An Internal Compliance Program (ICP) is a system through which enterprise internally manage their own export control processes to ensure compliance with domestic export control laws. Around the world, ICPs are actively utilized as a means of export control for strategic items. However, they are not mostly applied to the Trigger List Items. However, advanced countries such as the United States and the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) have been actively researching the potential application of ICPs to the Trigger List Items recently. This paper suggests additional considerations that should be taken into account when applying an ICP to the Trigger List Items. The key elements of classical ICP include Top-level management commitment to compliance; Risk analysis; Organizational structure/chain of responsibilities; Human and technical resources allocated to the management of exports; Workflow management and operational procedures; Record -keeping and documentation; Selection of staff; training and awareness-raising; Process-/Systemrelated controls (ICP audit)/Corrective Measures; Physical and technical security. An ICP for Trigger List Items must encompass all these core elements. Additionally, as the nuclear industry often involves collaborative projects participating with various companies, the effectiveness of the ICP could be enhanced through the operation of consultation groups among participating companies. Furthermore, enterprises must take into account the unique characteristics of Trigger List Items that differ from other strategic items, when making requirements of the ICP establishment. First, export requirements related to safety measures and physical protection should be reviewed to export the Trigger List Items. The procedure and obligations in aspects of internationally controlled items should also be reviewed. Moreover, active support from enterprises for GTGA procedures should also be included, since the Government to Government Assurance (GTGA) procedure is additionally required for the export of Trigger List Items, in contrast to other strategic items. Additionally, for materials categorized within Trigger List Items, such as deuterium and heavy water, should be controlled based on their end-use and cumulative quantity, which Government cannot effectively manage without enterprise supports. Therefore, enterprises must establish an internal material management system based on the end-use and cumulative quantity of these materials under ICP.

In compliance with the amended export control of strategic items and technology in Jan. 2014, KAERI should pay attention to the export control of ITT (Intangible Technology Transfer). To control an ITT (Intangible Technologies Transfer) effectively and efficiently, the Korean government encourages the R&D institute and universities obtaining the ICP (Internal Compliance Program) from the relevant authority, MOTIE. This means that the exporters can control the ITT by themselves, because the exporters know very well the counterparts of the trading and the exporting items and technologies. In fact, ICP is for export control of dual-use items and technology in Korea. However, KAERI has tried to obtain a license from the authority, MOTIE. In an effort to do so, KAERI completed enacting a new internal self–regulation for export controls in 2016, and proceeded to apply for an ‘AA’ license of ICP in 2017 and obtained the ICP license in 2018 and re-obtained the license in 2021 from the MOTIE. In light of KAERI’s case, to obtain the ‘AA’ license of ICP is one of the best methods to increase the ability of export controls. As of now, there is no R&D institutes sponsored by the Korean government to obtain the ‘AA’ license of ICP except KAERI. KAERI can provide the actual methods as a standard case to the R&D institutes in Korea for obtaining an ‘AA’ license of ICP. According to the internal regulation of KAERI for export control, KAERI implemented an inner self-audit for export control in Nov. 2022. This is the first real self-audit for export control at KAERI. The main purpose of the self-audit is to check the transfer management of ITT and the relationship of relevant office through the interview of the staffs in the ICP organization. KAERI self-audit planed specifically and implemented for the achievement of the basic principal of selfaudit. The specific contents of this self-audit is as follows - The interview of the relevant offices: physical protection office, manpower planning office, manpower management office, nuclear education and training center, technology transfer office and international cooperation office, nuclear control and management office - Building the self-audit checklist considering the characteristics of each office - The confirmation of the inner procedure and the status of management on the export controls Through the interview of the relevant office, KAERI checked the inner procedure and the status of management on the export controls and tried to provide the supplementary measures of each relevant offices. The followings are the main results of the inner self-audit implemented in Nov. 2022. - Generally, the staffs know the meaning and relevant regulation such as foreigner’s management and the intangible technology transfer - Each office reflects the necessities of export controls on the relevant regulation and procedures and make DB for the proper duty. However, there is no indication for export controls on the DB - In the case of foreigner’s temporary visit for simple work and site tour, there is a difficult situation not to be able to check all the visitors by checking the denial lists - If necessary, KAERI may build the TFT (Task force Team) for the efficiency of export controls - Others

To improve the safety of nuclear fuel, research on the advanced nuclear fuel (UO2) by adding various trace elements is being conducted. For example, the addition of metals such as Mo, Cr can improve the thermal conductivity of nuclear fuel, minimizing the diffusion of fission products. Trace metal oxide additives (SiO2, Cr2O3, Al2O3, etc.) can suppress the release of fission gases. In general, complete dissolution of the fuel sample is required for chemical analysis to determine its elemental compositions. Among widely used metal oxide additives, aluminum oxide is difficult to dissolve in nitric acid due to its excellent thermal and chemical stability. In this study, we investigated on different chemical dissolution methods by applying a microwave digestion system under various acid solutions. We confirmed the validity of the digestion method by carrying out trace element analysis using an Inductively-Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES).

We conducted multi-elements determination of reference material certified by the Inorganic Ventures, IV-26, using iCAP 7400 ICP-OES of Thermo Fisher Scientific. And we statistically evaluated analysis results by introducing the in-house proficiency evaluation method implemented at the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Ca, Co, Fe, Mg, Ni, and V were selected as target elements, and extended uncertainty was estimated at a confidence level of about 95% and coverage factor k = 2. Five parameters incurred at manufacturing process (standard solution, calibration curve, repeated measurement and dilution factor of the test sample) were considered when determining the uncertainty. En-score can be calculated using the formula En=(x-X)/(Ulab 2+Uref 2)1/2 described in KS Q ISO 13528, where x, Ulab, X, and Uref are the test results, the uncertainty of the result, and the certified value and the uncertainty of the value. And if the absolute value |En| is less than 1, it can be evaluated as a satisfied value. As a result of ICP-OES analysis, each concentration of the elements to be measured was almost similar to the certified concentration of the reference material, and the uncertainty was slightly different. Also since evaluation on multi-elements determination had an En-score within 1, it was confirmed that the analysis results satisfied En evaluation.

The official analytical method for the analysis of harmful heavy metals in Meju, distributed in Korea, employs a strong acid to decompose the organic components. This analysis is time consuming and harmful to the users and/or the environment. This study aimed to develop a new pre-treatment technology using laser ablation, to rapidly analyze harmful heavy metals without using strong acids. The results obtained from this method were validated by the National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation guideline (NIFDS, 2016). Moreover, a comparison of the two methods showed that the analytical time for 55 Meju samples was shortened by 96% or more in the new method. The results showed no significant difference in the recovery ranging from 90–120%. The proposed method proved suitable for detecting harmful heavy metals in Meju.

규소(Si)는 지각의 구성 원소 중 두 번째로 흔히 존재하는 원소로, 3개의 안정동위원소, 28 Si (92.23%), 29 Si (4.67%), 30Si (3.10%)를 가진다. 규소 동위원소는 규소의 생지화학적 순환에 대한 지시자로 고환경 및 고기후 복원을 위해 전 세계에서 널리 연구되고 있다. 그러나 국내에서는 아직까지 생물 기원 규소에 대한 규소 동위원소 연구가 전 무한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 대형 규조류 시료에 대한 규소 동위원소 분석을 위해 기존 보고된 알칼리 용융법을 정리하고 생물 기원 규소 분석에 가장 적합한 규소 분리법을 구축하고자 하였다. 해당 시료를 고온 알칼리 용융을 통해 완전 용해시킨 후 시료 내 규소를 AG® 50W-X8 양이온 교환수지를 이용하여 효과적으로 분리하였다. 분리된 시료에 대한 신뢰성 검증을 위하여 Si 동위원소 표준물질(NBS-28) 및 USGS 암석 표준시료(AGV-2, GSP-2, BHVO-2)에 대한 분석을 함께 실시하였으며, 분석된 시료 모두 기존 연구결과와 오차범위 내에서 일치하는 값을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 개발한 규소 동위원소 분석법은 향후 국내의 지구과학 및 관련 연구 발전에 많은 도움을 줄 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구는 Laser ablation ICP/MS (이하 LA-ICP/MS)를 이용한 환경오염 추적연구를 위하여 어류 내 이석을 분석 하였다. 어류의 이석은 어류가 서식하는 환경에 영향을 받는 것으로 알려져 있어 국외에서는 이를 활용한 연구가 활발하나 국내에서는 이에 대한 연구가 미비한 실정이다. 그래서 본 연구에서는 환경오염의 지표로 사용되는 금속 원소의 성분 분석을 통하여 어류 이석을 이용한 환경오염 추적 가능성을 파악하고자 하였다. 또한 금속 원소의 성분 분석을 위해서는 전처리 과정을 줄여 분석 시간을 단축시킬 수 있는 것으로 알려진 LA-ICP/MS를 이용하였다. 시료채취는 연구지역과 배경지역으로 나누어 실험을 진행하였고, 실험 어종은 담수종인 잉어를 선정하였다. LA-ICP 의 분석 최적 조건을 정립하기 위하여 이석 표준물질인 FEBS-1을 이용하여 9개 금속 원소 (Li, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, Sr, Ba, Pb, U)의 정확도와 정밀도를 확인하였다. 정립한 조건을 이용하여 실제시료를 분석한 결과, 연구지역에서 채집한 어류 이석 내 금속 원소 성분의 총 농도가 2202.9 mg kg-1으로 배경 지역의 1086.3 mg kg-1보다 2.03배 높게 측정되었다. 원소별로는 Li과 U을 제외한 모든 원소가 연구 지역이 배경지역보다 높게 나타났다. 그리고 퇴적물 측정 망 분석 자료와 비교한 결과, Zn, Pb, Cu가 두 지역의 퇴적물 금속 원소 농도 분포와 어류 이석 내 금속 원소 농도 분포 경향이 유사하게 나타났다. 이러한 결과로 보아 어류 내 이석은 퇴적물과 같이 환경오염원을 추적하는 데 활용 할 수 있다는 것을 확인하였다.

Wireless sensors are more favorable in measuring structural response compared to conventional sensors in terms of them being easier to use with no issues with cables and them being considerably cheaper. Previous tests have been conducted to analyze the performance of MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) sensor in sinusoidal excitation tests. This paper analyzes the performance of in-built MEMS sensors in devices by comparing with an ICP sensor as the reference. Earthquake input amplitude excitation in shaking table tests was done. Results show that MEMS sensors are more accurate in measuring higher input amplitude measurements which range from 100gal to 250gal than at lower input amplitudes which range from 10gal to 50gal. This confirms the results obtained in previous sinusoidal tests. It was also seen that natural frequency results have lower error values which range from 0% to 3.92% in comparison to the response spectra results. This also confirms that in-built MEMS sensors in mobile devices are good at estimating natural frequency of structures. In addition, it was also seen that earthquake input amplitudes with more frequency contents (Gyeongju) had considerably higher error values than Pohang excitation tests which has less frequency contents.

Wireless sensors are more favorable in measuring structural response compared to conventional sensors. This is because they are easier to use with no issues with cables and are considerably cheaper. There are several applications that can be used in recording and analyzing data from MEMS sensor installed on an iPhone. The Vibration App is one of the applications used and there has not been adequate research conducted in analyzing the performance of this App. This paper analyzed the performance of the Vibration App by comparing it with the performance of an ICP sensor. Results show that natural frequency results are more accurate (error less than 5%) in comparison to the amplitude results. This means that built- in MEMS sensor in smartphones are good at estimating natural frequency of structures. In addition, it was seen that the results became more accurate at higher frequencies (5.0Hz and 10.0Hz).

건강기능식품에서 이산화규소 분석 방법을 확립하기 위하여 산(불산과 붕산)분해를 이용한 ICP-OES 방법을 수행하였다. 이 방법의 검출한계와 정량한계는 각각 0.07 mg/ L, 0.20 mg/L 이었다. 검량선은 0.2~20.0 mg/L의 농도범위 에서 우수한 직선성(r2 0.99)을 보였다. 글루코사민 제품에 이산화규소 0.4, 1.0, 2.0% (w/w)를 첨가하여 시험한 결과 90.22~94.14%의 회수율과 0.72~1.67%의 정밀성을 나타내었다. 확립된 방법으로 시중에 유통되는 건강기능식품 11 품목의 이산화규소 함량을 분석한 결과 0.02~1.80% (w/w) 로 나타났다. 이 결과는 건강기능식품에 이산화규소의 사 용기준 2% (w/w) 이하를 만족하는 결과로 시험한 제품들 은 규격에 적합하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 확립된 이 방법은 건강기능식품 중 이산화규소를 쉽고, 빠르게 분석할 수 있으며, 건강기능식품 중 이산화규소 함량 분석에 효율 적으로 사용될 수 있다

Heavy metals have been analyzed on the non-woven from the 24 kinds of wet wipes and 8 kinds of mask packs. The following materials used in the non-woven according to each product are: rayon+polyester for the 12 wet wipe products, rayon+PET for the 5 wet wipe products, and rayon, cotton, rayon+polyester+cotton, pulp+polypropylene for the rest of the wet wipe products. No further information on the materials was found on the 3 wet wipes and 8 mask packs. However, polyester may be applied for the non-woven in wet wipes, because PET is part of the polyester group. The heavy metals analysis in the 24 kinds of wet wipes and 8 kinds of mask packs revealed the following: arsenic was found from 47.14±1.13 to 71.75±1.64 ㎍/L on the 3 products, the amount of nickel in the 2 products were 261.26±5.14 and 1,242.63±43.71 ㎍ /L, 53.69±1.45 and 103.52±2.02 ㎍/L on the 2 mask packs. It was also revealed that lead was detected from 7.23±0.32 to 55.67±1.46 ㎍/L on the 6 wet wipes, antimony was ranged from 187.86±5.24 to 19,558.35±3,537.30 ㎍/L on the 12 wet wipes, and 5.25±0.25 and 8,936±55.22 ㎍/L on the 2 mask packs. No cadmium, mercury, or thallium were detected from all the products. A high concentration of antimony might come from antimony trioxide, which was used as a catalyst when manufacturing the polyester. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that a non-woven used for cosmetic purposes should not use heavy metals as a catalyst when manufacturing, and it’s important to clarify which materials are used in non-woven.

The analytical method for the determination of phosphorus in foods was validated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in terms of precision, accuracy, recovery efficiency and linearity. Regression analysis revealed good correlation coefficient, higher than 0.999. Recovery efficiencies of the minerals ranged from 90.36% to 110.63%, and the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.0745 mg/ kg and 0.2482 mg/kg, respectively. The value of inter-day and intra-day ranged from 1.43 to 3.23% and from 0.40 to 1.77%. The recovery efficiencies ranged from 97.8 to 110.6%. The method was also compared with Molybdenum blue colorimetric method using certified and statistically significant difference was also not observed in the between two different analytical methods. The ICP-OES method was applied to phosphorus determination in commonly consumed foods. The obtained results suggest that the method verified in the present study may be used as an official analytical method for clear understanding of phosphorus database for national health promotion.

참나물의 잎과 줄기부위에서 가장 많이 함유하고 있는 무기 성분은 K, P, Ca, Mg 순이었으며 잎 부위가 줄기부위보다 Ca, P, Mg함유량이 약 4배 정도 많았다 전자코를 이용한 휘발성 향기성분 패턴은 신선한 참나물의 경우 제1주성분 값이 +값을, 음건한 건조 참나물은 - 값을 나타내어서 신선한 참나물과 건조한 참나물 사이에는 뚜렷한 차이를 보였고 건조방법에 따른 시료간의 구별이 가능하였다. SDE법에 의해 신선한 참나물은 aldehydes 3종, alcohols 9종, ester 4종, hydrocarbons 5종, terpen hydrocarbons 34종, ketone 1종, 기타 2종의 총 58 종이 확인되었고, 음건한 참나물은 aldehydes 4종, alcohols 7종, hydrocarbon 1종, terpen hydrocarbons 17종, ketone 1종, 기타 1종의 총 31종이 확인되었다. SDE법에 의한 신선, 음건한 참나물 모두 α-selinene(37.89%, 12.59%)가 가장 많이 확인되었는데 신선할 때보다 음건한 경우 휘발성향기성분의 peak수와 peak area%가 적었다. CAR/PDMS fiber HS-SPME법에 의해 34종이 확인되었는데 aldehydes 2종, alcohols 2종, hydrocarbons 7종, terpen hydrocarbons 23종이며 myrcene(15.50%)가 가장 많이 확인되었다. PDMS fiber HS-SPME법에 의해 aldehydes 1종, alcohols 1종, hydrocarbons 2종, terpen hydrocarbons 17종으로 총 21종이 확인되었고 germacrene D(16.84%)가 가장 많았다. SDE법에 의한 경우가 SPME법보다 향기성분의 종류와 양이 많았고 HS-SPME법의 경우 CAR/PDMS fiber가 PDMS fiber 보다 더 많은 종류의 향기가 확인되었다.