To increase antioxidant and antibacterial activities of seasoned soy sauce, five kinds of oriental medicinal plant(Scutellaria baicalensis (P1), Coptis japonica makino (P2), Citriunshius pericarpium (P3), Zizyphi spinosi semen (P4), Crataegus pinnatifida (P5)) and four kinds of medicinal mushrooms(Inonotus obliquus (M1), Hericium erinaceus (M2), Phellinus linteus (M3), Lentinula edodes (M4)) were added to seasoned soy sauce. Soluble solid content, pH, salinity, total polyphenol & flavonoid contents were determined. DPPH & ABTS radical scavenging activities, SOD-like activity, and antibacterial activity were analyzed. Experimental sauces showed decreased pH but significant increases of soluble solid content and salinity. Total polyphenol content was 12.76 μg GAE/g in the control. However, M1 and P1 sauce had significantly higher polyphenol contents at 352.14 and 528.25 μg GAE/g, respectively. Total flavonoids content also showed the same pattern. DPPH free radical scavenging activity was the lowest in the control at 15.75%. It was the highest at 81.80% in M1 and 68.88% in P1. ABTS free radical scavenging activity and SOD-like activity showed the same tendencies. They were higher in the experimental groups than in the control. As for the antibacterial activity analyzed by the paper-disc method, the activity increased the most in P1 and P2. In particular, P2 had the strongest antibacterial activity. Its activity against different microorganisms was in the order of Staphylococcus aureus > Bacillus cereus > Escherichia coli > Salmonella typhimurium. In conclusion, these new sauces show increased antioxidative and antioxidant activities. Therefore, they are expected to be used in various ways as a functional soy sauce.

Herb soy sauce was prepared by extracting rosemary, lemon balm, spearmint and peppermint at a low temperature in fresh soy sauce. The antioxidant and physicochemical properties of herb soy sauces were examined. Herb soy sauces were prepared by adding 2.5% (w/v) of herbs to fresh soy sauce at 60℃. The total polyphenol, DPPH%, ABTS% increased with extracting time but five minutes extraction with sufficient antioxidant herb soy sauce could be prepared. The antioxidant powers of herb soy sauces were higher in lemon balm extract, and the rosemary extract showed the lowest. Soy sauces added with herbs had lower pH and salinity (p<0.05) and higher sugar content than without herbs. The colorness according to the type of herbs showed significant difference.

In this study, the quality characteristics of 30 kinds of long-term matured soy sauce collected from all over Korea classified according to ripening period were analyzed. The longer the soy sauce had to matured, the closer the pH was to neutrality. Acidity decreased as the ripening period increased. Total nitrogen and amino nitrogen content increased as the soy sauce matured. Moisture content decreased with the increasing soy sauce ripening period, and the content of pure extracts increased in proportion to the ripening period. The numbers of bacteria, fungi, and yeast increased in proportion to the maturation period. The content of P was highest in all soy sauce analyzed, followed by K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn. Mg and Ca contents decreased with maturing, whereas K increased with maturing.

In this study, 30 kinds of long-term and mature Korean soy sauce were collected and classified by the fermentation period, and the components related to taste and sensory characteristics were analyzed. A total of 4 kinds of organic acids were detected. The total organic acid content was in the range of 97.2~341.6 mg%, but did not show the tendency to increase or decrease in proportion to the aging period. The total free amino acid content was within the range of 3,001.0~3,834.7 mg% and showed a tendency to increase in proportion to the ripening period of the soy sauce. The contents of aspartic acid and glutamic acid subsequently increased in the long-term matured soy sauce. The ratio of essential amino acid to total amino acid was 31.6~35.7%, and the ratio of glutamic acid to total amino acid was 19.6~23.9%, respectively. The panel of 20~29-year-old indicated that the longer the aging period of soy sauce, the lower the preference while the panel of 30 or more years indicated that the longer the aging period of soy sauce, the higher the preference. This study was the first to investigate the quality of long-term matured soy sauce in more than one year.

This study was conducted to screen for superior strains for preparation of Cheonggukjang and identify the optimal fermentation time based on fermentation of lentils by various Bacillus subtilis strains. Bacillus count was significantly high at 48 hrs of fermentation (9.22-9.51 log CFU/g). In addition, the pH was significantly high in the range of 7.60-7.92 at 48 hrs fermentation, and the reducing sugar content was significantly high (0.89-1.45). The amino-type nitrogen content and ammonia-type nitrogen content were significantly increased with fermentation time. Additionally, the amylase activity was significantly high (3.05-4.22) at 48 hrs of fermentation, as was the protease activity (4.80-5.63). Bacillus subtilis S3 (5.63), S4 (5.60) were higher than S1 (4.80), S2 (4.92). The viscous substances and DPPH radical scavenging activity increased at 48 hrs, then decreased. Sensory evaluation revealed that lentil Cheonggukjang fermented by S3 showed the highest scores in color, smell, savory taste, sweet taste, viscous substance and overall acceptability. Therefore, 48 hrs of fermentation should be suitable for lentil Cheonggukjang fermented by Bacillus subtilis S3.

Salt is generally used for food seasonings and preservations as a common ingredient. However, excess salt intake has generated health issues such as high blood pressure, osteoporosis, stroke, and heart diseases. Recently, desires and interests of low-salt cooking have been increased among people who want healthy diets. The aim of study was to compare the physicochemical characteristics of a fermented squid sauce added with vitamin C and commercial low-salt soy sauces. Thawed and crushed squids were fermented until the solid squid became liquid at 25°C with an addition of 5% (g/g) vitamin C. Then, fermented squid sauce was heated at 100°C for 30 min and filtered. All samples were measured in multiple aspects of amino acid nitrogen, salt, sugar and water content, pH, chromaticity and brown color, and sensory test. In the results, color values showed no significantly difference between all the samples (p>0.05). Water content value of the fermented squid sauce was the highest among samples. Brown color, salt contents and sugar contents of the fermented squid sauce were significantly different than other low salt soy sauces with an exception of the sauce made with functional salt. These results showed a similar tendency as those of sensory evaluation. As conclusion, the possibility of fermented squid sauce added with vitamin C showed a possibility as a candidate of low-salt soy sauce.

This study was conducted to investigate changes in organoleptic properties and taste components including free sugar, organic acid and free amino acid with addition of walnut. Changes in total nitrogen were insignificantly different with addition of walnut. Amino type nitrogen content was decreased in proportion to supplemental level of walnut. Content of organic acids, of which three kinds were detected, such as citric acid, malic acid and lactic acid increased more than two times with addition of walnut. Contents of free sugar and amino acid were decreased with addition of walnut. The proportion of essential amino acid was 40.6~41.4 percent. Glutamic acid in total amino acid was increased in proportion with addition of walnut. The highest sensory evaluation score was recorded in soy sauce with addition of 2 percent walnut. Together, it was expected that 2 percent addition of walnut to soy sauce has a positive effect on the taste of soy sauce.

This study was conducted to assess effects of addition of walnuts on soy sauce quality. The pH was significantly increased by adding more than 4 percent of walnuts. As the addition of walnuts increased, Hunter’s color values and brown color increased. Total solid of soy sauce did not change significantly with the addition of walnuts. Crude fat content increased by two times in the 2 percent added walnuts group compared to the control group, but it was not dependent on the addition of walnuts. DPPH radical scavenging activity was significantly increased with the addition of walnuts. The addition of walnuts decrease saturated fatty acids and increased unsaturated fatty acids. Composition ratio of linoleic acid was highest in the control group and all the additions. These results revealed that soy sauce made with walnuts have a positive effect on functionality and preference.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical contents (sugar, nitrogen, and amino acids) and sensory characteristics of traditional soy sauce according to three different methods. The samples were taken from four different periods (0, 20, 40, and 60 days after fermentation). Total sugar contents increased in all groups according to ripening period, and Gyupjang (G) showed the highest sugar content among the groups. Total nitrogen and amino acid contents of all groups increased after 60 days of ripening, and Gyupjang (G) and Gyupjang mixed with salt water (SG) had higher total nitrogen content compared to Chungjang (S) at the same period. The results from the sensory evaluation show that preferable sensory characteristics, such as color preferences, sweetness, umami taste, and overall preference, were significantly higher in Gyupjang (G) and Gyupjang mixed with salt water (SG) than in Chungjang (S). Preferable sensory characteristics had significantly high positive correlation with most amino acids, total nitrogen, and sugar contents, except for glutamine. Based on the significant difference in preferable sensory characteristics between Gyupjang mixed with salt water (SG) and Chungjang (S), Gyupjang mixed with salt water (SG) can be used to improve sensory characteristics. This research implies that adding salt water during the manufacturing Gyupjang process is advisable to yield high quality soy sauce.

본 연구에서는 양조간장만을 사용하여 음식 내에 소금을 대체하고 나트륨의 사용량을 줄여 섭취를 줄일 수 있는지 를 알아보기 위하여 샐러드 드레싱에 소금과 양조간장의 사용량을 달리하여 전반적인 맛과 짠맛의 차이를 비교하고 나트륨 분석을 통해 정량적인 나트륨 감소량에 대해 살펴 보았다. 소금을 사용하였을 경우 가장 선호하는 샐러드 드레싱의 나트륨 함량은 3.85±0.03 g/L이었으며, 양조간장 을 사용하였을 경우에는 0.68±0.02 g/L이었고, 0.53±0.01- 0.68±0.02 g/L의 농도에서는 소금을 사용하였을 때와 전반 적인 맛에 있어서 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(p<0.05). 짠맛의 차이에 대한 평가에 있어서 소금을 사용하였 때와 가장 비슷한 짠맛을 나타낸 실험구의 나트륨의 농도는 0.53±0.01 g/L로 나타났으며, 짠맛 차이에 있어서도 전반적 인 맛의 차이에서와 같은 범위의 나트륨 농도에서 유의적 인 차이를 보이지 않았다(p<0.05). 소금을 대신하여 양조간 장만을 사용할 경우 전반적인 맛에 있어서는 약 82.4%, 짠맛에 있어서는 86.2%의 나트륨 함량을 줄일 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 양조간장 내에는 짠 맛을 증진하는 것으로 알려진 단백질, 펩타이드, 유기산 및 간장 고유의 향 이외 에도 짠맛을 증진시킬 수 있는 새로운 물질이 존재할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구에서는 염 농도에 따른 간장의 발효과정 중에 microflora와 향미의 변화를 분석하였다. 전체적으로 4.8%와 8.4%, 12.0%, 15.6% 시료의 호기성균과 호염성균 생균수에 대해서는 큰 증감 없이 유사한 경향으로 나타났다. 발효초기에는 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis, B. subtilis가 주를 이루었다. 유산균이나 곰팡이의 미생물총균수 패턴은 모든 염도 별로 거의 유사하게 낮게 나타났으며, 발효 초기에만 발견되었다. 효모 또한 4.8% 간장에서만 2 log CFU/g 이하의 낮은 수치를 보였다. Aldehydes, alcohols, acids의 경우 발효초기부터 발효 3개월까지 저염화 시료에서 많이 생성되었다

우리나라의 경남지역에서 장류콩의 적정파종시기를 구명하고자 본 시험에서 중간생육,성숙기 생육, 수량성, 포장병발생정도 및 성분분석을 비교한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 잎의 전개 및 생식생장기의 주요생육단계의 도달에 소요되는 기간은 두 품종 모두 파종기가 빠를수록 길어졌다 2. R5 stage에 있어서 선유콩은 6월 10일 파종에서 단위면적당 건물중이 가장 많았고 전 파종시기에서 최적엽면적지수의 범위에 포함되었으며, 대원콩은 파종시기가 빠를수록 건물중이 많았고 엽면적지수가 6월 25일 파종을 제외하고는 최적엽면적지수 에 미쳤다. Sink/Source이 비율은 선유콩과 대원콩 모두 5월 25일 파종에서 가장 낮아 엽이 부담하는 협의 비율이 가장 적었다. 3. 선유콩의 수량성은 파종기간 유의한 차이는 없었지만 5월 25일 파종에서 가장 많았고, 대원콩의 수량성은 수량은 5월 25일 파종에서 유의하게 가장 많았고 나머지 파종기간에는 비슷하였는데 6월 10일 파종에서 ‘09년 검은 뿌리썩음병의 많은 발생과 3년간 불마름의 발생이 수량성 저하에 크게 영향을 미쳤다. 4. 파종시기 간에 단백질과 지방의 함량은 차이가 없었고, 지방산에 있어서 Oleic acid는 파종기가 빠를수록 그리고 Linolenic acid 는 파종기를 늦을수록 미세하게 증가하였으며 아이소플라본 함량은 파종시기가 늦어질수록 높았다. 5. 경남지역에서 이상의 건물중 및 엽면적지수, 100립중, 도복종실 열피립의 피해 감소 및 수량성을 고려 할 때 장류콩(선유콩 및 대원콩)의 적정파종시기는 5월 하순 ~ 6월 상순이었다.

본 연구에서는 일본식으로 제조된 상업용 간장과 우리나 라 전통방식으로 제조된 재래식 간장으로부터 다당을 분리 하여 RAW 264.7 대식세포주를 이용한 면역 증진활성을 비교 하였다. 간장 유래 다당, CSP-0 및 KTSP-0는 RAW 264.7 세 포주에 대해 모든 농도에서 세포 독성을 나타내지 않았다. 또 한 재래식 간장 유래 다당인 KTSP-0는 상업용 간장 유래 다 당 CSP-0보다 대식세포에 의한 NO 및 ROS의 생산을 농도의 존적으로 증가시켰으며, KTSP-0를 1,000 ㎍/㎖ 처리하였을 시 가장 높은 생산능을 나타내었다. 간장 유래 다당의 RAW 264.7 세포로부터 면역반응에 중요한 cytokine인 IL-6와 TNF-α의 cytokine mRNA의 발현량과 해당 단백질의 생산을 각각 real-time PCR과 ELISA로 확인한 결과, CSP-0는 IL-6와 TNF- α mRNA의 발현 및 생산에 유의적인 영향을 미치지 않았지 만, KTSP-0는 농도의존적으로 IL-6와 TNF-α mRNA 발현 및 생산을 증가시키는 것을 확인하였으며, 1,000 ㎍/㎖ 처리 시 최대 활성을 보였다. 한편, 대식세포의 탐식작용에서 중요한 역할을 하는 Fc 수용체의 발현 증가를 RT-PCR로 확인한 결 과, CSP-0는 FcR I, II의 발현에 모두 영향을 미치지 않았지만, KTSP-0는 FcR I의 발현을 선택적으로 증가시킴이 확인되어 항원에 결합한 IgG와 강하게 결합하여 탐식작용을 촉진시킬 것으로 예상되었다. 본 연구를 통해 상업용 간장에서 분리한 다당, CSP-0보다 우리나라 전통 재래식 간장에서 분리한 다 당, KTSP-0가 대식세포를 활성화하여 높은 면역 증진 효과를 나타내는 것으로 결론 지을 수 있었다.

Soy sauce, a basic ingredient in Asian cuisine, is made of fermented soybeans, salt, water, and barley or wheat flour. The sensory characteristics of soy sauce are not only determined through its main ingredients but also by various flavor compounds produced during the fermentation process. This study was conducted to identify the sensory attributes of five different commercial soy sauce samples that differ in Meju types (traditional Meju or modified Meju) and usage types. Thirty three sensory attributes, including appearance (1), odor (16), flavor (14), and mouthfeel (2) attributes, were generated and evaluated by eight trained panelists. The collected data were analyzed by analysis of variance and principal component analysis. There were significant differences in the intensities of all sensory attributes among the soy sauce samples. Soy sauce made with traditional Meju had high intensity of fermented fish, beany, musty odors and salt, Cheonggukjang, fermented fish flavors. Whereas two soy sauces made with modified Meju were strong in alcohol, sweet, Doenjang, roasted soybean flavors. Two soy sauces for soup made with modified Meju had medium levels of briny, sulfury, fermented odors and bitter, chemical flavors and biting mouthfeel characteristic.

The core ingredient of traditional Korean style soy sauce is soy bean without any wheat or rice incorporated. National brands as well as regional micro-brewed companies constitute the soy sauce market in Korea. The present study investigated the physico-chemical and sensory properties of soy sauces produced by small-scale or mass-production. Additionally, the key physico-chemical parameters sufficiently representing the critical sensory characteristics have been identified. Ten types of soy sauce brewed by the Korean traditional method were selected for the study. Among these samples, seven types were brewed in small-scales in the Gyeonggi-do region whereas the other 3 types were mass-production products of major national brands. The total solid, reducing sugar, salinity, sugar content, amino nitrogen, CIELAB, acidity, and pH of soy sauce samples were measured for the physico-chemical analysis. A generic descriptive analysis was conducted to analyze the sensory characteristics of the samples using six trained panelists. The descriptive panel developed 21 sensory attributes. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, PCA and PLSR. Overall, the micro-brewed products showed significantly higher value of salinity and acidity but lower content of reducing sugar than the mass-production products. The micro-brewed soy sauces elicited stronger fermented flavor, sourness, and bitterness whereas the national brand products elicited stronger alcoholic odor, sweetness and umami taste. Sugar content, acidity, and amino nitrogen showed strong relationships with fish sauce flavor, umami taste, and rich flavor. Salinity was closely related to the overall flavor intensity.

The objective of this study was to investigate the sensory quality attributes for the development of soy sauce containing an extract of the fruit of Hovenia dulcis Thunb (Hutgae), also known as liver function improvement and hangover removal. Aqueous extracts of Hutgae fruit and Hutgae fruit-soy sauce were used for determining the sensory evaluation. The intensity of the sweet smell and taste was predominated in the Hutgae fruit extract (p<0.05). Various seasoning items, such as apples, pears, dried figs, Korean bramble (Bokbunja), citron (Yuza) and sun-dried hot pepper (Taeyangcho), were used to determine the suitable type of seasoned soy sauce with the Hutgae fruit extract. In the sensory analysis, the highest overall preference (acceptance score 5) was obtained from the pear extract added to soy sauce with the Hutgae fruit. The overall preference of Yuza (score 4.9) and Taeyangcho (score 4.5) extracts also very well-matched the seasoning items for soy sauce with the Hutgae fruit extract. There was no difference among the extract mixtures of multi-seasoning items added to soy sauce with the Hutgae fruit extract. As more pear extract was added, a higher overall preference was obtained. On the other hand, as the more Yuza extract was added, the higher flavor intensity without the change of the overall preference was obtained. The overall preference of soy sauce with the pear- Yuza-Taeyangcho extract mixture was not different between with or without the Hutgae fruit extract. However, the overall preference (score 5.6) was significantly higher in the pear extract added to soy sauce with the Hutgae fruit extract compared with the pear extract added to soy sauce without the Hutgae fruit extract (score 4.8). These results suggest that soy sauce with the Hutgae fruit-pear extract mixture may be useful as a functional seasoning for various salad dressings.

Home-made soy sauces with or without Hovenia dulcis Thunb (Hutgae) originated from different parts such as fruits, stems, and twigs were prepared according to the Korean traditional procedure. Soy sauces supplemented with Hutgae were evaluated for their activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging (DPPH) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), free amino acid profiles, and sensory quality. All soy sauce types containing Hutgae had a strong DPPH activity as compared to the general type of soy sauce without Hutgae (GSC). Among Hutgae groups, DPPH activities of soy sauce supplemented with Hutgae stems was higher than that of soy sauces with either Hutgae fruits or twigs. ADH activities of soy sauces with Hutgae ranged from 14% to 55%, thus indicating that the functional activity of Hutgae was not altered during soy sauce preparations. Total free amino acid content of GSC was 295.5 ㎎%, and that of soy sauce with Hutgae fruits (346.8 ㎎%) was the highest when compared to Hutgae stems (272.3 ㎎%) and Hutgae twigs (225.6 ㎎%). In amino acid profiles, aspartate, arginine, histidine, and lysine levels were higher in soy sauces with Hutgae compared to GSC, whereas isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine levels were lower. Particularly, high levels of aspartate, glutamate, threonine, and lysine were presented in Hutgae twigs, whereas for Hutgae fruits and Hutgae stems, the levels of serine, glycine and arginine, and proline and methionine were high, respectively. According to sensory evaluations, Hutgae stems were preferred than GSC, due to the lower offensive smell and higher umami tastes. These findings demonstrate that soy sauce with Hutgae stems has potential protective effects against hangovers, improves the taste, and implies a possible functional ingredient.