GC-MS/MS using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and C18 cartridges was used to identify and quantify levels of chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and permethrin in bulk raw milk. A calibration curve spanning 10 ng/mL to 200 ng/mL was obtained with a satisfactory correlation coefficient of 0.99. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) for chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin in the matrix ranged from 0.06 to 1.81 ng/mL and 0.19 to 6.04 ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries of 5 pesticides from spiked samples at 37.5-125 ng/mL ranged from 86.1 to 102.1%. The measurement of uncertainty of the GC-MS/MS method for these five pesticides was developed based on the analytical process and quantification. An analysis method that is easier and faster than the method specified in the Korean food standards codes for analyzing these five pesticides in raw material milk was developed. Moreover, the analytical method for chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, and permethrin in bulk raw milk by GC-MS/MS was established.

축산물 중 잔류허용기준이 설정되어 관리하고 있는 농약 azocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin oxide는 대표적인 유 기주석계 살비제이다. 기존 시험법은 가스크로마토그래피 를 사용하여 정량한계가 높고 분석 시 재현성이 떨어져 이에 대한 개선이 필요한 실정으로 본 연구에서는 비교적 간편하며 시간이 적게 소요되는 QuEChERS법을 활용하여 azocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin oxide의 시험법을 마련하 고자 하였다. 1% 아세트산을 함유한 아세트산에틸:아세토 니트릴(1:1) 혼합액을 이용하여 진탕 추출 후 d-SPE로 정 제하고 이를 농축 후 LC-MS/MS를 이용한 시험법을 개발 하였다. Azocyclotin, cyhexatin 및 fenbutatin oxide의 결정 계수(R2)는 0.99 이상으로 높은 직선성을 확인하였으며 정 량한계는 0.01 mg/kg으로 높은 감도를 나타내었다. 대표 축산물 5종(소, 돼지, 닭, 계란, 우유)에서 LOQ(0.01 mg/ kg), MRL(0.05 mg/kg), MRL 10배(0.5 mg/kg)의 농도에서 회수율 실험을 한 결과 평균 회수율이 76.4-115.3% 및 84.4-110.8%이었으며, 상대표준편차는 25.3% 이하로 나타 났다. 본 연구는 Codex 가이드라인(CAC/GL 40-1993, 2003) 및 ‘식품의약품안전처 식품의약품안전평가원의 식 품등 시험법 마련 표준절차에 관한 가이드라인(2016)’에 적합한 수준임을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 확립한 시험법은 축산물 중 잔류할 수 있는 azocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin oxide의 안전관리를 위한 공정시험법으로 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to select representative agricultural products (4 types of fruits and 4 types of wild vegetables) in Chungju, define their sensual characteristics, derive suitable flavour-pairing and recipes for each ingredient, and use them as a cornerstone in the development of menus. For the experiment, 10 experts were selected to choose 8 representative agricultural products in Chungju, and 18 menus were selected through a flavour-pairing survey. A consumer panel (a total of 413 people, 105 in their 20s, 103 in their 30s, 103 in their 40s, and 102 in their 50s) for evaluating the characteristics of consumer preferences was selected. After the flavour-pairing survey ‘sweet taste’, ‘light flavour’, ‘soft flavour’, ‘savoury flavour’, ‘familiar flavour’, ‘harmonious flavour’, ‘softness’, and ‘harmoniousness with food ingredients’ were determined as drivers of liking, on the other hand, ‘disturbance with food ingredients’ and ‘soybean fishy smell’ were determined as drivers of disliking. The degree of consumer preference and overall acceptance were found to be related to the consumers' familiarity, suggesting that if a menu should be developed using unfamiliar local agricultural products, it should be configured with familiar recipes and seasoning methods.

본 연구는 국내 유통 농산물 535건을 대상으로 잔류농 약 실태조사를 수행하였다. 서울 등 13개 지역에서 수거 한 농산물 시료를 QuEChERS법으로 추출한 후 d-SPE로 정제하여 LC-MS/MS 및 GC-MS/MS로 분석하였다. 농산 물 15품목 535건 중 14품목 288건에서 잔류농약이 검출 (53.8%)되었으며, 검출된 농산물은 사과 40건, 고추 40건, 감귤 33건, 복숭아 31건, 기타 품목 144건이었다. 이 중 잔류허용기준을 초과한 농산물은 배추 1건으로, diniconazole 이 0.18 mg/kg으로 기준치의 약 2배 검출되었다. 총 검출된 농약은 91종으로 살균제 42종, 살충제 48종, 살선충제 1종 이었으며, dinotefuran 91건, carbendazim 75건, tebuconazole 61건, pyraclostrobin 59건이 가장 빈번하게 검출되었다. 따 라서 상기의 결과를 통해 과일류 및 채소류에 대한 지속 적인 잔류실태조사가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 한중 FTA로 인하여 우리나라 대중 농산물 수입액이 어떠한 영향을 받았는 지를 품목별 미시자료와 다기간 이중차분모형을 적용하여 분석하였다. 2010년부터 2019년까지 FAO (Food & Agriculture Organization)의 품목별 대중 농산물 수입액과 연도별 양허 자료를 이용하여 2015년 이후 한중 FTA로 인한 품목별 양허가 우리나라 대중 농산물 수입액에 미친 영향을 분석하였다. 연도별 양허효과가 동일하다고 가정하면 양허로 인하여 양허대상 품목이 약 680~693만 불의 수입 증가 효과가 존재하고 있었다. 그리고 연도별 양허효과가 상이하다고 가정하면 2016년, 2017년 및 2019년은 양허대상 품목의 수입증가 효과가 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났지만 2018년은 통계적 유의성이 낮았다.

This study was carried out to examine the physical characteristics of bacterial cellulose (BC) and its optimal culture condition using coffee by-products. Recently, recycling resources and employing eco-friendly materials have been raised as significant issues in the food industry. As the coffee industry develops, interests and efforts for recycling coffee wastes are also growing. This study attempted to confirm the production of BC by utilizing spent coffee grounds filtrate as a medium. In order to confirm the optimal culture conditions for BC production, different culture methods, initial pH, culture temperature, and culture period were examined. The optimal pH and temperature were 6.0 and 30oC, and the optimal culture period was 14 days. The cultivated BC was dried by hot air drying, freezedrying, and mold drying, respectively. Then, the properties of the BC films, such as tensile strength, elongation, water-solubility, thickness, and chromaticity were compared. The drying method affected the shape and structure of the final BC films. The production of BC film is expected to expand opportunities for recycling coffee by-products and contribute to solving environmental problems caused by food waste.

The research aims to develop a rapid and easy analytical method for methoprene using liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A simple, highly sensitive, and specific analytical method for the determination of methoprene in livestock products (beef, pork, chicken, milk, eggs, and fat) was developed. Methoprene was effectively extracted with 1% acetic acid in acetonitrile and acetone (1:1), followed by the addition of anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and anhydrous sodium acetate. Subsequently, the lipids in the livestock sample were extracted by freezing them at -20oC. The extracts were cleaned using MgSO4, primary secondary amine (PSA), and octadecyl (C18), which were then centrifuged to separate the supernatant. Nitrogen gas was used to evaporate the supernatant, which was then dissolved in methanol. The matrix-matched calibration curves were constructed using 8 levels (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150 ng/mL) and the coefficient of determination (R2) was above 0.9964. Average recoveries spiked at three levels (0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 mg/kg), and ranged from 79.5-105.1%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) smaller than 14.2%, as required by the Codex guideline (CODEX CAC/GL 40). This study could be useful for residue safety management in livestock products.

As coffee consumption increases, coffee extraction's by-products increase. Research on coffee by-product recycling is fundamental as social costs and environmental problems arise from the course of coffee processing, estimated to be 270,000 tons per year. This study attempted to confirm the possibility of an eco-friendly food packaging material by solvating cellulose from spent coffee grounds. For cellulose solubility, delignification and TEMPO (2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl) oxidation treatment were performed. An optimal plasticizer (glycerol) and a crosslinking agent (cinnamaldehyde) were added to the film-forming solution for film manufacturing, while physical treatment (high-pressure treatment, 276 MPa, 10 times) was done to improve physical properties. Then, the film was dried by a solution-casting method. Physical properties of food packaging materials such as tensile strength, elongation, water-solubility, thickness, and chromaticity were measured. In particular, the film to which 1.5% glycerol was added showed the highest value among the physical properties of the dried film. These results indicate that TEMPOSCG films have potential as eco-friendly food packaging materials in the food industry.

Molten salt reactors and pyroprocessing are widely considered for various nuclear applications. The main challenges for monitoring these systems are high temperature and strong radiation. Two harsh environments make the monitoring system needs to measure nuclides at a long distance with sufficient resolution for discriminating many different elements simultaneously. Among available methodologies, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been the most studied. The LIBS method can provide the required stand-off and desired multi-elemental measurable ability. However, the change of the level for molten salts induces uncertainty in measuring the concentration of the nuclides for LIBS analysis. The spectra could change by focusing points due to the different laser fluence and plasma shape. In this study, to prepare for such uncertainties, we evaluated a LIBS monitoring system with machine learning technology. While the machine learning technology cannot use academic knowledge of the atomic spectrum, this technique finds the new variable as a vector from any data including the noise, target spectrum, standard deviation, etc. Herein, the partial least squares (PLS) and artificial neural network (ANN) were studied because these methods represent linear and nonlinear machine learning methods respectively. The Sr (580–7200 ppm) and Mo (480–4700 ppm) as fission products were investigated for constructing the prediction model. For acquiring the data, the experiments were conducted at 550°C in LiCl-KCl using a glassy carbon crucible. The LIBS technique was used for accumulating spectra data. In these works, we successfully obtained a reasonable prediction model and compared each other. The high linearities of the prediction model were recorded. The R2 values are over 0.98. In addition, the root means square of the calibration and cross-validation were used for evaluating the prediction model quantitatively.

PURPOSES : Recently, the generation of industrial by-products has been increased owing to the increase in electrical power consumption. This experimental study investigated a special mortar development using outstanding benefits of porous structures in heavy oil fly ash (HOFA) and bottom ash (BA) to reduce heat transfer and weight of tunnel repair mortar. METHODS : Based on the concept of materials usable for this objective being porous and light, the physical and chemical properties of heavy oil fly ash and bottom ash were analyzed to determine the application possibility for tunnel repair mortar. In addition to satisfying this primary requirement, the research aimed at determining the relationships between the characteristics of porous structures and effectiveness of reducing weight and thermal conductivity. This study was undertaken on the use of bottom ash as fine aggregate and heavy oil ash as filler in mortar mix proportion. Four different levels of bottom ash (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, and 5%), and 10%, 15%, and 20% of heavy oil fly ash were investigated to determine the proper replacement amount within the designed specification. According to the analytic results on the effectiveness of both by-products and chemical additives, the repair mortar with optimum mixture proportion was investigated using various tests including thermal conductivity and porosity. RESULTS : The use of porous by-products increased the demand for mixing water in obtaining the required flowability, but the compressive strength did not decrease significantly in proportion by adding an amount of bottom ash. Based on the results, bottom ash can be replaced with aggregate as much as 50%, but adding an amount of heavy oil ash is suggested as below 10% in formulation. CONCLUSIONS : The optimized repair mortar, which was produced by conclusive formulation, was evaluated as a high-performance material to repair tunnels with the effectiveness of porous and remarkable physical properties.

This study examined the effects of hot deboning and the irradiation of raw pork on the physicochemical properties of pork sausages. Pigs were deboned with a carcass (loin surfaces) temperature of 5℃ (cold) or 15℃ (hot). Each deboned raw pork loins were then irradiated at 0 kGy or 4 kGy. Emulsion-type sausages were prepared from each treated meat with other ingredients including fat, ice, salt, phosphate, and seasoning powder. Then sausage products were analyzed for their physiochemical properties and microbial spoilage up to 10 days. Emulsion stability of sausage products with hot deboning was better than the cold carcass up to three days. Sausage products with irradiated hot carcasses showed less cooking loss than from non-irradiated carcasses on day 10. Hardness, gumminess, and chewiness of the sausages decreased significantly with increasing storage time for all sausage products (p<0.05), but the sausage products with irradiated hot carcasses showed a smaller reduction compared with non-irradiated. Lipid oxidation was not significantly different in the sausage products with hot or cold deboning (p>0.05), but the sausage products from non-irradiated meats showed changes from 0.43 to 1.59 (MDA mg/kg of meat) in 10 days (p<0.5). Total plate count and E. coli count were significantly lower in the sausage products from irradiated meat (p<0.05). Finally, irradiating hot deboned meat at 4 kGy can be an excellent alternative for producing raw meat for sausages with promising microbiological and physicochemical properties.