This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotic treatment with IgY and Bacillus subtilis complex on diarrhea and weight gain in Hanwoo calves. Bacillus and E. coli levels were measured in the feces of calves post probiotic administration. Subsequently, calves with diarrhea were divided into two groups. The total and daily weight gain was measured in 23 calves after three months of suckling and divided into three groups. In Test 1, Bacillus was detected of the control group constantly at 104 CFU/g; a statistically significant difference was observed between the treatment and the control groups on the 1st and 3rd day (p<0.05) but not on the 7th day, confirming that the Bacillus subtilis survived in the intestine only until the 7th day. The treatment and control groups in Test 2 did not show any significant difference in the E. coli levels. However, comparison of changes in the E. coli levels showed a decreased of 6.39×108±9.80×108 CFU/g in the control group increase by 1.54×109±2.16×109 CFU/g, and, a decrease by 1.47×109±2.20×109 CFU/g; a decrease of by 4.20×107±3.90×108 CFU/g was observed in the treated group, an increase by 7.19×108±2.04×109 CFU/g, anda a decrease by 9.22×108±1.79×109 CFU/g. The changes in, control group were more rapid than in the treatment group. Therefore we hypothesize that probiotics inhibit E. coli growth. A concurrent improvement in weight gain was observed following probiotic administration. The IgY and Bacillus subtilis probiotics complex used in this study can be effectively used for the prevention and treatment of calf diarrhea.

본 연구는 한우의 성별에 따른 소분할 부위별 pH, 일반성분 및 육색을 조사하고자 한우 15두(암소 5두, 수소 5두 및 거세우 5두)를 도축한 다음 등급 판정을 한 후 39개 소분할 부위를 발골하여 육질 특성을 분석하였다. 소분할 부위별 pH는 5.52~6.25를 나타내었으며, 대체로 거세우에서 암소와 수소에 비해 높은 값을 나타내었다. 수분, 지방, 단백질 함량은 소분할 부위와 성별에 따른 유의적인 차이를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 수소와 거세우의 앞사태 부위에서 가장 높은 수분함량을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 지방함량은 거세우의 차돌박이 부위에서 가장 높았으며 다음으로 암소의 업진살, 암소, 수소 거세우의 본갈비 순이었다. 콜라겐함량은 암소와 거세우는 부위에 따른 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다(p>0.05). 암소와 거세우의 차돌박이 부위는 높은 명도 값을 나타내었으며, 암소와 수소의 차돌박이 부위는 낮은 적색도 값을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 황색도는 암소, 수소 및 거세우의 차돌박이 부위에서 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 색도는 암소, 수소 및 거세우는 홍두깨살 부위에서 가장 높았으며, 암소와 거세우는 업진안살에서 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 2등급 한우고기의 수분함량은 수소가 높고, 지방함량은 암소가 높으며, 거세우는 높은 pH 값과 낮은 명도 값을 나타내었다.

The fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) gene plays an important role in lipid metabolism and homeostasis in adipocytes. The objective of this study was to analyze the association between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), g.7516G>C, in the FABP4 gene and economic traits of Korean native cattle, Hanwoo. Primers were designed to target a region of the FABP4 gene between nucleotides 7417 and 7868 (AAFC01136716). The SNP, which was detected by polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method using restriction enzyme MspA1I, was genotyped in 319 animals of Hanwoo steer population. Statistical analysis showed that the SNP genotype of the FABP4 gene significantly affected carcass weight (CW, p<0.01), longissimus muscle area (LMA, p<0.001), and marbling score (MS, p<0.001). GG allele of the SNP on 246 animals in a Wagyu × Limousin F2 reference population showed a higher MS (p<0.05) and subcutaneous fat depth (p<0.05) in previous report. But CC allele of the SNP showed greater values for MS, LMA, and CW in Hanwoo steers. These results suggest that the g.7516G>C SNP located in the FABP4 gene may affected differently depending on the cattle breed and can be used as a genetic selection marker in Korean native cattle.

본 연구는 한우 개체식별 및 친자감별에 있어 기존의 di-nucleotide repeat microsatellite marker 사용 시 발생했던 stutter로 인한 대립유전자 판별 오류 등의 문제들을 극복하고, 분석결과의 신뢰도와 정확도를 높이기 위해 tri-, tetra-, penta-, hexa-nucleotide repeat microsatellite 좌위들로 이루어진 새로운 개체식별 마커 13 종(BTRC6_01, BTRC19_02, BTRC11_03, BTRC16_05, BTRC9_07, BPC19_08, BTEC17_09, BPC21_10, BTEC4_11, BPC7_12, BPC1_13, BHXC29_14, BPC1_15)을 개발하였다. 선발된 13개의 좌위를 가지고 소 1,530두에 microsatellite typing을 실시한 결과, 총 61개에 대립유전자가 발견되었으며, 좌위별로 평균 4.69개의 대립유전자를 가지는 것으로 확인되었다. 마커의 다형성과 정보력의 척도인 PIC (Polymorphism Information Contents)값은 0.25(BTRC9_07)~0.59(BTEC17_09)로 나타났으며 BHXC29_14, BPC1_13, BTEC17_09, BTRC16_05, BTRC19_02, BTRC6_01 좌위들은 PIC 0.5 이상 그리고 나머지 좌위들 모두 PIC 0.25 이상의 값을 가지는 것으로 확인되어 마커로서 다형성이 있음이 검증되었다. 개발한 마커를 활용하여 한우(영암, 장흥)와 유럽우 7종 (Brown Swiss, Limousin, Angus, Simmental, Hereford, Charolais, Holstein)의 유전적 특성을 분석하였으며, 총 9개 집단의 Heterozygosity와 FIS (inbreeding coefficient) 값을 측정하였다. 기대이형접합율은 0.451(BS)~0.605(AG) 범위 내로, 한우는 0.532(영암), 0.545(장흥)의 값을 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 한우(영암, 한우)와 7종의 유럽우들 간의 유연관계 분석은 특정 대립유전자 빈도를 근거로 한 유전적 거리의 추정으로 이루어졌다. 한우집단과 Simmental 간의 유전적 거리(0.1848)가 가장 가깝고 비교적으로 Brown Swiss와의 유전적 분포(0.3352)가 가장 먼 것으로 나타났으며, 계통발생학적으로 유전적 분화 양상을 확인함으로써 본 마커의 한우 유전적 다양성 및 유연관계 분석에 활용 가능성을 제시하였다.

Carcass grade primarily depends on marbling of intramuscular fat, which is associated with the texture and tenderness of beef. Accordingly, various economical molecular tests for high intramuscular fat in beef have been attempted. Especially, Hanwoo (Korean Cattle) intramuscular fat has higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids than that in the beef of other cattle. Intramuscular fats are associated with levels of lipid metabolic genes in the liver transcriptome. Therefore, hepatic triglyceride synthesis can considerably increase intramuscular fat. To investigate the relationship between hepatic lipogenesis and carcass grade, we analyzed 52 Hanwoo liver samples from domestic farms, and evaluated lipid levels and transcript levels of glucose and lipid metabolism-related genes according to carcass grade. Oil-Red-O staining revealed fatty livers in high carcass grades. Moreover, we found significantly higher levels of mRNA for lipogenesis, glycolysis, and triglyceride synthesis genes in high carcass grade livers. Importantly, progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (Pgrmc1) levels were significantly lower in high carcass grade livers. As Pgrmc1 suppression is correlated with induction of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and glycolysis genes, it has a diagnostic impact for high carcass grades. These results could be used for genetic improvements in carcass grades of cattle. More importantly, as Pgrmc1 can be detected in blood peripheral nucleated cells, it also has value for rapid blood diagnosis.

This study evaluated effects of the addition of garlic powder allicin (GPA) mixture on rumen fermentation with methane in Hanwoo steer. On in vitro trial, two experimental groups were used: control (without GPA) and treatment group (addition of 0.1% GPA mixed with the basal concentrate). Similar to in vitro trial, two experimental groups were used in vivo trial. Five Hanwoo steers (3 steers in one group and 2 in another group; average body weight = 500 ± 43 kg) were assigned by crossover design for 20 d consists of 15 d diet adaptation and 5 d data collection in each experimental period. Daily feed intake and enteric methane production were recorded by an automated head chamber system. The results of in vitro study showed that the GPA treatment group had higher acetic acid (24.30 vs 23.45 mmol/L) and butyric acid (16.55 vs 15.47 mmol/L) concentrations, but lower CH4 production (1.40 vs 2.71 mmol/ml) after 24 h of incubation compared to the control (p<0.05). Total gas, propionic acid, total volatile fatty acid (VFA), and acetic acid: propionic acid ratio were not affected by treatment after 24 h incubation. In the in vivo experiment, rumen pH and VFA were not significantly different between treatments (p>0.05), except acetic acid, which was significantly higher in GPA mixture group (60.97 vs 53.94 mM) than in the control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, no significant differences were recorded in CH4 production (g/d) and CH4 yield (g/kg DMI) between the two groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, the addition of 0.1% GPA mixture reduced CH4 proudcition on in vitro trial, but no effect on in vivo trial.

본 연구는 성별에 따른 2등급 한우의 소분할 부위별 보수력, 가열감량, 전단력 및 관능 특성을 조사하고자 실시하였다. 한우 15두(암소 5두, 수소 5두 및 거세우 5두)를 도축한 다음 등급 판정을 한 후 39개 소분할 부위를 발골하여 육질 특성을 조사하였다. 2등급 한우의 소분할 부위별 보수력은 46.97~63.16%를 나타내었으며, 가열감량은 52.44~71.58%로 안심살과 꽃등심살 부위를 제외한 부위에서 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다(p>0.05). 전단력은 2.36~6.80 kg/cm2으로 암소의 안심살, 윗등심살, 꽃등심살, 아래등심살, 부채살, 앞다리살, 갈비덧살, 삼각살, 업진살, 꽃갈비 부위에서 수소와 거세우에 비해 낮은 전단력을 나타내었으며(p<0.05), 거세우의 살치살, 꾸리살, 부채덮개살, 우둔살, 설깃살, 설깃머리살, 도가니살, 양지머리, 차돌박이, 뒷사태, 안창살 부위는 수소와 암소에 비해 낮은 전단력을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 풍미는 윗등심살, 아래등심살, 홍두깨 살, 보섭살, 양지머리 및 차돌박이 부위에서 수소가 암소와 거세우에 비해 낮은 점수를 받았으며, 나머지 부위에서 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다(p>0.05). 저작감은 암소의 아래등심살, 채끝살, 목심살, 꾸리살, 부채살, 설깃머리살 및 차돌박이 부위에서 수소와 거세우에 비해 높은 점수를 받았으며(p<0.05), 거세우의 치마살 및 뭉치사태 부위가 암소와 수소에 비해 높은 점수를 받았다(p<0.05). 종합적인 기호도는 암소의 채끝살, 꾸리살 및 부채살 부위가 수소와 거세우에 비해 높은 점수를 받았으며(p<0.05), 거세우의 윗등심살, 살치살, 앞다리살, 치마살 및 앞치마살 부위가 암소와 수소에 비해 높은 점수를 받았다(p<0.05). 2등급 한우고기는 수소가 암소와 거세우에 비해 높은 보수력을 나타내었으며, 암소와 거세우가 수소보다 낮은 전단력을 나타내었으며, 풍미에서 높은 점수를 받은 거세우의 부위와 저작감에서 높은 점수를 받은 암소의 부위는 종합적인 기호도에서 도 높은 점수를 받았다.

본 연구는 개정된 소 도체 등급판정 세부기준이 개정 목표에 부합되는지를 평가하기 위해 실시되었다. 본 연구에서는 기초 데이터를 바탕으로 데이터의 분포를 도출하고, 도출된 분포를 바탕으로 미래 데이터를 추출하여 이를 분석하는 몬테카를로(Monte Carlo) 방법론을 활용하였다. 축산물품 질평가원의 2019년 1월 2일부터 2019년 5월 31일까지 등급판정을 받은 한우 거세 비육우의 도체정보(n=187,279)를 이용하여 각 도체성적의 분포와 상관관계를 도출하였다. @risk 소프트웨어를 이용하여 10만 개의 가상 도체 데이터를 Latin hypercube 방법으로 추출하여 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 실시하고, 각 변수들이 육량지수, 육량등급, 육질등급에 미치는 영향력을 평가하였다. 시뮬레이션 결과, 육량지수는 현행 등급판정 기준과 개정된 기준에서 모두 도체중량이 증가함에 따라 감소하는 것으로 나타났으며 각 변수들에 대한 민감도는 두 기준이 유사하였다. 개정된 기준에서는 도축월령이 증가함에 따라 그 정도는 미미하지만 육량지수 및 육량등급이 저하되는 것으로 나타났다(P < 0.001). 현행 등급판정 기준에서는 그 밖의 도체성적이 동일할 때, 육질등급은 배최장근단면적과 도축월령이 증가할수록 개선되고(P < 0.01), 등지방두께와 도체중량은 육질등급에 유의적인 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 개정된 등급판정 기준에서는 육질등급이 모든 도체성적 및 도축월령과 유의적인 관계를 갖는데(P < 0.01), 그 밖의 도체성적이 동일하다면, 도체중량이 클수록, 등지방두께가 얇을수록, 배최장근단면적이 적을수록, 도축월령이 적을수록 육질등급이 개선되는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 새로운 ‘소 도체 등급판정 세부기준’은 도체중량의 증가에 따라 육량등급을 증가시키는 것은 아니나, 현행 기준에 비해 한우의 사육기간을 단축시키는 효과는 클 것으로 기대된다.

The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters and breeding values of four carcass traits of the Hanwoo cattle breed: carcass weight (CWT), back fat thickness (BFT), eye-muscle area (EMA), and marbling score (MAR). Genetic parameters and breeding values were estimated based on data (“estimating dataset”) collected from September 2004 to March 2019. Predictability of parental breeding value estimates (EBVs) for the performances of progeny of the control group was evaluated on another dataset (“testing dataset”) using linear model equations involving parental EBVs classified into sex and age groups. The parental EBVs of animals in the testing dataset were traced by pedigree relationships of animals in the estimating dataset. Heritability estimates of CWT, BFT, EMA, and MAR were 0.53, 0.43, 0.38, and 0.54, respectively. Genetic correlation coefficients of CWT with BFT, EMA, and MAR were +0.32, +0.59, and +0.11, respectively. Environmental correlation coefficients of CWT with BFT, EMA, and MAR were +0.46, +0.55, and +0.29, respectively. In the testing dataset, partial regression coefficients of phenotypic values of progeny on sire EBVs ranged from +0.43 to +0.60 depending on traits fit into the models, while those on dam EBVs ranged from +0.54 to +0.67. All partial regression coefficients were statistically significant and were approximated to the expected value of +0.5. Together, these values validate the use of parental EBVs for predicting progeny carcass phenotypes in the Hanwoo herd.

18개월령과 31개월령 사이의 암소 56,487두의 판독 결과를 이용하였으며, 환경요인과 유전적 요인들에 대해 분석이 이루어졌다. 2011년 1월에서 2018년 8월까지의 기간 동안의 국내 농가들의 데이터를 이용하였으며, WOMBAT 소프트웨어를 활용하여 Multi-trait animal model을 통해 각 형질들의 유전력, 유전상관 및 표현형상관을 추정하였다. 모델식들의 환경적인 요인들의 대해 유의성이 나타났다; 측정년도, 측정월, 지역, 암소개월령. 초음파 등지방두께, 초음파 등심단면적, 초음파 근내지방도의 유전력은 각각 0.364, 0.499, 0.104로 추정되었다. 유전상관과 표현형상관은 각 형들간에 있어 강한 정의 상관을 나타냈다. 각 형질들간 유전상관은 초음파 근내지방도와 초음파 등심단면적, 초음파 근내지방도, 초음파 등심단면적과 초음파 근내지방도는 각각 0.551, 0.485, 0.486으로 나타났으며, 표현형상관은 0.594, 0.490, 0.514로 나타났다. 이에 대한 결과로 초음파측정결과를 이용하여 농장운영에 있어서 육질 개선을 위한 유전적 능력을 개선시킬 수 있을 것이라 보며, 한우의 개량에 있어서 기초적인 자료로서 이용이 될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

This study was conducted to examine the oocyte recovery efficiency through having an OPU session once and twice a week. Also, the oocyte recovery efficiency was examined by using OPU after two and three months of rest period. Six cows were used for oocytes collection and were randomly divided into two groups. In experiment 1, OPU sessions were conducted once and twice a week to collect oocytes. The collected oocytes between once and twice OPU groups were classified into four groups (grade 1, 2, 3 and 4) according to the quality of cumulus cells and ooplasm. Based on the result, the percentage of collected oocytes per aspirated follicle number was similar between once and twice OPU session groups (65.5 ± 1.9 and 68.7 ± 1.4 vs.). However, the percentage of grade 1 oocytes from the twice OPU session group was significantly high compared with that of the once a week OPU session group (25.3 ± 0.9 and 32.5 ± 1.2% vs. once and twice session group, respectively, p < 0.05). In experiment 2, the group with three months of rest period tended to have a high percentage of collected oocyte compared with the group with two months of rest period (64.6 and 70.9% vs. 2 and 3 months rest group, respectively, p = 0.62). The percentage of grade 4 in the group with three months of rest period was significantly low compared with the group with two months of rest period group (27.3 and 36.5% vs. two and three months rest group, respectively, p = 0.05). In conclusion, twice a week OPU session is suitable for collection of high quality oocytes by using OPU, and three months of rest period is needed for the recovery of oocyte quality of a donor cow.

This study investigated the effect of temperature deviation on the water-holding capacity, tenderness, lipid oxidation, and color stability of Korean Hanwoo (韓牛) beef during long-term aging. The striploins (M. longissimus lumborum) were aged for 56 days at 2±1oC (T1), 2±2oC (T2), or 2±3oC (T3). Drip loss and cooking loss were higher (p<0.05) in T3 than in T1 on day 56. The Warner-Bratzler shear force value was similar for all treatments during aging times. On day 56, the content of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was higher (p<0.05) in T3 as compared to T1. The CIE L* and b* values were similar for all treatments, but the a* value was lower (p<0.05) in T3 than in T1 on the last day. These findings indicate that high temperature deviation adversely affects the water-holding capacity, lipid oxidation stability, and color stability of Hanwoo beef during long-term aging.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of the feeding method of total mixed fermentation (TMF) and concentrate feed on the growth performance, carcass and meat characteristics of late fattening Hanwoo steers. Twenty-four Hanwoo steers were used in this study. The control group was fed with concentrate feed + rice straw from the growing to the late fattening period, while the T1 group was fed with TMF from the growing to the early fattening period and concentrate feed + rice straw for the late fattening period. The T2 group was fed with TMF from the growing to the late fattening period. The average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not different between the treatment and control group. Serum cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations were higher in the T2 groups than in the control group (p<0.05). The yield grade and quality grade were not different between the treatment and control group. The lightness of longissimus muscle was higher in the T1 group than in the control and T2 groups (p<0.05). Poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) of longissimus muscle was increased in the T2 groups than in the control group. Therefore, the method of feeding TMF and concentrate feed could have a positive effect on the lightness and fatty acid composition of longissimus muscle without affecting the growth and carcass grades of Hanwoo steers.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of whole crop rice based TMR on the meat quality of Korean Native Cattle (Hanwoo). Sixteen Hanwoo steers (average 8 months old) were divided into the control group (commercially marketed TMR) and the WCR-TMR group (whole crop rice based TMR). Feeding trials were carried out up to 30 months of age, and after slaughter, the strip loin were collected and analyzed for meat quality. There were no significant differences in proximate compositions of Hanwoo (P>0.05), and crude protein, crude fat and crude ash were 19.51∼20.23 %, 11.53∼11.35 % and 1.10∼1.12 %, respectively. There was no significant difference in water holding capacity and cooking loss between treatments (P>0.05), but it was slightly lower in the control group. Among the various functional components in meat, β-carotene was not detected, but α-tocopherol was significantly higher in WCR-TMR group and vitamin A content in control (P<0.05). The a*-value in the meat color index decreased significantly with longer storage period in the control group, whereas the WCR-TMR fed group showed no significant difference (P>0.05) according to the storage period. There were no difference between the treatments in the TBARS (2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) value used as an indicator of lipid oxidation and in fatty acid content. But the control group had high myristic acid content, whereas the WCR-TMR supplemented group showed higher oleic acid and linoleic acid content. In conclusion, feeding of WCR based-TMR increased the α-tocopherol content, which is a functional ingredient in meat, and the other components were not significantly different from the control. Therefore, it was judged that there was no significant difference between WCR based and conventional TMR in meat quality characteristics.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of mountain grazing on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Thirty two Hanwoo steers were randomly assigned. Control were fed concentrate + forage until 30 month of age. Treatment1 were fed concentrate + forage after mountain grazing from 8 to 13 months. Treatment2 and 3 were fed concentrate + forage after mountain grazing from 8 to 17 months. Hanwoo steers on Treatment 1 and 2 were slaughtered at the same age (30 months) as the control, and Hanwoo steers on Treatment 3 were slaughtered at 31 months. The average daily gain (ADG) were higher in the control than in the other treatments during the growing period (p<0.05). Carcass back fat thickness was thicker in the TRT 3 and marbling score was higher in the TRT 1 than in the other treatments; however, the differences were not statistically significant. There was no difference in the meat composition and shear force of the longissimus muscle according to the mountain grazing. However, the yellowness (b) of fat colors were significantly lower in the control than in the TRT 1 and TRT 2 (p<0.05). The effect of grazing on fatty acid composition was not constant. In conclusion, mountain grazing could reduce meat color without affecting the growth and meat quality of Hanwoo steers, and further research on the quality, yield and intake of grassland would be needed.