Hypertension is characterized by excessive renin-angiotensin system activity, leading to blood vessel constriction. Several synthetic compounds have been developed to inhibit renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). These drugs often have adverse side effects, driving the exploration of plant protein-derived peptides as alternative or supplementary treatments. This study assessed the phenolic compound and amino acid content and the antioxidant and antihypertensive activity of 5 South Korean staple crops. Sorghum had the highest phenolic compound content and exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Millet grains, particularly finger millet (38.86%), showed higher antihypertensive activity than red beans (14.42%) and sorghum (17.16%). Finger millet was found to contain a large proportion of branched-chain, aromatic, and sulfur-containing amino acids, which are associated with ACE inhibition. In particular, cysteine content was positively correlated with ACE inhibition in the crops tested (r=0.696, p<0.01). This study confirmed that the amino acid composition was more correlated with the antihypertensive activity of grains than the phenolic compound content. Finger millet mainly contained amino acids, which have higher ACE inhibitory activity, resulting in the strongest antihypertensive activity. These findings underscore the antihypertensive potential of select crops as plant-based food ingredients, offering insight into their biological functions.

This study applied the text frequency method to analyze the crops prevalent during the Chosunwangjoshilrok dynasty, and categorized the results by each king. Contemporary perception of grains was observed by examining the staple crop types. Staple species were examined using the word cloud and semantic network analysis. Totally, 101,842 types of crop consumption were recorded during the Chosunwangjoshilrok period. Of these, 51,337 (50.4%) were grains, 50,407 (49.5%) were beans, and 98 (0.1%) were seeds. Rice was the most frequently consumed grain (37.1%), followed by pii (11.9%), millet (11.3%), barley (4.5%), proso (0.8%), wheat (0.6%), buckwheat (0.1%), and adlay (0.05%). Grain chronological frequency in the Choseon dynasty was determined to be 15,520 cases in the 15th century (30.2%), 11,201 cases in the 18th century (21.8%), 9,421 cases in the 17th century (18.4%), 9,113 cases in the 16th century (17.8%), and 6,082 cases in the 19th century (11.8%). Interest in grain amongst the 27 kings of Choseon was evaluated based on the frequency of records. The 15th century King Sejong recorded the maximum interest with 13,363 cases (13.1%), followed by King Jungjo (8,501 cases in the 18th century; 8.4%), King Sungjong (7,776 cases in the 15th century; 7.6%).

Cereal grains are the dietary staple in many countries, including the Republic of Korea. These grains are usually consumed cooked. Korean grown raw and cooked brown non-glutinous rice (BNR), white non-glutinous rice (WNR), oats, and barley were analyzed to assess the effects of cooking on dietary fiber and free sugar content. The largest decrease in total dietary fiber (TDF) after cooking was observed in barley (11.62±1.26 to 2.96± 0.90 g/100 g), and the smallest decrease was observed in oats (8.1±0.34 to 8.1±0.32 g/100 g). Soluble dietary fiber decreased in oats (3.35±0.94 to 1.25±0.03 g/100 g) while insoluble dietary fiber increased (4.76±0.78 to 6.90±0.30 g/100 g) after cooking. TDF content was not changed. Of the six free sugars routinely assessed, only sucrose was detected in BNR and WNR. Sucrose decreased by about 0.6 g/100 g in BNR, and was not detected in WNR, after cooking. Fructose, sucrose, and raffinose were detected in oats (0.08, 0.83, and 0.19 g/100 g) and barley (0.09, 0.58, and 0.22 g/100 g) Maltose was also detected in barley (0.09 g/100 g). Total sugar content decreased in every cereal grain sample after cooking. This research reveals that dietary fiber and free sugar content can be reduced by cooking cereal grains.

본 연구는 2021년 2월부터 7월까지 잡곡 106건을 수거 하여 잔류농약 실태조사를 하였다. 대형, 중소형 및 온라 인 유통매장을 중심으로 국내 잡곡 40건과 수입 잡곡 66 건을 수거하였고, GC/MSMS, GC/ECD, GC/NPD, LC/ MSMS, UPLC/PDA, HPLC/FLD를 이용하여 다종농약 다 성분분석법으로 잔류농약 341종을 분석하였다. 잔류농약 이 검출된 잡곡은 대형유통매장 1건, 중소형 유통매장 2 건, 온라인 유통매장 5건으로 총 8건(7.5%)이었고, 5건 (4.7%)에서는 농약잔류허용기준을 초과하였다. 이들 잡곡 에서는 MGK-264, chlorpyrifos, thiamethoxam, malathion, piperonyl butoxide, pirimiphos-methyl 등 6종의 농약 성분 이 검출되었다. 검출된 잡곡은 강낭콩(1건), 녹두(6건), 수 수(1건)이다. 검출된 잡곡 중 농약잔류허용기준을 초과한 품목은 수입 녹두(5건)로 미얀마산이었고, 초과한 농약 성 분은 thiamethoxam이었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in the content of functional components and the antioxidant activity of cooked rice and porridge composed of selected grains. The results of the study showed that brown rice and oat contained considerable amounts of γ-oryzanol (78.099~238.566 mg/100 g). However, cooked rice showed a decreased content of the same. The highest content of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was observed in brown rice from Samgwang. The contents of biotin in all samples also decreased in cooked rice compared to raw cereal grains. The highest content of total polyphenols and flavonoids were observed in Heukjinmi rice, and the highest radical scavenging activity was also found in this variety. The cooking process led to a decrease in the content of functional components including γ-oryzanol, GABA, biotin, polyphenols, and flavonoids versus the corresponding raw cereal grains. These results may be useful in the development and application of home meal replacements using cereal grains.

Effects of heating methods (hot-air heating, roasting, and microwave radiation) and kernel characteristics on the expansion of whole grains from different botanical sources have been examined. Waxy brown rice which composed of hard endosperm with tightly adhering pericarps showed explosive expansion during heating. Scanning electron microscopy showed that starch granules in hard endosperm expanded during heating, forming porous internal structure. Meanwhile those in soft endosperm remained intact since moisture vaporized into the void surrounding the granules. Whole wheat which expanded to the least extent during heating showed the formation of large fissures between pericarp and seed coat, indicating improper rigidity of pericarps as well as endosperm texture for puffing. The degree of expansion and microstructure of kernel varied depending on the heating methods applied due to their different heat transfer characteristics. Hot-air heating resulted in the higher extent of expansion than roasting or microwave radiation. Whole grains heated by either roasting or microwave radiation showed not only similar extent of expansion but also internal microstructures, although roasting process created the formation of an agglomerated mass at the domain of endosperm due to the partial gelatinization of starches.

식품 안전 규제에서 위해물질에 대한 국내 기준 설정 시 국제식품규격위원회(Codex Alimentarius Commission, CAC) 기준과의 조화를 위한 검토가 요구되며 이를 위해 서는 코덱스 식품분류에 대한 정확한 이해가 필요하다. 따라서 여기에서는 CAC(코덱스) 식품분류 개정 작업이 2017 년에 완료된 곡류, 그리고 2018년에 완료된 견과종실류와 허브 및 향신료에 대해 개정된 코덱스 식품분류 내용을 소개하고자 하였다. 그 내용을 간략히 요약하면 다음과 같다. 코덱스 식품분류에는 국내 식품분류(식품의약품안전처 의 분류)에서 곡류에 해당하는 것으로 Group 020 cereal grains (6개 subgroup), 견과종실류에 해당하는 것으로 3개 그룹, Group 022 tree nuts (subgroup 없음), Group 023 oil seeds and oilfruits (5개 subgroup), Group 024 seeds for beverages and sweets (subgroup 없음)가 있다. 그리고 허브와 향신료의 경우 코덱스에는 2개 그룹, Group 027 (3 개 subgroup), Group 028 (9개 subgroup)이 있다. 코덱스 식품분류에서 식품에 부여된 commodity code의 수는 Group 020 27개, Group 022 32개, Group 023 46개, Group 024 4개, Group 027 127개, Group 028 138개 이다. 한편 코덱스와 식품의약품안전처의 식품분류 사이에는 여러 차이점 이 있었다. 예를 들면 국내 식품분류에서는 곡류나 허브를 코덱스처럼 세분화하지 않았고 코덱스와 달리 땅콩을 견과류에 묶어서 한 그룹으로 분류하고 있고 기타식물류를 두었다. 코덱스 식품분류를 사용할 때 이러한 차이에 대한 주의가 필요하다.

2017년 10월부터 2018년 9월까지 광주광역시 시내 슈퍼, 대형마트 및 재래시장에서 구입한 율무, 수수, 기장, 조, 백미, 보리 등 곡류 75건과 볶은 율무, 보리, 옥수수 등 곡류가공품 52건 총 127건을 대상으로 곰팡이독소 함량검사를 실시하였다. 검사한 곰팡이독소는 아플라톡신(B1, B2, G1, G2,), 푸모니신(B1, B2), 오크라톡신 A, 제랄레논이었다 . 127건의 시료 중 38건에서 곰팡이독소가 검출되어 29.9% 의 검출률을 나타내었다. 127건의 시료 중 35건에서 푸모니신(B1+B2)은 4.8~738.5 μg/kg, 제랄레논은 20건에서 8.4~507.6 μg/kg 범위에서 검출되었다. 검사한 곡류와 곡류 가공품 중에서 가장 오염도가 높은 곰팡이독소는 푸모니신과 제랄레논이었고 이들 곰팡이가 중복 검출된 검체는 17 건으로 독소가 검출된 38건 중에서 44.7%를 차지하였다. 곰팡이독소 일일추정섭취량(EDI)과 잠정최대일일섭취허용량(PMTDI)으로부터 위해도를 산출하였다. 위해도는 0.0019~1.9526%로 나타나 이번에 조사한 곡류와 곡류가공 품은 곰팡이독소 측면에서는 안전한 수준으로 판단되었다.

Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT) is used for the various piezoelectric devices owing to its high piezoelectric properties. However, lead (Pb), which is contained in PZT, causes various environment contaminations. (K,Na)NbO3 (NKN) is the most well-known candidate for a lead-free composition to replace PZT. A single crystal has excellent piezoelectric-properties and its properties can be changed by changing the orientation direction. It is hard to fabricate a NKN single crystal due to the sodium and potassium. Thus, (Na,K)NbO3-Ba(Cu,Nb)O3 (NKN-BCuN) is chosen to fabricate the single crystal with relative ease. NKNBCuN pellets consist of two parts, yellow single crystals and gray poly-crystals that contain copper. The area that has a large amount of copper particles may melt at low temperature but not the other areas. The liquid phase may be responsible for the abnormal grain growth in NKN-BCuN ceramics. The dielectric constant and tan δ are measured to be 684 and 0.036 at 1 kHz in NKN-BCuN, respectively. The coercive field and remnant polarization are 14 kV/cm and 20 μC/cm2.

Lead free (Ba0.7Ca0.3) TiO3 thick films with nano-sized grains are prepared using an aerosol deposition (AD) method at room temperature. The crystallinity of the AD thick films is enhanced by a post annealing process. Contrary to the sharp phase transition of bulk ceramics that has been reported, AD films show broad phase transition behaviors due to the nanosized grains. The polarization-electric hysteresis loop of annealed AD film shows ferroelectric behaviors. With an increase in annealing temperature, the saturation polarization increases because of an increase in crystallinity. However, the remnant polarization and cohesive field are not affected by the annealing temperature. BCT AD thick films annealed at 700 ℃/2h have an energy density of 1.84 J/cm3 and a charge-discharge efficiency of 69.9%, which is much higher than those of bulk ceramic with the same composition. The higher energy storage properties are likely due to the increase in the breakdown field from a large number of grain boundaries of nano-sized grains.

This study was aimed at investigating the levels of the natural preservatives of benzoic, sorbic and propionic acids in cereal grains, nuts and seeds. Benzoic and sorbic acid were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector (HPLC-DAD) and further confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), whereas propionic acid was analyzed using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and further confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Benzoic, sorbic and propionic acids were found in 44, 22, and 550 samples out of 702 samples, respectively. From the total of 702 samples. The concentrations of benzoic, sorbic and propionic acid were ranged from not detected (ND) to 23.74 mg/L, from ND to 7.90 mg/L, and from ND to 37.39 mg/L in cereal grains, nuts and seeds, respectively. The concentration ranges determined in this study could be used as standard criteria in the process of inspecting cereal grains, nuts and seeds for preservatives as well as to address consumer complaints or trade disputes.

식감과 기능성이 우수한 혼합잡곡의 혼합비율 설정을 위해 보리, 검정콩, 팥, 조, 기장, 수수, 찹쌀 등을 혼합하여 취반전후의 품질 및 이화학 특성을 조사하였다. 아밀로그램 특성은 혼합잡곡 처리구별로 유의적인 차이를 보였으며, 쌀에 혼합할 경우, 잡곡에 비해 최고점도, 최저점도, 강하점도 및 최종점도는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 쌀을 혼합하지 않은 잡곡과 쌀을 70% 혼합한 잡곡의 수분결합력은 105.32~136.05 및 111.93~127.87%, 용해도는 각각 15.85~25.21 및 4.90~23.89%, 팽윤력은 각각 19.41~22.13 및 19.01~24.29%로 혼합잡곡 처리구별로 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 혼합잡곡을 일반밥솥으로 취반한 밥의 명도, 적색도 및 황색도는 각각 47.62~64.89, 0.83~3.54 및 3.33~8.11이었고, 압력밥솥으로 취반한 혼합잡곡밥은 각각 42.14~59.52, 1.40~4.22 및 3.93~7.32로 혼합잡곡 처리구별로 색도는 유의적인 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 일반밥솥으로 취반한 혼합잡곡밥의 경도, 탄력, 부착성 및 찰기는 각각 102.2~157.0, 55.1~83.3, 19.3~33.2 및 34.9~50.9, 압력밥솥으로 취반한 혼합잡곡밥은 각각 57.2~119.2, 37.9~ 63.9, 21.4~40.7 및 44.3~72.0으로 혼합잡곡 처리구별로 조직감은 유의적인 차이를 보였으며, 전체적으로 백미밥에 비해 경도와 탄력은 증가, 부착성과 찰기는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 취반 전 혼합잡곡과 일반 및 압력밥솥으로 취반한 혼합잡곡밥의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 각각 4.46~5.16, 0.58~0.93 및 0.65~0.96 mg GAE/g, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 각각 250.74~ 548.89, 129.26~207.04 및 127.41~218.15 μg CE/g으로 나타났다. DPPH radical 소거활성은 각각 79.25~181.61, 22.07~53.64 및 7.51~39.97 mg TE/100 g, ABTS radical 소거활성은 각각 203.25~328.24, 47.28~84.94 및 58.27~99.51 mg TE/100 g으로 잡곡류의 혼합비율에 따라 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 이상의 결과, 취반방법에 따라 페놀 화합물 함량과 radical 소거활성을 차이를 보여 취반방법에 따라 잡곡의 종류를 달리할 필요가 있을 것으로 생각된다.

The occurrence characteristics of major insect pests infesting organically cultivated maizes, millets, sorghums, and soybeans were surveyed from 2015 to 2017 in paddy-upland rotation and continuing upland fields. In grain fields, the main damage of maizes and sorghums was caused by Ostrinia furnaclais and Helicoverpa spp. The occurrence pattern of O. furnacalis was 3 times and that of Helicoverpa spp. was 3-4 times. In soybean fields, Riptortus clavatus was the most important, but the pest was not observed at geumhwajaerae and bongeui varieties. Interestingly, the more high the invasive rate of lepidopteran larvae was, the more low the yield of maizes and sorghums was. The surveyed results indicate that the focused management on lepidopteran larvae or hemipteran pests in maizes and sorghums or soybeans cultivated in paddy-upland rotation and continuing upland fields is an important strategy.

시중 유통 중인 곡류, 콩류, 견과류, 종실류 등 134건에 대하여 8종의 곰팡이독소를 LC-MS/MS를 이용하여 동시 분석하였다. 전체 시료 중 22건에서 fumonisin B1, B2, zearalenone, ochratoxin A 등 4종이 검출되어 16.4%가 곰팡이독소에 오염된 것으로 나타났으며 독성이 강한 aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2는 검출되지 않았다. 검출된 곰팡이독소 중 fumonisin (B1+B2)은 0.48~560.2 μg/kg, zearalenone은 0.22~ 28.6 μg/kg 수준으로 검출되었고 평균 검출량은 fumonisin 이 곡류 49.3 μg/kg, 유지종실류 10.1 μg/kg, zearalenone이 곡류 1.9 μg/kg, 콩류 1.5 μg/kg이었으며, ochratoxin A는 곡류에서 0.08 μg/kg 수준으로 검출되었다. 기장에서 검출 된 ochratoxin A는 4.8 μg/kg으로 기준치인 5.0 μg/kg에 근 접하여 검출되었는데 생산년도가 2016년인 것을 감안하면 상당히 높은 수준으로 지속적인 관심이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 곰팡이독소가 검출된 나머지 품목은 2015년에 생산되었는데 특히 곡류 중 율무와 수수는 대부분의 시료에서 곰팡이독소가 검출됐으며 땅콩 및 견과류에서는 검출 되지 않았다. 곰팡이독소가 검출된 품목의 검출빈도를 살펴보면 율무 66.7%, 수수 87.5%, 조 20%, 기장 20%로 곡류 중 약 27%가 독소에 오염된 것으로 나타났고, 콩류는 팥에서 60%가 검출되어 콩류 전체로는 12.5%가 오염됐으며 유지종실류는 깨에서 33.3%가 검출되어 유지종실류 전체로는 11.8%가 독소에 노출된 것으로 나타났다. 한편 곰팡이독소 중 fumonisin과 zearalenone이 동시에 검출된 품목은 율무 2건, 수수 3건이었으며 fumonisin이 검출된 경우 대부분의 시료에서 fumonisin B1, B2 가 동시에 검출 되었으나 율무, 조, 참깨 각 1건에서 fumonisin B1만 검출 되었다. 본 연구결과를 기초로 하여 산출한 1인 1일 노출 량은 곡류의 경우 fumonisin 1.4 × 10−2 μg/kg b.w./day, zearalenone 5.6 × 10−4 μg/kg b.w./day, ochratoxin A 2.2 × 10−5 ng/kg b.w./day 이었으며 콩류에서는 zearalenone 5.4 × 10−5 μg/kg b.w./day, 종실류는 7.4 × 10−5 μg/kg b.w./day으로 이를 바탕으로 WHO/JECFA에서 제시한 자료를 바탕으로 PMTDI 대비 인체 노출량을 산출한 결과 fumonisin은 곡류 0.72% 종실류 0.004% zearalenone 곡류 0.11%, 콩류 0.01%에 해당하는 양이었으며 ochratoxin A는 PTWI 대비 0.14%, EC의 TDI 대비 0.45%로 검출된 곰팡이독소가 인체에 대한 유해할 가능성은 낮은 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구결과 곰팡이독소는 기준치 이내의 아주 적은 양 검출되 었지만 기후 온난화로 인해 독성이 강한 곰팡이독소가 생성되기 쉬운 환경으로 변해가고 있어 농산물의 생산, 저장, 포장 과정에 이르기까지 보다 폭 넓은 연구가 이루어져 곰팡이독소로 인한 안전성 논란에 대비해야 할 것으로 판단된다.