This study investigated the effects of pairing based on English proficiency and gender on high school students’ speaking task performance. A total of 16 high school students - 4 female advanced, 4 female intermediate, 4 male advanced, and 4 male intermediate learners - performed two information gap tasks spotting differences between two pictures, once with a same-level learner and once with a different-level learner. Their performance was analyzed in terms of degree of task completion, amount of utterances and fluency. The results showed (a) advanced level learners performed the task more accurately, more fluently, and in higher length when they were paired with advanced level learners than paired with lower level learners, although the differences were not significant; (b) For intermediate level learners, male students demonstrated a better performance when paired with higher level learners, but female students performed better when paired with the same level learners. The findings are discussed with regard to more feasible and more effective ways of grouping for pair work in high school English classes.

Richard Misrach is a landscape photographer who has worked on the subject of the deserts in the American West since 1979. His "Bravo 20" is part of his project titled Desert Cantos. Published in 1990, his collection of photographs "Bravo 20: The Bombing of the American West" includes 28 photos that he took during his 18-month stay at the Nevada Desert that's devastated by the illegal bombing of the U. S. Navy. His photos formed a public opinion and made a contribution to turning the Bravo 20 area illegally occupied by the military into public land. The collision between civilization and nature described in his photos reports the murder of the ecosystem and the continuance of internal colonialism through the case study of the irrational military policies. He adopted a strategy of presenting the nature brutally ruined by the civilization of the military in such beautiful colors. He decided to show the ugly place in a beautiful way because he expected that beauty had the ability to deliver complicated ideas and could bring changes to people's viewpoints of things. This study saw that the photos of "Bravo 20" were characterized by his mourning over the ruined nature. To show his condolences, he metaphorically cited historical events in his photos, which accordingly displayed the characteristics of conventional history paintings. The historical events he cited tell a disturbing history of the past and the present involving wars and conquest of the West. He presented them ambivalently in beautiful colors. In his photos of "Bravo 20," he also maintains that a photographer should grow out of the roles as a free observer and engage in polemic, contextualization, and proposition. While the old war photos are snap shots that captured an event at the moment of happening, his post-apocalyptic landscape that dealt with what's left after a disaster is close to war history paintings and grieves over nature by expressing the fear in ruins through sublime beauty. In addition to mourning, he went on a step farther by suggesting the idea of "Bravo 20 National Park" and attempted the revival and rebirth of nature. Unlike the national parks of the previous generation that are based on the concept of protecting beautiful nature from damage, his national park sets out to recover damaged nature as a new type of environment park. He expected his park to play the roles of a memorial park as well by reminding the military, government, corporations and individuals of how their acts endangered the earth and purging the guilt of mankind through the memory of the complex and disturbing history. But his "Bravo 20 National Park" failed to be materialized as a physical park and even received an evaluation that it's not a political statement but a kind of conceptual art. Although the idea was not put into practice physically, it's reproduced in the form of web, exhibition at galleries, photography collections, and individual prints. Thus it's safe to argue that his national park was put into cultural practices, which gives some significance to it. His perception of the environment displays an ecological world view in earth art and ecological art. While the earth artists left their artistic products in photographs, he, on the contrary, visualized the landscape that he chose following his own will. The study offered an opportunity to illuminate Misrach as an environmental artist who aggressively presented his ecological perceptions of the environment through the medium of photography instead of limiting him within the scope of a photographer. It's also revealed that he went on further from the one-dimensional political landscape and added the multiple implications of hoping for rebirth to the landscape photos of "Bravo 20" through his mourning over the contaminated landscape. And in his "Bravo 20," he expressed his determination as an artist to present the dark history of illegal occupation of the American West in beautiful colors and turn the place of despair into a national park of hopes.

The two purposes of this study were to understand service encounters in Korean restaurants by foreigners living in Korea and to examine the effect of service encounters on the customer's emotion feelings, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intention. Based on the reactions of a total of 614 foreigners obtained by empirical research, this study reviews the reliability and fitness of the research model, and verifies a total of 4 hypotheses using the Amos program. The hypothesized relationships in the model were tested simultaneously using a structural equation model (SEM). The proposed model provided an adequate fit to the data: χ2 683.466 (df=216), CMIN/df 3.164, RMR 0.095, GFI 0.911, AGFI 0.886, NFI 0.933, CFI 0.953, and RMSEA 0.059. As a result of empirical analysis, the physical environment, interactions with employees, and interactions with other customers were quantified as service encounter factors in Korean restaurants. These factors were indicated to have an influence on customer's emotion feelings. Also, customer's emotion feelings had a positive influence on customer satisfaction and behavioral intent. Limitations and future research are also discussed.

본 연구는 사회화의 초기 단계인 유아의 정치의식에 대해 살펴보고 유아에게 영향을 주는 요인을 알아봄으로써 민주시민으로서의 기본 교육과 유아의 발달 수준에 알맞은 정치교육 프로그램 개발과 부모교육 프로그램의 기초 자료를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 정치의식은 정치사회화의 과정을 통해 형성되어지며 유아기에 기본적인 정치적인 개념들을 습득한다. 유아기에 이미 권력의 근본적인 의미, 규칙의 의미, 정치 사회화를 시작하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 권력으로서의 힘을 알고 또래들과 상호작용하면서 리더인 ‘대장’을 뽑기도 한다. 또한 유아들은 자신의 정치적 개념을 자신이 취하는 태도, 자신의 관점 표현, 발생한 사건에 관한 질문, 의사결정 과정 참여시 선택 상황 등을 통해 나타낸다. 정치사회화 과정은 일생을 통해 끊임없이 지속되는 발전적 과정이며 사회화의 초기단계인 유아기의 정치사회화는 이후 성인 생활의 정치 행동과 태도에 영향을 미친다. 정치의식 발달 이론은 정신분석학 이론, 사회학습이론, 인지발달 이론으로 분류되어진다. 정신분석학 이론은 정치 권위자에 대한 선호에 유아 자신의 욕구와 개인적 경험에 의한다는 것을 설명해준다. 사회학습 이론은 유아가 속한 환경 내에서 강화, 모방을 통하여 경험하는 다양한 학습의 결과로 정치사회화가 이루어짐을 보여준다. 인지 발달 이론은 동화되고 조절되는 과정 속에서 유아는 질적으로 다른 정치인지 발달 단계들을 거친다는 것을 알려준다. 정치의식의 형성 즉, 정치 사회화에 영향을 주는 주요 요인은 가정과 유아교육기관으로 들 수 있다. 가정에서 유아는 자기와 부모를 동일시하고, 정치태도에 대한 부모의 견해를 받아들인다. 부모의 사회․정치적 태도 등의 가족요인은 유아가 민주시민으로서 성장하는데 필요한 행동양식을 습득하거나, 참여권을 행사하는데 중요한 작용을 한다. 유아에게 가장 체계적이고 효과적으로 영향을 미칠 수 있는 대표적인 매개체는 유아교육기관이다. 교사는 사회적 대변자로서 성장기에 있는 유아가 어떤 정치성향을 형성하는데 상당한 영향력을 행사할 수 있다. 유아들에게 의미 있는 정치적 주제들의 탐색활동에 관여하는 것은 유아들의 정치적 주체성을 수립하고 보여주는 것을 돕는다.

Myopalladin (MYPN) is an important expression gene associated with regulation of Z-line structure in muscle and maintains sarcomeric integrity. In this study, we investigated the association between MYPN A1795G SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) and carcass traits (LMA, longissimus muscle area; CW, carcass weight; BF, backfat thickness; MS, marbling score) in Korean cattle. The MYPN A1795G SNP was genotyped in 212 steers and analyzed the associations with carcass traits by PCR-RFLP (Restriction fragment length polymorphism) method. The allele frequencies were 0.566 for G allele and 0.434 for A allele. And the genotype frequencies of GG, GA, and AA genotype were 32.1%, 49%, and 18.9%, respectively. Association analysis indicated that the A1795G SNP of MYPN gene showed a significant association with LMA (p<0.05). The steers with GG genotype had higher LMA than those with the genotypes AA. But no significant associations were observed in other carcass traits (CW, BF, MS). The steers with the GG genotype showed higher CW and BF than those with the genotypes AA and GA. These results suggest that the A1795G SNP of the MYPN gene is associated with LMA and may be useful for candidate marker-assisted selection to increase the levels of LMA in Korean cattle.

The effect of the precipitator (NaOH, NH4OH) and the amount of the precipitator (150, 200, 250, 300 ml) on the formation of Fe3(PO4)2, which is the precursor used for cathode material LiFePO4 in Li-ion rechargeable batteries was investigated by the co-precipitation method. A pure precursor of olivine LiFePO4 was successfully prepared with coprecipitation from an aqueous solution containing trivalent iron ions. The acid solution was prepared by mixing 150 ml FeSO4(1M) and 100 ml H3PO4(1M). The concentration of the NaOH and NH4OH solution was 1 M. The reaction temperature (25˚C) and reaction time (30 min) were fixed. Nitrogen gas (500 ml/min) was flowed during the reaction to prevent oxidation of Fe2+. Single phase Fe3(PO4)2 was formed when 150, 200, 250 and 300 ml NaOH solutions were added and 150, 200 ml NH4OH solutions were added. However, Fe3(PO4)2 and NH4FePO4 were formed when 250 and 300 ml NH4OH was added. The morphology of the Fe3(PO4)2 changed according to the pH. Plate-like lenticular shaped Fe3(PO4)2 formed in the acidic solution below pH 5 and plate-like rhombus shaped Fe3(PO4)2 formed around pH 9. For the NH4OH, the pH value after 30 min reaction was higher with the same amount of additions of NaOH and NH4OH. It is believed that the formation mechanism of Fe3(PO4)2 is quite different between NaOH and NH4OH. Further investigation on this mechanism is needed. The prepared samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the pH value was measured by pH-Meter.

Species composition of fishes and the recruitment properties of jack mackerel, Trachurus japonicus, in the waters around the Geumo Islands in the mid-South Sea were investigated by using both sides fyke nets every month from February to December 2010. During study period, a total of 30,503 fishes (1,380.4 kg) were collected and classified into 2 classes, 16 orders, 61 families and 121 species. The dominant species was jack mackerel occupying 80.5% of total individuals and 44.4% of total biomass. The fork length range of jack mackerel was 5.5-26.8 cm and individuals about 6 cm was appeared only in the middle and southern area of the Geumo Islands in May. The new recruitment of jack mackerel appeared from May in the waters around the Geumo Islands is probably caused by the warm water intrusion associated with the development of stratification due to the extinction of seasonal coastal cold waters by the increase of solar radiation heat. Furthermore, the jack mackerels less than 6 cm recruiting in the mid-South Sea in spring were considered as mixed ones by individuals spawned in the East China Sea and in the waters around the Jeju Island considering the collected time, migration period and spawning time of them.

Inkjet printing was successfully done using Cu nano powder ink after these Cu nano powders were dry-coated with 1-octanethiol for oxidation prevention. 1-octanethiol, which is Self-Assembled Multi-layers (SAMs), was coated approximately 10-nm thick on the surface of Cu nano powders. 1-Octanol, which has the same chain length as that for 1-octanethiol, was used as a solvent to make the ink for inkjet printing. As a result, the fabricated ink was dispersed for about 4 weeks, and after printing and heat treatment at for 4 hours, the resistivity for the printed pattern was measured to be .

본 연구는 보육시설 평가인증에 대한 보육 종사자들의 조력인식과 조력을 받은 후 보육종사자 들의 조력만족도는 보육종사자변인간의 차이가 있는지에 대해 알아보고자 하는 목적으로 보육 시설 종사자 450명을 대상으로 설문조사 하였다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 보육시설 평가인증제도 조력에 대한 인식을 조사한 결과 전문가에 의한 객관적 지도를 받을 수 있으므로 조력이 필요하고, 희망하는 조력기관으로는 평가인증사무국과 보육정보센터를 지지하고 있었다. 둘째, 평가인증 조력도움을 원하는 영역으로는 보육환경, 안전, 보육과정, 상호작용 나타났으며. 조력자의 자격은 이론과 현장경험에 일정한 자격을 갖춘자를 원했고 보육시설에 전문조력자 를 직접 지원하는 방식을 지지하고 있었다. 셋째, 조력자의 자질에 대한 만족도는 전체적인 개선사항을 인식하고 파악하는 능력을 가진 자를 가장 선호하였고 , 교사를 존중하고 친밀하며 신뢰적인 관계형성에 대한 부분의 만족도가 높았다. 넷째, 평가인증 영역별 조력 만족도는 보육환경, 운영관리, 상호작용 조력은 집단 교육 및 강의참가에 대한 조력이 많았고 만족도도 높았다.

목적: 융합버전스 훈련이 부분조절내사시 수술 후 폭주과다를 보이는 피검사자의 시력교정에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: Block string, tranaglyphs, aperture ruler 및 저자들이 제작한 융합훈련 프로그램을 이용하여 4주 동안(주 6일, 매회 1시간씩) 강제훈련을 실시하였다. 결과: 내사시는 원거리 6△, 근거리 8△ 감소되었고, 시력은 양안 모두 0.8에서 1.0으로 향상되었다. 결론: 부분조절내사시 수술 후 폭주과다를 보이는 경우 융합버전스 훈련은 양안 시기능개선과 시력교정 에 유용한 방법이다.

국제이해교육은 직접적인 체험과 사람과의 교류를 통해 공감하는 마음을 갖는 지구촌 가족, 나와 세계인이 연결되어 있음을 인식하고 공동의 과제를 함께 해결하면서 더불어살아가고자 노력하는 국제인을 지향하는 교육이다. 최근 세계화와 함께 지구촌의 심리적거리는 매우 좁아지고 있으며 이처럼 변화하는 현실적 요구에 맞추어 초등학교 시기부터국제이해교육의 필요성이 부각되고 있다.본 연구는 서울, 부산, 광주의 초등학생과 교사를 대상으로 한 설문지를 통해 국제이해교육의 실태와 요구를 조사하고 분석하였다. 설문지를 분석한 결과 국제이해교육의 본질에대한 인식보다는 교과교육과정의 내용을 답습하는 형태의 수업이 이루어지고 있었다. 대도시를 중심으로 교사와 학생의 해외 체험의 횟수가 증가하고 있으나 국제이해교육의 태도에대한 측면은 지역별, 교사의 교직경력별, 교사의 해외경험에 따라 큰 차이를 보인다.

해양의 기름유출사고에 대한 경제적, 생태적 손해를 최소화하기 위해서는 유출현장에서의 신 속한 방제조치가 필요하다. 이러한 방제의 신속․정확성을 제고하기 위해선 사고초기 오염의 정도와 오 염범위 확산추세 등에 대한 신속한 자료파악이 매우 중요하다. 이를 위해 항공사진, 현장검증 등 기초데 이터 등을 수집하여 필수적인 근거자료로 활용하여야 하나, 해상오염도라든지 구체적인 현장의 오염현황 을 신속․정확하게 측정․파악하기란 상당히 난해한 일이다. 본 연구는 방제조치에 앞서 정확한 기름오 염 확산 범위, 농도에 대한 정보를 통하여 효과적인 방제전략을 수립하는데 필요한 해양오염사고 현장의 기름농도 모니터링 방법에 대하여 연구하였다. 특히 국내외 현황 및 구체적인 분석기술 조사를 통하여 실시간 수중 기름농도를 측정하기 위한 기술(장비, 프로그램 등)의 도입과 이동편의성, Data logger, 국내 해역 위치정보, 운용프로그램 등 국내 해역에서 효과적으로 이용할 수 있도록 개선하였다.

The present study aimed to verify the effects of DFO on PDL cells, with particular emphasis on focusing on osteoblastic differentiation. Its mechanisms related to heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway were also analyzed. DFO increased the expression of HO-1 and early osteoblastic differentiation markers, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP). DFO upregulated heme oxygenase-1. Treatment with HO-1 siRNA blocked the DFO-stimulated osteoblastic differentiation and HO-1 expression. The NF-kB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor Wortmannin, and p38 MAPK inhibitor U0126 blocked the effects of DFO on HO-1 expression and osteoblastic differentiation in PDL cells. Collectively, these data suggest that DFO promotes osteoblastic differentiation and induces the expression of defense protein HO-1 probably via PI3K, p38 MAPK, and NF-kB signalling pathways in PDL cells.

목 적: 본 연구는 부모의 사회·경제적 요인과 초등학생의 눈 건강과의 관계를 확인함으로써 저소득층 학령기 아동의 눈 건강 불평등이 존재하는지를 확인하고자 한다. 방 법: 국민건강영양조사(2009) 데이터를 이용하여 만 7-12세의 초등학생 935명을 대상으로 일반적인 특성과 사회·경제적요인, 눈 건강 관련요인을 χ2 검정하였다. 결 과: 최근 1년간 눈검사 여부, 안경착용비율, 교정시력 1.0이상은 가구소득이 낮을수록 낮은 비율을 보였고, 근시 유병률, 원시 유병률, 자동굴절력계로 측정한 굴절이상도가 ``0~-2D``는 가구 소득이 낮을수록 높은 비율로 나타났다. 결 론: 부모의 사회경제적요인과 눈 건강의 관계를 χ2 검정한 결과 유의하지 않았지만, 유병률과 굴절이상도 등의 비율로 부모의 사회경제적 요인이 아동의 눈 건강에 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었고, 저소득층 학령기 아동의 눈 건강 불평등 해소를 위해 정기적인 시력검사와 재보정 기회 제공 등의 중·장기적인 안보건 정책이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.