Recently, polycosanol products have been actively introduced into the domestic market based on their potential biological activity. The analytical procedures of polycosanol, which determine the TMS derivatives of each polycosanol with GC-FID, were presented for inspection of standards. However, the conventional procedures are not readily applicable to polycosanol emulsion which is prepared by mixing polycosanol and water together with emulsifiers because of their interferences. Therefore, the quantitative analytical procedure of polycosanol emulsion with GC-MS at selected ion monitoring mode was proposed and its validity was inspected for standardization. The analysis of polycosanol standards according to the proposed procedure showed the following values: 90.5% for reproducibility; 0.48-5.83% for the RSD; 0.000479-0.001314 μg/μL for the LOD; 0.001452-0.003983 μg/μL for the LOQ; 80.38-108.98% for accuracy; and 0.01-4.88% for the coefficients of variation. The average reproducibilities of polycosanol emulsions according to the current procedure were 87.43±4.48% and 88±2.2%, respectively, which were within the 80-120% range of the designated amounts. Therefore, it was found that the proposed analytical procedure with GC-MS at SIM mode in this study would be promising for the accurate quantitative analysis of polycosanol emulsion.

In this study, we developed and validated microanalysis methods for the determination of linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS). The conditions for the analysis of the surfactants using HPLC with FLD, RID, and ELSD detectors were investigated. The methods were validated by determining the linearity, limits of detection (LODs), limits of quantification (LOQs), recovery, precision, and accuracy. LAS analysis by FLD revealed calibration curves that were linear in the range of 10-200 mg/L for an LAS mixture. The calibration curves for C10-C13 had correlation coefficients of 0.995, 0.997, 0.996, and 0.997, respectively. SLS analysis using RID generated a linear calibration curve in the range of 10-300 mg/L. The calibration curve for SLS C12 had a correlation coefficient of 0.9994. AOS analysis using ELSD resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.9940. For LAS, the LODs and LOQs were 0.09-0.56 and 0.30-1.87 mg/L, respectively. For SLS C12, the LOD and LOQ were 0.07 and 2.33 mg/L, respectively. For AOS C14, the LOD and LOQ were 16.55 and 21.83 mg/L, respectively. The recoveries were 97.17-98.84% for LAS C10-C14, 97.94% for SLS C12, and 96.11% for AOS C14. The established methods provide acceptable precision and accuracy. Our methods could be useful for the detection of anionic surfactants in dishwashing detergents.

This study optimized physicochemical factors for the sphericity of capsule type-fish roe analogs using equipment with double nozzles. The manufacturing process of fish roe analogs was optimized by response surface methodology with central composite design. For the optimum conditions of sphericity, sodium alginate concentration, calcium chloride concentration, agitation speed of calcium chloride solution in a reactor, and dropping height were investigated as independent variables. Soybean oil was put into the equipment through an internal nozzle, along with sodium alginate solution through an external nozzle into calcium chloride solution. The optimum conditions for the production of fish roe analogs were 1.66% (w/v) sodium alginate, 1.86% (w/v) calcium chloride, agitation speed of calcium chloride at 280 rpm, dropping height at 17 cm between the tip of the nozzle and the surface of calcium chloride solution. Consequently, the fish roe analogs showed a high sphericity of 99.8±0.77% at optimal conditions.

We developed leaching kinetics models and a convective mass transfer model for water soluble solid in jujube (Zizyphus jujube) fruits with hot water. Hot-water leaching process was conducted at 90°C for 100 min. The ratio of solvent (volume, mL) to solid (mass, g) was set to varied ratios of 1:6, 1:8, 1:10, and 1:12.5. The mass transfer coefficients (k) were determined based on the 1st- and 2nd-order kinetic models. The amount of solvent influenced the extraction rate and yield. A higher extraction rate and a higher yield were obtained from a lower solvent to solute ratio (1:6, 1:8, 1:10) compared to high ratio (1:12.5). This implies that an appropriate amount of solvent (i.e., water) is necessary to conduct the extraction process of jujube fruit.

The reduction of the content of sodium chloride in noodle was studied to prevent the problems related to excessive sodium intake, such as high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the effect of hydrolyzed anchovy products (HAP) on the salty taste of cooked noodle. The experiment was set up to determine the general properties of dough in dried and cooked noodles, with a sensory test used while increasing the concentration of HAP at same salt contents. There was no significant difference in water binding capacity, solubility, swelling power, lightness, and cooking properties. The redness, yellowness, and hardness were increased upon increasing the contents of HAP. From the sensory evaluation, cooked noodle with added HAP had a high score in appearance, color, texture, and flavor. Moreover, 50% and 75% HAP showed higher values than the control item in saltiness, preference of saltiness, and overall acceptance. Consequently, the HAP could have an effect on dried noodles or cooked noodles as a salty taste enhancer without changing the noodle’s properties.

Brown rice, barley, and buckwheat contain a variety of functional ingredients, such as vitamins, minerals, and dietary fibers. Germination is an effective technique for improving the digestion and absorption of the constituents in grains. In addition, germination could modify the chemical properties of grains and increase the content of biologically active substances. Many studies have reported that the intake of grains or germinated grains could ameliorate blood glucose level, stimulate the immune system, lower blood pressure, and result in anti-obesity effect. Therefore, grains and germinated grains are being utilized in a variety of functional products. The present study reviews the primary components and bio-functionalities of grains (brown rice, barley, and buckwheat) and germinated grains (germinated brown rice). The development of grain products for promoting health functional properties is also discussed.

본 연구에서는 육상양식장에서 배출되는 부산물의 자원화 방안으로 뱀장어 양식장에서 배출되는 고형오 물에 미강, 탈지대두박과 같은 식품 부산물을 첨가하여 유산균, 황국균, 고초균을 단계적으로 접종하여 발 효시킨 발효사료의 성분 변화를 측정하였다. 발효사료의 제조 단계별 수분함량은 유산균을 이용한 1단 발 효물 14.6%, 황국균과 고초균을 이용한 2단, 3단 발효물은 각각 33.0%와 34.0% 였다. pH는 1단 발효물 에서는 유산균에 의한 젖산의 분비로 인해 5.38로 나타났으며 2단, 3단 발효물은 각 5.66과 7.26으로 측 정되어 pH가 상승하는 것으로 나타났다. 피트산의 함량은 1단 발효물은 0.126g/100g, 2단 발효물은 0.004g/100g, 3단 발효물은 0.093g/100g으로 나타나는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 질소 함량을 측정한 결 과 아미노태질소 함량은 2단 발효물이 1226.37mg%로 높았고, 3단 발효물에서 710.18mg%로 다소 감소 하였으며, 암모니아태질소 함량은 1단 발효물 0.988mg/kg에서 3단 발효물 1.502mg/kg로 증가되었다. 총질소 함량은 1단 발효물 2.78%와 2단 발효물 4.08% 그리고 3단 발효물 4.85%로 증가되었다. 3가지 미생물로 연속적인 발효가 진행될수록 피트산은 감소하고 단백질 분해율이 높아지는 경향이 나타났고 3 단 발효에 의해 저분자 질소성분 함량이 증가한 것으로 미루어 소화 흡수성이 높은 사료화가 진행됨을 추측할 수 있다.

식품에서 대장균군을 효율적으로 분리하기 위해 대장균군 선택배지 5종: Chromocult Chromocult coliform agar (Merck), Hicrome coliform agar (Sigma), CHROMagar ECC, Brilliance E.coli/coliform medium (OXOID), endo agar (Merck)을 선별하여 식품 분리 대장균군 83종 및 표준균주 21종에 대해서 민감도와 특이도를 분석한 결과 Chromocult coliform agar와 HICrome coliform agar에서 94%도 민감도가 가장 높았으며, Brilliance E.coli/coliform medium는 93%, CHROMagar ECC는 92%, ENDO agar는 74%의 민감도를 나타냈다. Chromocult coliform agar와 HICrome coliform agar는 대장균군의 회수율도 높았다. 그러므로 Chromocult coliform agar와 HICrome coliform agar는 대장균군을 분리하는데 가장 효율적인 배지로 생각된다.

본 연구는 어린이 기호식품에 대한 초등학생들의 인식과 섭취 실태/행동을 알아보고, 또 성별 및 학년과의 연관성을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 일개 도시의 13개 초등학교 주변에서 무작위 추출된 초등학생 306명(남 188명, 여 118명)에 대하여 직접면담법에 의한 설문조사를 수행하였다. 전체적으로 20% 이상의 학생이 어린이 기호식품에 대한 지식이 없었으며 또 어린이 기호식품에 대한 정보원이 없었다. 또한 60% 이상의 학생이 1주일에 1~2회 이상 학교주변 어린이 기호식품 판매업소를 이용하는 것으로 나타났다. 어린이 기호식품에 대한 정보 습득 경로로는 학교가 37%로 가장 많고, 다음으로 가정 16%이었다. 어린이 기호식품에 대한 의식 및 행동을 나타내는 요인들 중에서 지식과 정보 습득 경로는 성별과 유의한 연관성이 있었다(p < 0.05). 또 지식, 정보 습득 경로, 태도, 섭취 이유에 있어 학년과 유의한 연관성이 있었다(p < 0.05). 남자 어린이가 여자 어린이보다 지식 수준은 높았으나(p < 0.05), 태도는 낮고 또 섭취 빈도가 높았다. 학년이 높을수록 어린이 기호식품에 대한 지식과 태도 수준이 높아지고 다양한 정보 습득 경로를 가졌으나(p < 0.05), 또한 섭취 빈도가 높았다. 이러한 결과는 조사대상자의 지식과 태도/행동의 불일치를 나타낸다. 그러므로 학생들의 주요 정보 습득 경로인 학교급식 프로그램과 학교 및 가정에서의 식품위생/안전교육이 더욱 향상되어야 함을 나타낸다. 더불어 학교주변에서 불량식품에 대한 규제도 강화되어야 할 것이다.

본 연구에서는 최대한 인삼의 외형을 원형삼 형태의 홍삼 과 유사하게 유지하면서도 기능성은 증진시킬 수 있는 신속 한 고온고압 처리 공정을 확립하기 위하여 다양한 고온고압 처리공정 조건에 따른 이화학적 성분 특성 및 항산화 활성 변화를 살펴보았다. 산성다당체 및 홍삼 특유의 진세노사이 드 Rh1, Rg2, Rg3의 함량은 140℃, 3 kg/cm2의 고온고압 처리 조건에서 가장 높은 반면, 총 페놀 화합물 및 말톨 함량은 156℃, 5 kg/cm2의 고온고압 처리조건에서 가장 높았다. 그러 나 홍삼의 증자 처리 시 156℃, 5 kg/cm2의 처리조건에서는 시 료가 터지거나 외형의 변형이 심하기 때문에 140℃, 3 kg/cm2를 최적 온도 및 압력으로 설정하였다. 한편, 증자 시간이 증 가함에 따라 총 페놀 화합물, 말톨 및 흑삼특이 진세노사이드 함량은 지속적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으나, 20분간 처리한 군의 외형이 기존의 홍삼과 가장 유사한 외관을 나타 냈으므로, 140℃, 3 kg/cm2에서 20분 동안 증자 처리하는 것 을 본 실험의 최적 조건으로 설정하였다. 최종적으로 이러한 최적조건을 통해 제조된 홍삼의 항산화 효능을 분석한 결과, 시중에서 판매되는 백삼, 홍삼 및 흑삼과 비교하여 높은 항산 화 성분 및 항산화 활성을 나타냈다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 확립된 고온고압 처리를 통한 신규홍삼 제조기술은 그 형태 가 기존의 홍삼 제품과 유사하면서도 공정이 신속하고, 품질 은 흑삼과 비슷한 고기능성 신규 인삼제품 개발 시 응용 가능 한 공정으로 사료된다.

Macrophages play a pivotal role in the innate and adaptive immune systems. This study investigated the immuno-modulatory activities of polysaccharides separated from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZPS) in macrophages. Polysaccharides from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum were extracted by the ethanol precipitation method. RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cell line was treated with CZPS (4 to 128 μg/mL), and there was no cytotoxicity at a dose below 32 μg/mL. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β) production in the CZPS treated group (32 μg/mL) were 6.5±0.12 μM (NO), 1252.8±79.85 (TNF-α), 305.4±29.41 (IL-6), and 683.3±59.71 (IL-1β), respectively, and they were significantly increased when compared to the control group; 2.2±0.03 μM (NO), 452.3±38.34 (TNF-α), 31.7±5.75 (IL-6), and 184.1±11.52 (IL-1β). Additionally, protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and phosphorylation of MAPKs and NF-κB expression were significantly increased upon CZPS treatment. Therefore, these results indicated that polysaccharides separated from Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum (CZPS) may have a potential immunomodulatory activity in macrophages through MAPKs and NF-κB signaling, and this information is useful for the development of immune enhancing adjuvant materials using a natural ingredient.

This study was conducted to investigate the awareness and preference regarding Korean Samgyetang by the Chinese. An online survey was conducted to determine the awareness regarding Korean Samgyetang among the local Chinese, and a consumer preference test was performed to design the recipe of Samgyetang for Chinese students in Korea during April 2016. The results of the online survey showed that 88.2 % and 88.4 % of local Chinese men and women, respectively, were aware of Korean Samgyetang. Samgyetang recognition by the local residents of China was the highest in the Hubei region that includes Beijing. Traditional Samgyetang received the highest preference and Samgyetang with mung bean received the lowest preference in the preference test based on the Samgyetang type. In consumer preference tests among Chinese students, Samgyetang with broth of chicken feet (Sample-1) and Samgyetang with medicinal herbs (Sample-3) showed high acceptability than Samgyetang in water (Sample-2) in terms of the overall sensory properties. According to the results of the electronic tongue, Sample-1 showed a high value in terms of the strength of the saltiness and Sample-3 showed a high value in terms of the strength of bitterness and sweetness. Sample-2 showed a high value in terms of the strength of umami and sourness.

In this study, we determined the effect of the mulberry leaf powder on blood lipid metabolism and liver function improvement of mice fed a high fat diet. The mulberry leaf showed a moisture content of 10.74±0.56%, ash 9.67±0.56%, crude protein 25.24±1.02%, and crude fat 2.66±0.08%. In the group with high fat diet supplemented with mulberry leaf powder, serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol) and total cholesterol levels were significantly lower (p<0.05); also, serum phospholipid and aspartate amino transferase (AST) levels were significantly lower (p<0.05). Serum insulin and leptin levels were high in mice fed a high fat diet; however, addition of mulberry leaf powder 10% in the diet had no significant effect on blood insulin and leptin control. The results of the study suggested that various plant sterols in mulberry leaf improve lipid metabolism and liver function in ICR-mice.

This study aims to investigate the satisfactions with school food service for elementary and middle school parents. We surveyed parents about their concerns regarding food materials, the perception of free school food service, improvement of free school food service and satisfaction with the quality of school food service. The regions were classified into two categories according to the operation of a school food service center. The respondents with greater concern and cooperative purchase of food materials had higher satisfaction with the quality of school food service. It is interesting to note that school food service centers managed directly by the local government had higher satisfaction than those operated by private enterprises with respect to the quality of the school food service. The results of this study can contribute to the establishment of school food service and school food service center policies in the future.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations between HbA1c level and health risk factor. For analysis, 330 elderly women aged 65 years and over were recruited in Jeonla province, Korea. The subjects were classified into two groups according to their HbA1c level; the diabetic group (HbA1c level≥6.5%, n=68, 20.6%) and control group (HbA1c level< 6.5%, n=262, 79.4%). Demographic characteristics were collected, as well as information on physical measurements, blood tests for biochemical indicators, a health status and health-related life style, dietary behavior, favorite food groups, consumption frequency of food groups and nutrient intake. Educational level of the diabetic group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The height of the diabetic group was shorter, and percentage fat of the diabetic group was higher than those of the control group. In the diabetic group, the higher concentrations of creatinine and activity of alkaline phosphatase were found to be significantly unfavorable factors. Therefore, the diabetic group was assumed to be at risk of decreased liver and renal function. The self-rated health level of the diabetic group has a declining tendency, while the medicine intake was significantly higher than that of the control group, but there are no significant differences in visiting frequency of hospital and community health center. The distribution of physical activity showed a significant difference between the groups. Although there are no significant differences in nutrient intake, the diabetic group had relatively inferior nutrient intake of diet, especially vitamin C, as contrasted with the control group. In conclusion, the weight control and increasing physical activity may be effective in the prevention of the diabetes and continuous education and intervention by specialized nutritionists will be needed for diabetic patients. These results could be useful to plan effective strategies to increase the health-life expectancy and the prevention of the diabetes of Korean elderly people living in rural areas.

The purpose of this experiment was designed to investigate the effects of medicinal herbs (MH) extracts on dementia induced by trimethyltin chloride (TMT) in rats. Six-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups; normal group (group 1), control group (group 2), MH extracts group (250, 500 mg/kg) (group 3, group 4) and positive control group (tacrine group, group 5). In the control group to induce dementia, a 2.5 mg/kg of TMT intraperitoneal injection was used for 14 days (1 per day) in the rats. In the MH extracts group 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of MH extracts were medicated in an oral inoculation for 20 days (1 per day). After 30 minutes, a 2.5 mg/kg of TMT intraperitoneal injection, which causes dementia, was used for 14 days (1 per day). In the positive control group (Tacrine group) 10 mg/kg of Tacrine, the dementia treatment, was medicated in an oral inoculation. After 30 mintues, 1 mg/kg of TMT intraperitoneal injection, which causes dementia, was used for 14 days (1 per day). The present author observed the passive avoidance performance test, and memory ability test (Y maze test), the values of MDA, acetlycholinesterase (AchE) activity in the brain and antioxidant enzyme in serum. MH extracts significantly improved memory of AD model rats in the Y-maze test, and also significantly improved memory of AD model rats in the passive avoidance test. MH extracts significantly reduced AChE activity, and significantly increased the SOD level, but not catalase and MDA. From the results above, MH extracts is thought to be effective in the improvement of antioxidant enzymes and memory ability.

The present study investigated the effects of processing parameters such as time (10, 20, 30, 40 min), pressure (25, 50, 75, 100 MPa), and the salinity of brine (0~10%(w/v)) on jacopever (Sebastes schlegeli Hilgendorf) in order to establish optimization of the three factors using a high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) machine. To do so, it analyzed the quality characteristics of volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), trimethylamine (TMA), total bacterial counts, dynamic viscoelasticities, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) properties. First, when the time increased to 40 mins, by 10 min intervals, the total bacterial counts in HHP groups under 25℃, 100 MPa, and 4%(w/v) brine were significantly decreased except for the first 10 min in comparison to the control group. In regards to DSC properties, the onset temperature (TO) of the first endothermal curve was significantly reduced. Second, when the pressure level increased up to 100 MPa by 25 MPa increments, the total bacterial counts in the HHP samples significantly decreased for 20 min at 50 MPa or higher. As the pressure increased, G′, G″ and the slope of tan δ decreased (except for 50 MPa). Third, in regards to the salinities of brine, when the HHP processing was treated at 100 MPa, 25℃ for 20 min, the total bacterial counts of all the HHP groups significantly decreased in comparison to those of the control group. A significant difference was found in the enthalpy of the second endothermic curve in the 6~10%(w/v) (except 7%(w/v)) HHP groups. Therefore, the salinity of the immersion water under the HHP condition was appropriate when it was lower than 6%(w/v). The present study demonstrated that the optimum parameter condition according to/under the condition of the microbial inhibition and economic effects using an HHP would be the reaction time for 20 min, reaction pressure at 100 MPa, and the salinity of 4%(w/v) brine.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the dietary life status according to smart device use among university students. In 2015, data was collected during a 3 month survey of the eating behaviors, lifestyles, eating habits, and use of smart devices of 550 university students, as well as their dependency on smartphones. Ultimately, 520 subjects (94.5% analysis rate) were divided into three groups based on their daily use time of smart device: low-use group (<4.7 hours, n=173), medium-use group (≥4.7 hours and <6.4 hours, n=174), and high-use group (≥6.4 hours, n=173). The more frequent use groups showed a higher level of dependency on the smartphone. Breakfast was found to be the most commonly skipped meal; and the high-use group showed a higher response of irregular meals than low-use group. In assessment of eating habits, the subjects with less smart device usage ate more regularly and at fixed times, did not overeat, drank milk everyday, and did not consume processed food as often. To sum up, more irregularity of meal and undesirable eating habits were found among university students with higher use of smart devices. These results suggest that a control of smart device usage would lead to a more desirable dietary life in university students.

The objective of this study is to investigate the perception and satisfaction of elementary and middle school students on free school food service. We surveyed education related to school food service, concerns about food ingredients, perceptions of free school food service and satisfaction for the quality of the school food service. The investigation is classified into two groups, schools that operate as a food service center or those that do not. Those who are provided food ingredients by school food service centers are educated about the agricultural products’ country-of-origin and their environmentfriendly food service. The more individuals are educated of the foods’ county-of-origin and environment-friendly food service the more they will have a higher concern of the food materials and subsequently a higher satisfaction for the quality of school food service. School food service centers managed directly by the local government would probably receive higher satisfaction than those consigned to a private sector. The results of this study will be meaningful to establish policies on school food service and school food service centers.

This study analyzed the antioxidant properties of Equisetum arvense and its effects on serum factor levels in mice fed a high-fat diet. The aim was to establish a new effective resource for biologically active materials. E. arvense stem and root extracts were obtained using deionized water at 95℃, and 70.5% ethanol at 85℃. These extracts were used to analyze the total phenolic compounds and antioxidant (ABTS, DDPH, and FRAP) activities. The effects of prepared ground samples were evaluated by feeding them to mice. E. arvense extracts showed strong antioxidant effects. The caffeic acid content was highest in the 70.5% ethanol extract of the vegetative stem, as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The blood concentrations of insulin and leptin were significantly lower in mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with extracts of the root, reproductive stem, and vegetative stem of E. arvense than in mice fed only a high-fat diet. These results suggest that the polyphenolic compounds in E. arvense extracts exert various antioxidant effects. The stems and root of E. arvense can lower the blood levels of insulin and leptin, even after consumption of a high-fat diet.