북미원산의 돼지풀잎벌레가 국내에서 처음 발견된 것은 2000년 대구 달성 화원 유원지에서이다. 본격적인 조사가 수행된 2001년 이미 전국적 규모로 퍼져있음이 확인된 바 있다. 돼지풀잎벌레는 북미뿐 아니라 세계적으로 Ambrosia, Artemisia, Helenium, Helianthus, Coreopsis, Hymenoclea, Iva, Parthenium, Ratibida, Xanthium, Franseria, Hemizonia 등 국화과 12속의 10여 종 이상을 식초로 이용하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 동아시아지역으로 유입된 돼지풀잎벌레는 일본에서 돼지풀, 단풍잎돼지풀, 도꼬마리, 및 큰도꼬리를 섭식하였고, 대만에서는 돼지풀에서만 관찰되었다. 반면에 우리나라에서는 돼지풀, 단풍잎돼지풀, 둥근잎돼지풀까지 식초로 이용되고 있음이 확인된 바 있다. 하지만, 최근의 야외조사에서 돼지풀잎벌레가 새로운 숙주로 먹이 범위를 넓히고 있음이 확인되어 그 결과를 보고하고자 한다. 그중 하나는 이미 일본의 경우와 같이 큰도꼬마리(Xanthium canadense)였고, 다른 하나는 원추천인국(Rudbeckia bicolor)이었다. 이 두 식물 모두 북미가 원산지이나, 원추천인국의 경우는 아직까지 이 종의 숙주로서 보고되지 않던 식물이다. 특히 원추천인국를 포함한 루드베키아로 불리는 천인국계열은 관상용으로 1959년에 처음 도입되어 전국의 도로변에 조경용 녹화재로 식재되고 있다. 따라서 돼지풀잎벌레를 돼지풀과 단풍잎돼지풀의 생물학적 방제인자로만 다루던 관점에 수정이 불가피할 것으로 보인다. 아울러 새롭게 유입된 돼지풀잎벌레의 유사종이 있는지 역시 추후 확인되어야 할 문제로 판단되었다.
국내 분포하는 오색나비류(Apatura spp.)는 모두 3종으로 오색나비(A. ilia), 황오색나비(A. metis), 번개오색나비(A. iris)가 있다. 이들 중 번개오색나비는 독특한 형질로 구별이 쉬우나, 오색나비와 황오색나비는 매우 유사하여 전문가에게도 혼동을 주는 종들이다. 지리적 출현 양상으로 황오색나비는 도서지역을 뺀 전국에 분포하는 반면, 오색나비는 강원도 백두대간 일부 산지에서만 드물게 발견되고, 이러한 서식처는 황오색나비와 동소적이기도 하다. 따라서 상기의 형태적 동질성 및 생태학적 특성은 오색나비와 황오색나비가 서로 독립종인지 아니면 동일종인지에 대한 의문으로 오랫동안 국내외 나비연구가가 관심을 가져온 분류학적 문제였다. 이에 DNA 바코드 영역을 이용한 분자분류 분석으로 한국산 오색나비 3종의 분화 가능성을 판단하고자 실시하였다. 그 결과, 종내 유전적 분화율은 오색나비는 0.0%~0.6%, 황오색나비는 0.0%~0.5%, 번개오색나비는 0.0%~0.2%를 나타내어 종내 개체군들의 유전적 안정성은 번개오색나비가 상대적으로 높았다. 종간 유전적 변이 폭은 오색나비와 황오색나비 간에는 0.0%~0.8%로 낮은 반면, 번개오색나비는 7.6%~8.3%로 매우 높았다. 결론적으로, 단일 분자마커를 이용한 결과로만 볼 때, 한국산 오색나비 3종 중 번개오색나비는 형태 및 유전적으로 독립된 종임을 재확인했으며, 오색나비와 황오색나비는 지역 및 개체군별로 뚜렷이 구별 지을 수 있는 유전적 연관성이 결여되어 독립종보다는 동일종일 가능성이 커 보였다. 하지만, 추가적인 DNA 마커를 이용한 증거가 확보된 후에 독립성 여부를 확정하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다.
Five genera and 7 species of sciarid flies were collected in shiitake mushroom farm from 2007 to 2009. Among them, Lycoriella ingenua was dominant as a possible pest of the shiitake mushroom cultivated in plastic bottles. Other six species are reported for the first time in Korea.
본 연구는 잣나무 조림지의 현지조사를 통해 산림생태와 숲가꾸기 지역에서 발생하는 딱정벌레류를 조사함으로써 딱정벌레류의 분포 및 우점종을 분석하여 잣나무 조림지내 숲가꾸기 지역의 딱정벌레류의 분포현황을 파악하기 위해 시행되었다. 조사 시기는 2008년 7월부터 10월, 2009년 4월부터 8월까지 9개월에 걸쳐 조사하였으며, 조사방법은 malaise trap을 세 곳을 설치하고 1-2주 간격으로 수거하였다. Malaise trap을 중심으로 5m 간격으로 pit fall trap을 15개 설치하였으며 48시간 후 수거 하였다. 또한 수거당일에는 sweeping과 direct collection을 실시하였다. Light trap은 비교적 딱정벌레류가 많이 나타나는 7월과 8월에 3회 실시하였다.
채집된 딱정벌레목 35과 213종이 채집되었으며, 잎벌레과의 Sphenoraia intermedia Jacoby, 개미붙이과의 Tenerus lewisi Lohde, 긴썩덩벌레과의 Holostrophus orientalis Lewis, Orchesia elegantula Lewis, Aderidae과의 Phytobaenus amabilis Sahlberg등 총 4개과에서 5종의 한국미기록종이 동정확인되었다.
또한 조사 결과를 살펴보면, 딱정벌레목 중에서 나무좀과가 86.5%로 가장 많은 개체수가 채집되었고, 비교적 다양한 종이 채집된 과는 하늘소과로 총 50종이 채집되었다. 우점도 지수를 보면 0.81로써 특정종의 우점도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그 이유는 나무좀과에 왕녹나무좀이 2008년에는 거의 나타나지 않았지만 2009년에 갑자기 많이 개체수가 채집되어 종다양도는 0.45로 낮은 편으로 나타났고, 왕녹나무좀을 제외한 나머지 분류군을 보면 최대종다양성 지수는 2.31로 비교적 다양한 딱정벌레류가 서식하는 것으로 나타났다. 종구성의 균일한 정도를 나타내는 균재성은 0.19로 낮게 나타났다. 이 또한 나무좀과의 왕녹나무좀에 개체수가 워낙 많이 채집되었기 때문으로 판단된다.
The genus Synanthedon Hübner, 1819 belong to family Sesiidae described about 51 species in the Palearctic region (Špatenka et al., 1999). Genus Synanthedon characterized by following characters (Špatenka et al., 1999): Antenna occasionally with a white apical spot; labial palpus smooth or weakly tufted; transparent areas of forewing (ATA, PTA, ETA) usually present; hindwing transparent; abdomen with large anal tuft in male. Matsumura (1931a, b) reported two species of the genus for the first time from Korea, they are mainly studied by Inoue et al. (1982), Park et al. (1983), Park (1986), and Arita et al. (2004). Presently, genus Synantedon have included the following eight species in Korea (Arita et al., 2004): S. bicingluata (Staudinger, 1887), S. ulmicola Yang & Wang, 1989, S. haitangvora Yang, 1977, S. unocingulata Bartel, 1912, S. velox (Fixsen, 1887), S. tenuis (Butler, 1878), S. martjanovi Sheljuzhko, 1919, and S. quercus (Matsumura, 1911).
In this study, four new species belonging to the genus are described based on morphological characters.
캄보디아는 동양구에 위치한 국가로 북동쪽으로 라오스, 동쪽과 남동쪽으로 베트남, 북쪽과 서쪽으로 태국과 접하고 있다. 육지면적(181,035k㎢)의 3/4은 중부의 넓은 평야들과 남쪽으로 국토의 동부를 가로질러 흐르는 메콩강이 큰 비중을 차지한다. 기후는 건기와 우기로 나누어지는 전형적인 열대몬순기후이다. 캄보디아는 독립(1945년) 때까지 간헐적인 생물상 조사가 이루어졌으나, 이후 내전이 발발하여 약 45년 동안 생물다양성 연구가 거의 진행되지 못하였다. 현재 국제적인 NGO단체들이 보호구역을 중심으로 연구를 진행하고 있으나, 여전히 많은 지역의 생물다양성 조사가 미흡하다. 또한 곤충 다양성연구는 더더욱 미비하여, 신종 및 미기록종의 발견이 기대된다.
본 연구는 2009년 7월 2일 ~ 10일까지 캄보디아 동부지역인 Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area(N: 12˚ 08' 20.8'' E: 106˚ 55' 2.7'')에서 Pitfall trap, Light trap 등 다양한 방법을 이용하여 곤충상을 조사한 결과, 나비목은 총 120종을 채집하였으며, 그 중에서 90종이 미기록종으로 밝혀졌다.
A new species of Adoxophyes unique from other closely resembling species was discovered based on molecular characters. Larvae of this species were collected from sweet cherry (Prunus avium) imported from China and intercepted under plant quarantine inspection at Korean sea and airport in 2008. They were reared to adult in the laboratory for accurate identification. We also collected two specimens from China for this study. In addition, we conducted a comparative study of three related Korean species (A. orana, A. honmai, and A. paraorana (= orana-like)) to confirm the identity of new species.
We compared DNA barcoding sequences (~658 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from 13 specimens of four Adoxophyes species. We also compared variable internal transcribed space region 1 (ITS 1) nuclear rDNA sequence for further identification. As a result of this study, we confirmed the identity of Adoxophyes a new species. We also provided pairwise p-distances among the species and their neighbor-joining tree.
각 나라에 서식하고 있는 자생생물은 국가 생물권의 기반으로서, 최근에는 환경뿐만 아니라 자원으로서 경제적 측면에서도 국가의 번영과 깊은 관계를 갖고 있다. 국제 규범상 자국의 생물종에 대한 권리주장을 하기 위해서는 상세한 분류학적 조사를 실시하여 생물종 내역을 파악하고, 관련 확증 표본을 확보ㆍ관리하는 것이 필수이다. 확증표본(voucher specimens)이란 특정 지역에서 채집되어 표본으로 제작ㆍ보존된 후에, 그 지역 생물종의 서식 증거로 이용되는 표본을 말한다. 한국 분포 곤충 종 목록은 응용곤충학회와 곤충학회에서 1994년에 곤충명집을 발간하면서 30목 10,991종으로 정리하였고, 이 후 1996년에 환경부에서 “국내 생물종 문헌조사 연구”에서 11,853종을 정리한 것이 종합적인 자료이다. 국립생물자원관에서는 국가생물주권의 확립을 위해 2008년부터 국가 생물자원 인벤토리 사업을 시작하였고, 이것의 하나로 확증표본 연구사업을 통해 국내에 분포하는 곤충 종의 확증표본현황을 조사하였다. 2008년에 국립생물자원관, 국립중앙과학관, 농촌진흥청, 서울대, 성신여대, 국립식물검역원, 연세대(원주), 영남대, 인천대, 충남대, 한남대, 함평곤충연구소에서 소장표본을 조사한 결과, 분류군별로 총 2,470종의 확증표본을 확인하였고, 기획채집을 통해 230종의 확증표본을 확보하였다. 조사된 종들의 확증표본은 분류 및 채집정보, 화상정보를 바탕으로 국가생물자원관리시스템(http://222.100.200.140/nibrms/download.html)에 확증표본분야를 만들어 DB시스템으로 구축하였다. 미 조사된 종들은 연차별로 확증표본 자료를 조사하여 2017년까지 국가 곤충 종 확증표본시스템을 완비할 계획이다.
EMS(ethyl methansulphonate)는 alkylalting 물질에 속하는 화학적 돌연변이원으로 초파리, 꼬마선충, 애기장대, 모기 등 다양한 개체에 single-site mutation을 일으키는 것으로 잘 알려져 있다. 또한 자외선은 곤충이 자외선에 노출됐을 때 치사율이 낮고, 노출량을 쉽고 정확하게 측정할 수 있어 돌연변이유발에 빈번하게 사용된다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 색상패턴을 나타내는 무당벌레의 알과 번데기에 EMS와 자외선이 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해, 0.1%, 1% 농도의 EMS를 처리하였고, 장파선 자외선인 UV-A(360nm)에 각각 1시간, 12시간 동안 노출시킨 후, 이들의 발육기간, 성비, 색상패턴의 발현비율 등을 조사하였다. 그 결과, 각 농도의 EMS와 UV-A를 알에 처리했을 때, 발육기간은 무처리구와 비교했을 때 큰 차이는 없었으나, 성비의 경우에 있어서는 EMS(무처리는 39.3:60.7, 0.1%처리는 52.9:47.1)와 UV-A(무처리는 39.7:60.3, 0.1%처리는 66.5:33.4) 처리구에서 암컷의 비율이 감소해 성비의 불균형이 확인되었다. 또한 EMS와 UV-A를 처리한 번데기의 우화율은 무처리구와 비교했을 때 큰 차이가 없었으나, 우화한 성충의 성비를 조사했을 경우에는 EMS를 처리했을 때 암컷의 비율이 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 유충시기의 다리와 우화한 성충에서 기형 개체를 확인할 수 있어 EMS와 UV-A가 무당벌레에 돌연변이원으로 작용함을 확인할 수 있었다.
Olfactory sense is an essential modality for insects to locate hosts, mates, oviposition sites, and food resources in nature. Based on many studies so far, insect olfactory systems in periphery as well as central nervous systems seem to be highly plastic with behavioral and physiological changes associated with learning and memory, sensory processes, and other developmental processes. Eventually, it is also evident that these plasticity and processes in olfactory systems are modulated by a various ensemble or sets of neuropeptides. The olfactory reception in the peripheral systems of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, associated with learning behaviors, is fluctuated by the circadian rhythm, which is subsequently thought to control the titer of hormones and various neuropeptides concomitantly. However, it remains still elusive how neuropeptides and neuroendocrine systems modulate olfactory system in the peripheral systems in cockroaches as well as any other insects. Here, our aims to characterize the ultrastructure of these neuro-endocrine systems in the peripheral olfactory systems in American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Using in situ hybridization methods, we found out that tachykinin and its receptors seem to be important neurotransmission machineries in the periphery to convey the arousal signals from the insect brain. Our findings also indicate complicated endocrine systems connected with central nervous systems may modulate the olfactory reception in the periphery.
This study was performed to investigate the correlation between changes of feeding behavior of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae and residual effect of an insecticide, Pyrifluzuinazon, using EPG technique. Pyrifluquinazon was showed the insecticidal activity until three days (72h) after treatment, and the activity was high in nymph than adult of GPA. There was no difference among treatment methods. Lethal sign was observed the slimed the abdomen of GPA after 3 days that rises the insecticidal activity, and dieㅇ as being sticked and/or pulled out the needle. Residual efficacy from 1, 3, 5, 7 to 20 days after treatment, insecticidal activity was showed 70% in 50 ppm, recommended concentration, until 5 days. And waveforms relating to non-probe time and phloem phase time using EPA, feeding inhibition efficacy was showed during 5 days after treatment, but showed similar level with control after 13 days. These results show that the change of feeding behavior of GPA is correlated with the change of residual effect of pyrifluzuinazon.
This study was performed to compare the host preference, survivorship and feeding behavior using EPG against ggot-mae-mi, Lycorma delicatula against seven plants such as Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera, Malus pumila, Pyrus calleryana, Hibiscus syriacus, and Pinus densiflora. In host preference. L. delicatula was most preferred the Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera and was not preferred the other plants. Survival rate of 3rd Nymph was recorded from Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera as 15.0, and 15.4 days, respectively, it showed longest period. However, Malus pumila, Pyrus calleryana, Hibiscus syriacus, were survived within 6 days and Pinus densiflora was within 5 days. Moreover, L. delicatula was survived within 2 days to the three kinds of fruits. Ecdysis rate from 3rd to 4th nymph also high from Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera as 63.3, 63.0 % and the order was followed as Malus pumila(17.7%) > Pyrus calleryana(9.3%) > Hibiscus syriacus(7.8%) > Pinus densiflora(5.9%). Especially, ecdysis rate was recorded 0% to the three kinds of fruits. Feeding behavior was analyzed using EPG and compared the differences their waveform from seven kinds of plants and three kinds of fruits. Non-probing time was short in host plants, reversely, Phloem-feeding time was recorded longer in Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera as 45.7 and 13.7 min, respectively. And other plants and fruits were not showed feeding behavior.
This study was performed to analyze the sugar contents from six kinds of plant and investigate their effect on the life span of ggot-mae-mi, Lycorma delicatula. Part of plants were methanol extracted from host plants such as Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera and non-host plants such as Malus pumila, Pyrus calleryana, Hibiscus syriacus, and Pinus densiflora, and concentrated the water layer and then analyzed the sugar contents using HPLC. Ailanthus altissima existed high in sugar contents and followed by Fructose>Glucose, Vitis vinifera was analyzed by an order of Glucose>Fructose>Maltose>Sucrose>Rhamnose; Malus pumila was as Glucose>Fructose; Pyrus calleryana was as Glucose>Unknown>Fructose; Hibiscus syriacus was as Sucrose>Glucose; Pinus densiflora was as Fructose>Glucose>Sucrose. A parafilm bioassay was used to investigate the longevity of L. delicatula nymphs to the sugar contents. Nymphs of L. delicatula was lived as long as 13.1 days in 5% Sucrose solution, but lived as short as 6.0 days in 5% Glucose solution. When provided with only water, L. delicatula lived for 5.4 days. Life span to the each sugar contents were longer lived in an order of Sucrose>Fructose>Rhamnose>Maltose>Glucose. As investigated the life span of L. delicatula nymph according to the combination of sugar contents founded in original plants were lived longer in 5% sugar combination solution of Ailanthus altissima. Analyzed original sugar contents from Malus pumila, Pyrus calleryana, L. delicatula was lived as 7.8, and 7.1 days, respectively, comparing to the Hibiscus syriacus, and Pinus densiflora lived as 6.0, and 4.7 days, respectively. This result were judged that sugar contents affected on choosing the host plants.
곤충과 곤충미생물의 공생관계에서 공생미생물은 곤충에 소화, 발육, 생존, 번식 등의 특수한 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 최근에 공생세균이 기주곤충의 생장과 발육에 필수적인 아미노산이나 비타민을 합성하는 것으로 밝혀지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 포식성 곤충이며 진딧물의 생물학적 방제인자로 가장 많이 사용되고 있는 무당벌레(Harmonia axyridis)의 장내에 존재하고 있는 미생물의 분리 및 동정을 통해, 무당벌레 장내미생물의 종류 및 이들 미생물이 무당벌레의 생물학적 특성이나 생태학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자 하였다.
무당벌레 유충과 성충의 소화기관을 채취하고 다양한 배지에서 배양하여 장내 세균의 분리 및 동정한 결과 Arthrobacter속 외 33균주가 확인 되었으며, 분리된 균주를 여러 계통의 항생제를 배지에 첨가하여 배양하였다. 그 중 억제효과를 보이는 항생제인 ofloxaxin, penicillin, tetracycline을 선발하여 1,000㎍/1㎖의 농도로 무당벌레의 먹이가 되는 복숭아혹진딧물에 직접 처리하여 사육하면서 번데기 무게, 유충기간, 우화기간, 성충의 산란력, 색상변이 등을 조사 한 결과, ofloxacin 항생제를 처리에 의해 번데기 무게의 감소 및 성충 암컷의 산란수 감소, 유충기간의 지연 등의 현상을 확인할 수 있었으며, 항생제 처리에 의한 장내세균의 부재로 인한 결과인지를 추후 확인해야 할 것으로 생각된다.
To identify DNA markers linked to a elytra polymorphism, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was performed on DNA samples from four each colour pattern individuals (2 females and males), for example, succinea 1, succinea 2, conspicua, and spectabilis. As a result of performing AFLP analysis with the restriction endonuclease combination EcoRⅠ and Mse I, total of 2,269 AFLP fragments which were specific to succinea, conspicua and spectabilis was identified using 24 different AFLP primer combinations. Among these 2,269 fragments, 16 bands which were the most specific to one color patterns were isolated, cloned and sequenced. Subsequent UPGMA cluster analysis revealed that population of H. axyridis was divided four major group and these genetic tree showed that H. axyridis elytra colour diversity was affected by genetic polymorphism. It is considered that these genetic analyses may be facilitated the understanding of molecular genetic mechanism related with the wing colour pattern formation in this species.
During the last several years, the population of the ussur brown katydid, Paratlanticus ussuriensis has been highly increased at mountain-side orchards in Youngdong province in Korea. Nymphs and adults emerged one time per year from early May to August and cause a serious demage on the crop production. Adults oviposit eggs from July to September under the ground and eggs overwinter at diapause stage. However, the diapause duration P. ussuriensis is known to either one year or prolonged to additional years. The environmental cues, such as temperature, could be a critical to determine the diapause duration but the precise diapause mechanism of P. ussuriensis eggs is unclear. We demonstrated to determine the stage of diapause initiation during embryogenesis. Newly oviposited eggs were incubated for 60 days at two temperature conditions (20℃and 30℃). When the eggs were incubated at 20℃ those weights were not changed, but when they incubated at 30℃ those were increased from 15-days-old. Total RNA contents of eggs incubated at 30℃ were highly increased from the 15-days-old when they compared with those of eggs incubated at 20℃. In addition, total DNA contents of eggs were greatly higher when they incubated at 30℃. Our results suggest that early embryonic development was sensitive to high temperature and it was stimulated at 15-days-old. To determine the temperature response of embryonic development at molecular level we identified heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) gene of P. ussuriensis. Further analysis would conduct the gene expression rate of diapausing eggs on different temperature conditions by using real time RT-PCR technique and determine the molecular characteristics of P. ussuriensis egg diapause.
We investigated the mating age for sexual maturity and sperm quality of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris queens and males. In the mating age of sexual maturity of queen, mating rate was 6.7% at just emergence, 85.0% at 10 days of emergence, and decreased thereafter. In case of mating age of sexual maturity of male, mating rate was 38.3% at just emergence and 62.5% to 75.0% at 7 days to 20 days of emergence. The colony development at aging of B. terrestris queen and male was a similar tendency to the mating age of sexual maturity. In case of multiple mating, B. terrestris male was mated by 4 times, which was 74.3% for one time, 50.0% for two times, 22.9% for three times and 8.6% for four times. The number of spermatozoa was increased as the age of male was older until 25days after emergence. The number of spermatozoa of non-mated males of one day and 3 days after emergence was higher at 1.2 and 1.7 times than that of mated males and 18.9 and 36.6 times than that in spermatheca of mated queen. Our results indicate that period favorable for artificial insemination of B. terrestris was from 6 days after emergence for queen and 7 days after emergence for male.
A cDNA of PBAN receptor (Plx-PBANR) isolated from female pheromone gland of the diamondback moth encodes 338 amino acids and has 7 transmembranes, belonging to G-protein coupled receptor family. The fact that Plx-PBANR expression was only found in female pheromone gland revealed that pheromone gland is the only molecular target of Plx-PBAN. Plx-PBANR expressing cells increased level of Ca2+ influx when challenged with PBANs. When RNAi fragment for PBANR was injected into pupae, suppression of PBANR expression was maintained for at least 2 days at post-emergence. Injection of RNA fragment for inhibition of Plx-PBANR expression also inhibited mating behavior and suppressed sex pheromone production, suggesting that some molecular target was affected by reduced Plx-PBANR expression. We cloned partial Δ9 and Δ11 desaturase gene and investigated expression level in Plx-PBANR-RNAi moth. It is of interest that desaturases expression was reduced by RNA fragment injection. These results suggest of PBANR expression affects the molecular biological events of PBAN and eventually suppresses mating behavior.
Matsumuraeses phaseoli and M. falcana cannot be classified with the external morphological characters. Although differences in the morphology of male genitalia and in the mitochondrial DNA sequence of cytochrome oxidase I between the two species have been found, there is no information that the two species are biologically different species till now. We, therefore in this study, tried to cross the two species to observe postzygotic incompatibility in the next hybrid generations and to know whether the two species are 'biological species' or not. In crossing between the parents, two kinds of F1 hybrids were produced successfully. In inter- and intra-breeding between F1 hybrids, two lines crossed with females of F1 hybrid produced by females of M. phaseoli could not produce F2 adults to show inviability of larvae. The other two lines produced F2 adults successfully and the F2 adults produced F3 larvae in inbreeding. In back-crossing between parents and F1 hybrids, the two lines of 8 breeding lines, in which females of F1 hybrid were produced by females of M. phaseoli, could not produce the next generation of larvae. The other six lines produced F2 adults successfully. The results indicated that maternal factors of F1 hybrid produced by M. phaseoli females contributed to create the incompatibility between the F1 females and other lines. In conclusion, the results showed a postzygotic reproductive isolation between M. phaseoli and M. falcana in part.
Monochamus alternatus and M. saltuarius were reported as the vectors of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, pine wood nematode in Korea. According to Kwon et al. (2006), each of 2 species has occupied their own regional distribution : M. saltuarius in southern part including Jeju island and M. alternatus in mid-northern part of Korean peninsula. We measured the supercooling point (SCP) of 2 species (laboratory-reared populations) by each of developmental stages. The SCPs of 2nd, 3rd and 5th instar larvae of M. saltuarius were -7.68±0.19℃, -7.02±0.69℃, -4.93±1.34℃ each of stages. On the other hand, the SCPs of 3rd, 4th, 5th instar larvae and pupae of M. alternatus. were -4.46±1.12℃, -5.94±1.33℃, -7.83±1.44℃, -9.53±1.78℃ each of stages. The SCPs of M. saltuarius larvae generally was lower than that of M. alternatus. The pupae of M. alternatus and 2nd instar larvae of M. saltuarius had the lowest SCP among measured samples. On the other hand, the highest SCP were recorded in 2nd and 5th instar larvae, each. This result shows that regional distribution of 2 beetles may be associated with the adaptation capacity to low temperature represented by the SCP as well as the developmental temperature. However, beetles experimented were not collected from pine forest fields. In further study, we are planning experiments with field populations and all developmental stages.