This study aimed to analyze crude protein, amino acid and bioactive changes in Phellinus linteus HN00K9 cultured oat. The crude protein content of P. linteus cultured oat (PCO) was 12.9%, which was higher than that of uncultured oats (UCO) as control at 11.26%. The total free amino acid contents of PCO and UCO were 11,4 mg/100 g and 9,686.205 mg/100 g, respectively. Glutamic acid accounted for 21% of the total amino acids of PCO, and the histidine content was increased by more than 51% in PCO compared to UCO. The total polyphenol content of PCO was 275 mg GAE/g, which was more than twice that of UCO (135 mg). The DPPH radical scavenging activity was 15.5% in PCO, which was more than five times that of UCO (3.5%). The β-glucan content of PCO was 12.5 g/100 g, which was more than five times that of UCO (3.2 g/100 g). Therefore, it is believed that PCO can be utilized as a material for various functional foods.

In this study, the protein content and functional changes in soybeans cultured with Phellinus linteus HN00K9 were analyzed. P. linteus HN00K9 was cultured on soybeans. The crude protein content in soybeans cultured with HN00K9 (PMS) was 41.99%, which was higher than that in soybeans not cultured with the mushroom (UCS). The total free amino acid content in PMS increased to 39,963 mg/100 g, which was higher than that in UCS (36,817 mg/100 g). In particular, in PMS, glutamic acid accounted for 18.5% of the total amino acids at 7,413 mg/100 g. The total polyphenol content in PMS was 2.66 mg GAE/g, which was more than 45% higher than the amount in UCS (1.45 mg GAE/g). Additionally, PMS showed a DPPH radical scavenging activity of 33.3%, which was 3 times higher than that exhibited by UCS (11.5%), reflecting its high antioxidant content. Therefore, the PMS in this study has potential for use as a functional food material.

To investigate the industrial availability of liquid fermentation (PL-ferment) by Phellinus linteus mycelium as a postbiotics for the inhibition of inflammation, PL-ferment was fractionated into culture supernatant (CS), hot-water extract (HW) from PL-ferment, EtOH-precipitate (CP) fractionated from HW, and the dialysate (DCP) of CP. Compared to the other fractions, DCP which is expected to contain exopolysaccharide (EPS) as the major component, significantly decreased the production of NO, IL-6, and MCP-1 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, and IL-6 and IL-8 in TNF-α and IFN-γ-induced HaCaT cells. The general component analysis results showed that no significant difference in components was observed between the fractions, whereas sugar composition analysis revealed that DCP had decreased glucose and increased mannose contents compared to the other fractions. This suggests that mannose played an important role in the anti-inflammatory activity of the active fraction, DCP. Molecular weight distribution analysis revealed that DCP was mainly composed of low-molecular-weight material-removed high-molecular-weight polysaccharides of 18–638 kDa, suggesting that EPS originated from P. linteus EPS. In conclusion, our results suggest that the DCP of P. linteus mycelium fermentation using the anti-inflammatory activity could be used industrially as postbiotic material.

본 연구에서는 장수진흙버섯 자실체로부터 메탄올과 열수를 이용해 추출한 물질의 항당뇨, 항콜린에스테라아제, 항염증 효과를 탐색하였다. 항당뇨 실험에서 α-amylase 효소에 대한 메탄올과 열수 추출물의 저해 효과는 1.0~2.0 mg/ml의 농도에서 각각 50.67~61.33%와 52.67~ 65.00%를 보여 양성대조군인 acarbose의 83.67~96.33% 에 비해 크게 낮았으나 α-glucosidase에 대한 메탄올과 열수 추출물의 1.0~2.0 mg/ml의 농도에서의 저해 효과는 각각 74.33~89.67%와 75.67~91.00%를 보여 53.67%와 84.67%를 보인 양성대조군 acarbose에 비해 유의하게 높아 탄수화물 분해효소인 α-glucosidase에 대한 저해 효과가 특이적으로 높았다. 메탄올과 열수 추출물의 아세틸콜린 에스테라아제에 대한 저해 효과는 1.0 mg/ml의 농도에서 각각 96.05%와 94.58%를 보여 양성대조군인 galanthamine (97.80%)과 유사하였으나 butyrylcholinesterase에 대한 저해 효과는 1.0 mg/ml의 농도에서 각각 91.05%와 82.27%를 보여 galanthamine의 저해 효과 81.12%에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 염증 저해 효과 실험에서 RAW 264.7 대식세포 가 배양되고 있는 배지에 메탄올과 열수 추출물을 각각 전처리 후 염증 매개 물질인 LPS를 1 μg/ml 처리하여 24 시간 배양 후 NO 생성의 저해 효과를 조사한 결과 각각의 추출물 농도가 증가함에 따라 생성된 NO의 양도 점차 유의하게 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. Carrageenan의 주사에 의해 흰쥐의 뒷발에 유도된 부종 저해실험에서는 투여한 메탄올 추출물의 농도가 증가함에 따라 뒷발에 유발 된 부종의 용적도 농도 의존적으로 점차 감소하는 추세를 나타냈다. 따라서 장수진흙버섯의 자실체에 함유된 물질은 항당뇨, 항콜린에스테라아제 및 항염증 효과를 지니고 있어서 천연 건강식품으로의 개발 가능성이 높은 것으로 사료 된다.

P. linteus(품종명: 고려상황, PLKS)와 P. baumii (장수 상황, PBJS)를 동일한 조건하에서 인공재배하여 얻어진 자실체를 70% 메탄올, 60% 에탄올, 열수추출하여 폴리페놀과 플라보노이드 측정 시 함량은 60%에탄올 추출물에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 60%에탄올을 용매로 PLKS와 PBJS의 자실체를 추출하여 농도별로 DPPH (2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbisthiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) 라디칼 소거능을 측정한 결과 PLKS와 PBJS는 거의 유사한 항산화 활성을 보였으며 자실체가 균사체보다 2-3배 이상 높은 항산화 활성이 측정되었으나 FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power)분석에서는 자실체와 균사체 간에 큰 차이가 없는 것을 확인하였다. PLKS와 PBJS의 자실체 ethyl acetate 분획물을 HPLC 분석한 결과 styrylpyrone 계 폴리페놀 성분인 davallialactone, hispidin, hypholomine B, inoscavin A를 검출할 수 있었으나 균사체에서는 검출되지 않아 자실체 특이적인 화합물인 것을 확인하였다.

This study was conducted to develop a healthy functional food material using mycelial extract of Phellinus sp. Jangsoo and GMPL48007 were selected as suitable strains because of good mycelial growth and high functionality. The highest total polyphenols and reducing power were observed in the Jangsoo strain and the radical scavenging was shown in GMPL48007. Among grains media, whole-grain wheat had the highest extraction yield from mycelia of selected strains; especially, the GMPL48007 strain showed the highest content of beta-glucan.

참나무 단목원목으로 재배한 P. linteus KACC93057P (PLHS)2년산 자실체 60%에탄올 추출물의 총 페놀함량은 19.05±0.32 mg GAE/g로 다른 비교구 버섯 종에 비하여 4배에서 10배이상의 높게 나타났다. 125 μg/mL농도에서 DPPH와 ABTS 라디칼 소거능은 62%와 100%를 나타냈으며 FRAP 환원력은 0.7μMFeSO4/g 으로 비교 구 버섯종 보다 2에서 10배이상의 유효활성이 검출 되었다. PLHS 자실체 ethyl acetate분배 추출물의 HPLC분석에서 styrylpyrone 계열의 화합물 davallialactone, hispidin, hypholomine B와 phenylpropanoid 계열의 화합물인 caffeic acid가 동정 되었다.

장수상황버섯 (Phellinus baumi) 자실체에서 추출한 베타글루칸을 이용하여 개미의 진정사회성에 미치는 영향을 이해하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 일본 왕개미 (Camponotus japonicus)를 베타글루칸의 추출물 (BGE)이 포함된 먹이를 공급한 후 진정사회성에 관한 실험을 실시하였다. 멸균된 토양을 PET 병에 넣은 후 세 가지 농도의 BGE 먹이를 이용하여 배양을 실시하였다. 설탕분말에 BGE를 중량비율로 각각0, 20, 50% (g/g)를 혼합하여 대조군, 저, 고의 세가지 농도로 BGE먹이를 만들었다. 진정사회성에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위해 세 가지의 진정사회성 지표를 이용하여 실험을 수행하였다. 개미집의 수, 협동 방어 노력 지수 (CDI), 개체군의 규모를 지표로 사용하였다. 고농도의 BGE를 공급한 집단에서 대조군보다 개미집의 형성도가 유의적으로 높았다. 외부 여왕 개미에 대한 반응을 나타내는 CDI에서도 차이를 보였는데, 고농도의 BGE 그룹은 다른 그룹보다 방어 체계를 완성하는 데 상대적으로 적은 시간이 걸렸고 참여하는 개미의 수도 유의적으로 많았다. 개미와 알의 수로 관측한 개체군의 규모에 있어 대조군과 BGE 그룹 간에 명백한 차이가 있었다. BGE가 공급된 그룹은 여왕을 제외하고 개미와 알의 수가 가장 많았다. 이 결과를 종합하면, 개미의 먹이에 BGE를 첨가 할 때, 개미는 높은 진정 사회성 강화 지수를 보이며 이 결과는 BGE가 개미의 진정사회적 기능수행에 매우 긍정적인 영향을 준다는 것을 나타낸다.

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of cultivated cereals by Phellinus linteus mycelium. Also, we investigated the content of free sugar, organic acid, free amino acid, mineral and fatty acid of cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium. The major free sugars were determined the glucose, maltose, and fucose by HPLC. The content of total free sugars was the highest in cultivated red rice by P. linteus mycelium at 36oC. The content of fucose was the highest in cultivated red rice by P. linteus mycelium at all cultivation temperatures. The organic acids were identified oxalic acid, malic acid, citric acid, and succinic acid, as in the case of free sugar, higher contents of organic acids were observed in the cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium than control. There was no significant difference in the mineral content between the control and cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium. Sixteen kind of free amino acid were detected in cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium. And the content of total free amino acids were higher in the cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium than the control. And essential amino acids showed significantly differences between control and cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium. Fatty acids were detected with seven kinds of fatty acids, and the major fatty acid was determined the linoleic acid by GC-MS. The content of linoleic acid was higher in the cultivated cereals by P. linteus mycelium than the control.

The purpose of this study was to improve the nutrition and the permeability of functional plants by using cryogenic grinding technology. Barley sprouts, Curcuma longa L., Dendropanax morbifera LEV., Phellinus linteus were dried, ground and extracted in different temperature conditions. Powder size of barley sprouts and Curcuma longa L. were about 50 μm and Dendropanax morbifera LEV. and Phellinus linteus were about 20 μm. Cryogenic ground of Barley sprouts preserved 18.27-124.65% of nutrients such as protein, ash, carbohydrate, beta carotene, minerals, vitamins. Cryogenic grinding powder of Curcuma longa L. show high nutrients retention rate of lipid and carbohydrate. Permeability was measured by Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay (PAMPA) to predict passive gastrointestinal absorption. Permeability of saponarin, which is marker compound of Barley sprouts, is 9.88 times higher in cryogenic grinding powder than ambient grinding powder. Curcumin permability is 3.1 times higher than ambient grinded powder. As a result, particle size, nutrition, protein digestion degree and permeability demonstrated a positive relationship with the decreasing grinding temperature for the powders. These results confirm that the cryogenic grinding method had good suitability to increase functionality of plants, since it could minimize the heat generated while processing and effectively reduce the particle size.

Recently, hair loss regarded as a mere means of middle-aged men due to stress and environmental pollution. The market for hair loss in Korea is about four trillion won and it is growing continuously. It is mainly made by mixing natural extracts such as medicinal plant. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 70% ethanol extracts of Phellinus linteus on the growth of fibroblasts, dermal papilla cells and lipid precursors, We want to try to make a materialization. The 70% ethanol extract of P. linteus on the cell viability of Human follicle dermal papilla cell (HFDPC), adipocyte (3T3-L1), fibroblast (CCD-986sk). The result the cell viability of HFDPC was increased according to the contents of ethanol extract of P. linteus. But the 70% ethanol extract of P. linteus showed weak inhibit activity in CCD-986sk cell growth. Also, the 70%　ethanol extract of P. linteus did not inhibit the growth of 3T3-L1 cells. As a result of this study, in-vitro hair growth activity of herbal medicines for hair material development was not shown to be toxic to HFDPC and 3T3-L1 cell. As a result, the 70% ethanol extracts of P. linteus have potential to developing hair-related product. Acknowledgement : This research was supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy(MOTIE), Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology(KIAT) through the Encouragement Program for The Industries of Economic Cooperation Region(R0005473)

Medical mushroom, Phellinus linteus (PL) called as “Sanghwang” has been studied extensively for its extraordinary capacity of suppressing cancer or enhancing body immunity. The mycelial materials of PL have mainly been used as research samples worldwide because its fruiting body was difficult to artificially produce. Alternatively, P. baumii (variety, “Jangsu”) have stably been cultivated in Korea. However, fruiting body morphology of P. baumii is clearly different to that of PL. Of Phellinus isolates collected in Korea, P. linteus, KACC 93057P having features of fast mycelial growth rate was mycologically characterized. This study is to establish artificial cultivation of P. linteus KACC93057P having high mycelial growth rate and to examine bioactive efficacy of its fruiting body. The grain spawn of P linteus KACC93057P was inoculated on oak and mulberry logs (20 cm). The optimum temperature for the mycelial growth was at 25-30°C and growth was optimal at pH 5-7. The mycelial growth of P. linteus was faster than P. baumii and other P. linteus isolates. The mushroom pinning was observed on the 60 days after the inoculation, and fruiting bodies were formed in more than 90% of the logs after 6 months. The productivity fruiting body on the logs was more than 10 times that of the existing P. linteus (Korean Sanhwang). The fruiting bodies showed typical morphologies of P. linteus. The pore shape in basidiocarp is circular with 5-7 per mm, hyphal system is dimity, and basidiospores are ellipsoid. Bioactive efficacy of the fruiting bodies was analyzed by immunoreactivity and antioxidant activity.

The fruiting bodies of Sanghwang mushrooms, Phellinus linteus HN1009K (PLH) and Phellinus linteus (Korea Sanghwang, PLK), and Phellinus baumii (Jangsu Sangwhang, PB), were extracted with 70% methanol. The methanolic extracts of different concentrations (5–200 μg/ml) showed inhibitory effects of 20–95% on plated aggregation induced by collagen (2.5 ug/ml), ADP (10 uM), and thrombin (0.1 U/ml). The PLH, PLK, and PB extracts (200 ug/ml) reduced ATP release from ADP-activated platelets by 50¬60%. These results suggest that the methanolic extracts from Sanghwang mushrooms inhibit platelet aggregation.

In this study, we investigated the quality characteristics and optimum conditions of porridge containing rice incubated with Phellinus linteus mycelium (PLMR). Composition measurements of PLMR were moisture 13.05%, ash 0.88%, carbohydrate 78.65%, crude protein 6.29%, and crude lipid 1.13%, also glutinous rice composition was moisture 13.99%, ash 0.32%, carbohydrate 77.18%, crude protein 7.85%, and crude lipid 0.66%. The water absorption rate of PLMR increased with increasing soaking time during 6 hours. However, the water absorption rate of glutinous rice increased until 30 minutes of soaking time. The pH of porridge was decreased as PLMR contents increased. The viscosity of porridge was increased as PLMR contents increased, and it was the lowest for the control at 914.77 cP. However, spreadability of porridge was decreased as PLMR contents increased. In terms of color, lightness was the highest for the 50% level, redness was the highest for the 75% level, and yellowness was the highest for the 25% level. In terms of textural characteristics, hardness and fracturability were increased as PLMR contents increased, whereas springiness, cohesiveness and resilience showed reverse results. In terms of consumer acceptance, flavor, appearance, viscosity, delicate taste, and overall acceptability were not significantly different between samples. Hot taste was decreased as PLMR contents increased, whereas grittiness showed reverse results. In conclusion, the results indicate that adding 25~50% PLMR to porridge is optimal for a recipe.