This study was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of bread and the rheology of flour dough containing chlorella powder(0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5%). In the farinograph test, the addition of chlorella powder changed water absorption, development time and mixing tolerance index for making bread. As the amount of chlorella powder increased, the water absorption increased, mixing tolerance index and the development time decreased. In the extensograph test, the degree of extension and resistance was decreased with increasing of chlorella powder content. In the amylograph test, the maximum viscosity was slightly decreased with increasing of chlorella powder contents. The colors of L value in bread crumb was significantly decreased as the chlorella powder addition. After fermentation treatment, The dough with 2.5% chlorella powder showed the lowest dough raising power compared to the other doughs. The addition of the chlorella powder had significant effect on bread texture. The bread consisting of 0.5% chlorella powder showed the highest volume of loaf and specific volume. Therefore, high quality of bread can be achieved by adding chlorella powder.

This study was conducted to evaluate the characteristics of bread and the rheology of flour dough containing jochung. In the farinogram test, the addition of jochung changed water absorption, development time and mixing tolerance index for making bread As the amount of jochung increased, the water absorption, mixing tolerance index decreased and the development time increased. In the extensograph test, the degree of extension decreased with increasing of jochung content whereas degree of resistance was enhanced with addition of jochung. After fermentation treatment, the volume of the dough with 20% sucrose were less than that of the dough containing 20% of jochung. The dough with 5% jochung showed the lowest dough raising power compared to the other doughs. The bread consisting of 15% jochung showed the highest volume of loaf and specific volume. Therefore, high quality of bread can be achieved by adding jochung instead of sucrose for making bread.

This study was conducted to evaluate characteristics of bread and rheology of flour dough containing fructooligosaccharide. In the farinogram test, addition of fructooligosaccharide changed stability and development time. Stability and development time increased as the amount of fructooligosaccharide increased. In the extensograph test, the degree of extension decreased with increasing of fructooligosaccharide content, whereas degree of resistance increased. The volume of the loaf bread containing 10% fructooligosaccharide was the largest, and the bread containing 15% fructooligosaccharide revealed the best taste, flavor, and texture scores. After fermentation treatment, the volume of the dough with 20% of sucrose were less than that of 20% of fructooligosaccharide. Dough with 20% of sucrose revealed lowest dough raising power compared to other doughs. Overall, preference scores by sensory evaluation of bread containing fructooligosaccharide were higher than that of bread with sucrose. Therefore, excellent quality of bread may be achieved by adding fructooligosaccharide instead of sucrose to the process.

The purpose of this study was to optimize dough properties using response surface methodology (RSM) and to demonstrate the performances of dough prepared under optimized conditions. Dough mixed with yeast, margarine, salt, sugar and wheat flour was prepared by fermentation process. Hardness, cohesiveness and springiness of dough were selected as critical quality attributes. The critical formulations (yeast and water) and process (fermentation time) variables were selected as critical input variables based on preliminary experiment. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used as RSM. As a result, the quardratic, the squared and the linear model respectively provided the most appropriate fit (R2>90) and had no significant lack of fit (p>0.05) on critical quality attributes (hardness, cohesiveness and springiness). The accurate prediction of dough characteristics was possible from the selected models. It was confirmed by validation that a good correlation was obtained between the actual and predicted values. In conclusion, the methodologies using RSM in this study might be applicable to the optimization of fermented foods containing various wheat flour and yeast.

The purpose of this study was to optimize dough properties using response surface methodology (RSM) and to demonstrate the performances of dough prepared under optimized conditions. Dough mixed with yeast, margarine, salt, sugar and wheat flour was prepared by fermentation process. Hardness, cohesiveness and springiness of dough were selected as critical quality attributes. The critical formulations (yeast and water) and process (fermentation time) variables were selected as critical input variables based on preliminary experiment. Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used as RSM. As a result, the quardratic, the squared and the linear model respectively provided the most appropriate fit (R2>90) and had no significant lack of fit (p>0.05) on critical quality attributes (hardness, cohesiveness and springiness). The accurate prediction of dough characteristics was possible from the selected models. It was confirmed by validation that a good correlation was obtained between the actual and predicted values. In conclusion, the methodologies using RSM in this study might be applicable to the optimization of fermented foods containing various wheat flour and yeast.

The effects of mixing speed (3, 6 and 10 speed) and time (2, 5 and 10 min) on the dynamic viscoelasticity of dough and the baking properties of gluten-free rice bread were investigated. The specific gravity of the dough was not affected by the mixing speed and time before and after fermentation. The elasticity (G') and viscosity (G") of the dough increased and the tan δ (G"/G') decreased with higher mixing speeds and longer mixing times. The specific volume of the gluten-free rice bread was affected by the mixing time in response surface methodology (RSM). The hardness of the gluten-free rice bread showed a decreasing trend as the specific volume for the gluten-free rice bread increased. The appearance of the gluten-free rice bread was symmetrical at high mixing speeds and long mixing times. Overall results indicated that the quality of gluten-free rice bread could be improved by controlling the mixing speeds and mixing times for the dough.

초고압 처리에 의한 메밀 반죽의 변화를 반죽의 미세 구조, 열 특성 평가, 조직감 측정을 통하여 확인하였다. 초고압 처리 강도와 시간에 따라 메밀 반죽 내 미세 구조를 관찰 시, 압력의 강도와 처리 시간이 증가함에 따라 전분의 호화가 일어나며 조밀한 구조를 가지게 되었다. 이러한 현상은 메밀 반죽의 조직감에 영향을 미쳐 압력이 증가함에 따라 탄성, 부착성, 씹힘성을 감소시키고 압력 처리 시간을 달리하였을 때 장시간 압력 처리에 따라 탄성, 씹힘성, 검성이 더 높은 값을 가짐을 확인하였다. 면의 끊어짐에 관련된 특성인 인장도는 소비자가 면을 섭취할 때 관능적 품질의 중요한 요소로서, 초고압 처리 시 글루텐을 함유하지 않는 메밀 반죽의 인장성을 나타내는 failure tensile distance를 증가시키는 결과를 얻었다. 따라서 메밀을 비롯한 다른 곡물을 활용한 gluten-free면 제품의 제조 시 초고압공정을 활용할 경우 기존 제품의 단점을 개선할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

건강기능성 물질을 함유하며 고유의 색과 향미를 가지는 유색감자 홍영 분말을 첨가한 반죽 및 면의 물리화학적 특성을 확인하였다. 홍영 미세 분말은 ball-milling을 통하여 제조하였으며, 매우 낮은 입자도로 인하여 감자의 세포 및 전분 구조가 파괴되어 손상 전분의 함량이 높았다. 이 같은 손상 전분은 낮은 온도에서 물을 흡수하고 팽창하는 성질이 높아 일반 분쇄를 통하여 얻은 분말로 제조한 반죽에 비하여 BM 분말을 반죽에 첨가하였을 때 탄성이 높고 자유수가 적은 반죽 및 면이 제조되었다. 입자 크기를 달리하여 분쇄한 홍영 분말의 경우 손상 전분이 아닌 첨가 분말의 표면적에 의하여 영향을 받으므로 입자 크기가 클수록 반죽 내의 자유수가 많아 열처리 시 더 많은 호화가 발생하였다. 홍영 분말을 첨가한 경우 홍영 특유의 붉은색이 증가함을 확인하였으며, 홍영 분말의 입자 크기가 커질수록 적색도가 감소하였다. 홍영 분말의 다양한 입자 크기에 따라 손상 전분의 발생 및 입자의 표면적에 의하여 서로 다른 호화 특성 및 면 반죽의 조직감을 나타내었다. 본 연구 결과를 통하여 미세 분말(BM)의 경우 손상 전분으로 인하여 생반죽의 탄성이 밀가루에 비하여 매우 높아 성형에 더 많은 힘이 필요함을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 미세 분말인 BM 분말과 다르게 생반죽의 성형이 용이하면서 홍영 특유의 붉은 색을 가장 잘 나타내며, 조리 이후 반죽의 탄성을 향상시키고 밀가루와 인장력에 유의차가 나타나지 않는 R1 및 R2 분말로 제조한 면이 우수한 품질을 나타냄을 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과는 전분을 함유하는 대체 분말을 이용한 제면 제품의 개발 시 입자 크기의 결정에 대한 기반이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

In this study, the rheological properties of doughs blended with 5% to 20% fermented rice bran (FRB) were investigated using farinographs, amylographs, extensographs, and SEM. In the farinograph analysis, the water absorption decreased and the replacement ratio of FRB increased over the time of development of the dough. The stability time of the dough was shortened, and the degree of softening decreased with added volume of FRB. The amylograph analysis showed that the temperature at the beginning of gelatinization showed a tendency to increase with increasing replacement ratio of FRB, but the gelatinization temperature showed no significant difference between the FRB-added groups and control group. The extensograph analysis showed that when the replacement ratio of FRB was over 10%, the extension of the dough decreased while the resistance was increased. In the SEM analysis, the added dough with less than 10% FRB had similar characteristics in gluten matrix and gas bubbles to those of the control of wheat flour alone. It was concluded that an added FRB volume of below 10% is most suitable for bread making.

This study aims to investigate the quality characteristics of breads with the addition of sweet pumpkin powder. Farinogram showed that the absorption rate of the dough decreased, the development time and stability became shortened, and the degree of attenuation tended to be grown along with increasing the amount of pumpkin powder. From the amylogram, it was found that the gelatinization starting temperature and the maximum viscosity of pumpkin powder added dough seemed to be decreased as the amount of pumpkin powder was increased. Extensogram showed that there was a decrease in the degree of extension of the dough added with increasing the amount of pumpkin powder, while an increase in the degree of resistance and resistance/extensibility. The lightness (L value) and redness (a value) of bread was found to be decreased with increasing the amount of pumpkin powder, while the yellowness (b value) increased. In terms of the dough texture, for which the hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess of the dough were measured, there were no significant differences between groups, while the dough added with 8.0% pumpkin powder showed a significant decrease in the elasticity. The results of sensory evaluation showed that the highest score of color (p<0.05) and taste (p<0.05) were obtained from the bread added with 6.0% and 8.0% pumpkin powder, while the highest score of texture in control and 3.0% pumpkin bread. In addition, the highest score of flavor (p<0.05) and overall acceptance (p<0.05) were observed in bread added with 6.0% pumpkin powder. Upon the results of this study, it was assumed that the development of food products using pumpkin are prospective in response to health-oriented consumers.

냉동발효(醱酵)빵 제조에 사용되는 경질(硬質) 밀가루의 이화학적(理化學的) 성질과 straight no-time method로 조제한 반죽의 동결안정성(凍結安定性)을 검토(檢討)하였다. 밀가루는 수분이 14.0%, 회분(灰分)이 0.48% 정도였고 단백질이 13.15%, 건조 gluten이 13.43%였다. Farinograph성적은 반죽의 development time이 5.5분, 흡수율(吸水率) 62%였고, amylograph성적상의 최고점도(最高粘度)는 500BU정도였다. Extensigraph의 특성중(特性中) 신장저항성(伸張抵抗性)은 시간이 경과할수록 증가하였고, 신장성(伸張性)은 감소(減少)하였다. 이상(以上)의 이화학(理化學)이 성질(性質)로 미루어 공시(供試)밀가루는 제(製)빵에 아주 적합하였다. 동결저장기간과 발효시간이 발효력(醱酵力)에 미치는 영향을 고려할 때, 반죽온도를 로 조정하는 것이 반죽의 냉동장해(冷凍障害)를 억제하고 냉동안정성(冷凍安定性)을 유지하는데 효과적(效果的)이었다.

This study was carried out to investigate the rheological properties of dough and the quality characteristics of breads with Saesalbori (non-waxy barley) and Saechalbori (waxy barley) flours added at concentrations of 10, 20, and 30% to wheat flour. The maximum viscosity increased in the Saesalbori flour mixtures and decreased in the Saechalbori flour mixtures. The dough stability of the 10% barley flour mixtures was equal to that of the control while that of the 30% barley flour mixtures decreased more. The extensibility of the dough decreased with the increasing level of barley flour in all the blends, but the resistance of the dough increased. As the ratio of barley flour increased, the loaf volume of the breads significantly decreased, but the bread weight increased. The 10% Saesalbori flour mixtures increased the hardness of the breads but did not cause any significant change in the other TPA parameters while the 10% Saechalbori flour mixtures did not cause any change in all the TPA parameters. The sensory evaluation results showed that the 10% barley flour mixtures had no significantly different overall acceptance from the control, and that the 20% substitution still resulted in acceptable sensory qualities. The results of the study also showed that the bread-making properties of Saesalbori were improved by germination, but those of Saechalbori declined.

죽엽분말을 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% 첨가한 후 일반성분 및 반죽특성을 측정한 결과에서 일반성분은 생죽엽의 수분함량은 44.38%였으며 조단백 함량은 6.71%, 조지방 2.61%, 조섬유 함량은 16.42%, 조회분 함량은 8.47%로 나타났고, 죽엽분말의 수분함량은 5.15%, 조단백질은 10.48%, 조지방 5.21%, 조섬유 22.74%, 조회분 17.63%로 나타났다. Falling number는 2% 일 때 분으로 가장 높았으며 첨가

연자육 분말의 첨가량에 따른 식빵 반죽의 물리적 특성을 알아보기 위하여 연자육 분말을 첨가한 반죽의 팽창력, ferinogram, amylogram, extensogram, 반죽의 pH와 식빵의 외관 등을 조사하였다. 연자육 분말의 일반성분 함량은 수분 7.74%, 조단백질 20.15%, 조지방 2.11%, 조회분 4.34%, 조섬유소 2.78%이였다. 반죽의 팽창력 결과 대조구에 비해 연자육 분말 첨가구가 팽창력이 좋았으며, 반죽의 farino