도 또한 행동의도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 주관적 규범은 행동의도에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 행동의도와 관련된 축제 방문객들의 의사결정 과정과 연구와 양양송이 축제의 지속가능한 발전에 의미 있는 시사점을 제시할 것으로 기대된다.

This study analyzed purchasing characteristics of local agricultural products and processed products as well as evaluatedoperation programs for Changnyeon festival participants. The purchasing rates of local agricultural products and processedproducts at this festival were 63.6% and 49.1%, respectively, and the main purchased crops were onion (42.6%) and garlic(20.7%). Drinks (43.6%) were highly purchased processed products. The recognition (95.3%) and preferences (98.4%) forChangyeong local agricultural products were high at this festival. Subjects (72.5%) responded that public relations wereeffective for sale at this festival, and evaluation of the operation program for the festival was 3.51±0.74 (total score 5 points).Satisfaction with the experience event (37.7%) and exhibition event (33.6%) were high at this festival program, whereasparticipants gave low rates for art exhibition and sale events of local agricultural products (16.2%), cooking education(14.7%), direct education program (12.9%), and games (12.1%). This festival was an effective means of public relations,although purchase effects were not significant. This result suggests that the festival is necessary for planning a program toincrease purchasing.