Various types of parks such as ecological park, dragonfly park, etc. are tried to design in order to resolve different environmental issues in urban areas. Parks are considered organism habitats that not only improve the biodiversity but also give people a chance to observe living organisms in urban area. This study was conducted to select basic materials for planning a butterfly garden through reference reviews. The following 21 species of butterflies belonged to 1 order, 4 families, and 16 genera were selected: Phengaris teleius, Pseudozizeeria maha, Thecla betulae, Argynnis hyperbius, Dichorragia nesimachus, Hestina assimilis, Polygonia caureum, Sasakia charonda, Vanessa cardui, Vanessa indica, Boloria selene, Byasa alcinous, Papilio machaon, Papilio macilentus, Papilio protenor, Papilio xuthus, Papilio bianor, Sericinus montela, Colias erate, Eurema hecabe, and Pieris rapae. 85 species belonged to 22 families, 59 genera, 74 species, 10 varieties, and 1 subspecies were selected for host and nectar plants for butterflies selected above. These results would be expected to useful in butterfly gardening. After that, we think it is necessary to be applied these study results in field. This study requires a test in the butterfly garden. The test results will be make the butterfly-plant matrix.

Background : Correct identification of Panax species is important to ensure food quality, safety, authenticity and health for consumers. This paper describes a high resolution melting (HRM) analysis based method using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 5.8S ribosomal DNA barcoding regions as target (Bar-HRM) to obtain barcoding information for the major Panax species and to identify the origin of ginseng plant. Methods and Results : A PCR-based approach, Bar-HRM was developed to discriminate among Panax species. In this study, the ITS1, ITS2, and 5.8S rDNA genes were targeted for testing, since these have been identified as suitable genes for use in the identification of Panax species. The HRM analysis generated cluster patterns that were specific and sensitive enough to detect small sequence differences among the tested Panax species. Conclusion : The results of this study show that the HRM curve analysis of the ITS regions and 5.8S rDNA sequences is a simple, quick, and reproducible method. It can simultaneously identify three Panax species and screen for variants. Thus, ITS1HRM and 5.8SHRM primer sets can be used to distinguish among Panax species.

however, these elements can limit plant growth. This study selected a heavy metal-tolerant plant by analyzing seed germination and biomass of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), canola (Brassica campestris subsp. napus var. nippo-oleifera), Chinese corn (Setaria italica), and a sorghum-sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor × S. sudanense), and determined heavy metal uptake capacity by analyzing biomass, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and heavy metal contents under high external copper or zinc levels. The seed germination rate and biomass of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid were higher under copper or zinc stress compared to the other three plants. The plant biomass and photosynthetic pigment contents of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid seedlings were less vulnerable under low levels of heavy metals (≤ 50 ppm copper or ≤ 400 ppm zinc). The maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) and the maximum primary yield of PSII (Fv/Fo) decreased with increasing copper or zinc levels. Under high copper levels, the decline in Fv/Fm was caused only by the decline in Fm, and was accompanied by an increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). The Fv/Fm declined under high levels of zinc due to both a decrease in the maximum fluorescence (Fm) and an increase in the initial fluorescence (Fo), and this was accompanied by a marked decrease in photochemical quenching (qP), but not by an increase in NPQ. Accumulations of copper and zinc were found in both aboveand below-ground parts of plants, but were greater in the below-ground parts. The uptake capacity of the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid for copper and zinc reached 4459.1 mg/kg under 400 ppm copper and 9028.5 mg/kg under 1600 ppm zinc. Our results indicate that the sorghum-sudangrass hybrid contributes to the in situ phytoremediation of copper or zinc polluted soils due to its high biomass yield.

식물정화공법(Phytoremediation)은 오염부지의 정화에 있어 생태계를 교란하지 않는 경제적인 정화 수단으로서 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 공법의 특성상 오염물질을 포함하는 부산물이 필연적으로 발생되며 이에 대한 적절한 처리방법이 반드시 수반되어야 한다. 일반적으로 식물체부산물은 식물 종에 따라 구성이 다양하지만 헤미셀룰로오스, 셀룰로오스, 리그닌 등의 식물섬유소와 회분으로 구성되어 있어 혐기성 조건에서 소화시킬 경우 바이오가스 형태의 에너지를 회수할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 처분을 필요로 하는 부산물의 양을 감소시킬 수 있다. 그러나 혐기소화 시 중금속의 존재는 혐기성 미생물의 대사와 활동에 영향을 줄 수 있어 중금속을 함유하는 식물체부산물의 처리에는 주의가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 중금속 오염부지에서 수확된 해바라기 부산물의 적절한 처리방법으로서 혐기소화를 제안하고, 실험실 규모의 연속식 반응조 운전을 통해 중금속을 함유하는 식물체부산물의 혐기소화에 따른 중금속의 영향과 적용 가능성을 평가하였다. 실험에는 단상 혐기성 반응조(총 부피/유효부피 = 8/5 L)를 사용하였으며, 반응조는 약 500일간 35±1℃로 유지되는 암조건의 항온실에서 운전되었다. 기질은 1일 1회 주사기를 이용하여 회분식으로 주입하였으며, 반응조 내 유효부피를 일정하게 유지하기 위하여 주입되는 기질의 부피와 동일한 양의 슬러지를 채취하여 분석을 실시하였다. 식물체부산물 내에 포함된 중금속이 혐기소화에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위한 평가 지표는 반응조 액상 내 중금속 농도의 변화와 바이오가스 발생량 및 바이오가스 내 메탄함량을 관찰하였다. 반응조의 안정적인 운전 여부는 pH, COD, 암모니아, 알칼리도 그리고 지방산 농도의 변화를 통하여 확인하였다. 반응조 운전 기간에 걸쳐 반응조 액상 내 중금속 농도는 기존의 문헌에서 제시하고 있는 저해 수준 이하였으며, 바이오가스 발생량과 바이오가스 내 평균 메탄가스 함량은 각각 0.57±0.21 L/day (n=541), 50.64±3.72% (n=541)로 메탄가스 생산이 안정적으로 이루어 졌음을 보였다. 또한 반응조의 안정적인 운전 여부를 확인하기 위한 지표들이 운전기간 동안 문헌에서 제시하고 있는 안정적인 범위로 유지된 것을 관찰하였다. 연구결과 식물체부산물 내 중금속은 혐기성 미생물의 활동에 직간접적인 영향을 미치지 않은 것을 확인하였으며, 결국 중금속 오염부지의 식물정화공법 이후 발생된 해바라기 부산물은 혐기소화를 통한 처리와 바이오가스 생산이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

The final goal of this research is to develop a botanical biofiltration system, which combines green interior, biofiltering, and automatic irrigation, which can purify indoor air pollutants according to indoor space and the size of biofilter. The biofilter used in this experiment was designed as an integral form of water metering pump, water tank, blower, humidifier, and multi-level planting space in order to be more suitable for indoor space utilization. This study was performed to compare indoor air quality between the space adjacent to a botanical biofilter and the space away from the biofilter (control) without generation of artificial indoor air pollutants, and to evaluate plant growth depending on multiple floors within the biofilter. Each concentration of indoor air pollutants such as TVOCs, monoxide, and dioxide in the space treated with the biofilter was lower than that of control. Dracaena sanderiana ‘Vitoria’ and Epipremnum aureum ‘N Joy’ also showed normal growth responses regardless of multiple floors within the biofilter. Hence, it was confirmed that the wall-typed botanical biofilter suitable for indoor plants was effective for indoor air purification.

This study was conducted to select native ground cover plants for sod culture in an organic apple orchard by estimating the effect of three native ground cover plants, Glechoma hederacea, Thymus magnus, and Ixeris stolonifera, on the soil coverage, time-periodic weed occurrence, fruit characteristics, and soil chemical properties. The plant height of G. hederace, T. magnus and I. stolonifera were 15.0 ㎝, 13.4 ㎝ and 7.2 ㎝, respectively. The dry weight of G. hederace, T. magnus and I. stolonifera were 463 ㎏/10a, 247 ㎏/10a, and 255 ㎏/10a, respectively. The plant height and dry weight of G. hederacea were higher than in the other species. T. magnus and I. stolonifera having relatively lower soil cover rate during their life cycle produced a lot of weeds in the orchard as compared with the control. In contrast, G. hederacea showed 100 percentage of ground cover in the first year, and maintained high percentage of ground cover in the growing season of ‘Tsugaru’ apple for another 2 years. When the soil was covered with G. hederacea in the orchard for 3 years, the amount of weed was only 114 ㎏/10a and number of weeding was also reduced about 33% compared with control as well as the other species. There were no differences in the tree growth and fruit characteristics between the native ground cover plants and the control; however, positive effects of native ground cover plants on soil chemical properties were found. In G. hederacea, available P2O4content in soils remarkably increased and was a significant difference among native species. In addition, cation (Ca, Mg and K) content in soils increased by 39% in Ca, 6% in Mg, and 11% in K at G. hederacea compared with control. These results suggest that G. hederacea could be advantageous in terms of reducing the amount of herbicide applied and the labor required for weed control, and controlling soil chemical properties; therefore, it is a good candidate for sod culture in an organic apple orchard.

This study was carried out to elucidate the distribution of vascular plants and their usefulness of Mt. Cheongnyangsan (870 m) in Gyeongsangbuk-do. The vascular plants that were collected 16 times 2006 and 2014 consisted a total of 614 taxa; 97 families, 330 genera, 541 species, 3 subspecies, 61 varieties and 9 forms. For the Korean endemic plants, 21 taxa were recorded and 8 taxa of Vulnerable Species (VU) and 5 taxa of Least Concerned species (LC) categorized by the Korean Forest Service as rare plants were investigated in this region. Furthermore, Ⅴ, Ⅳ, Ⅲ degrees of floristic regional indicator plants designated by the Korean Ministry of Environment included 2 taxa, 10 taxa and 18 taxa, respectively. Moreover, four species of distributional interesting plants, Aconitum austro-koreense Koidz., Allium spirale Willd., Dipsacus japonicus Miq. and Pinellia tripartita (Blume) Schott, in Mt. Cheongnyangsan were discovered by this study. Among them, edible, pasturing, medicinal, ornamental, timber, dye, fiber and unknown usefulness plants included 234 taxa, 213 taxa, 174 taxa, 62 taxa, 16 taxa, 12 taxa, 11 taxa and 167 taxa, respectively. In addition, 32 taxa of naturalized plants were observed.

The Tree of apartment building is important to achieve a sustainable design for urban environment and to increase residental satisfaction. This study presents the solar shading effect of trees for multi-layer planting. The site for field test is located in Junju, Korea. Four main factors, daylight, illumination, temperature and relative humidity for planting, is tested for 3 months from June to August. Results from the field test are as following; The highest value to block the sunlight is at mean 553.1 W/m2 in shading space under Prunus serrulata var. spontanea, that height is 8.3 m and crown diameter is 6.7 m and The lowest of that is at mean 253.8 W/m2 under Malus prunifolia (willd.) Borkh. The difference of temperature between sunshine space and shade one ranged from 0.6°C to 6.7°C because of tree in Summer. The results shows that solar shading effect of trees can be used to estimate the change of plant growth condition for ground cover planting.

This study was carried out to investigate growth characteristics of plants in accordance with irrigation period and to find the optimum irrigation conditions for plants that help to improve the indoor environment. Four foliage plants used in this study included Chlorophytum comosum, Dieffenbachia amoena ‘Marianne’, Epipremnum aureum, and Spathiphyllum spp.. The plants cultivated in three different irrigation frequency: 2 times/week; 1 time/week; and 1 time/2 weeks. As a result, average soil moisture content of four foliage plants for one month measurement period, 2 times/week, 1 time/week, and 1 time/2 weeks were maintained at 47.3±3.0%, 17.3±2.0%, and 10±1.5%, respectively. All four kinds of plants showed a good visible growth in 1 time/week irrigation. Chlorophytum comosum was slowly begin to die in 1 time/2 weeks irrigation and it was completely dead at the end of the experiment. So it is considered that circumspection is needed for drying. Dieffenbachia amoena ‘Marianne’ was dead by each one pot in 2 times/week and 1 time/2 weeks.So it seemed to be a proper watering plants. Epipremnum aureum, and Spathiphyllum spp. showed good growth characteristics regardless of irrigation frequency, it showed good tolerance of the irrigation. In particular, Epipremnum aureum was no significant difference in SPAD value, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf water potential according to irrigation frequency, so it was the best plants to irrigation water management.

The seasonal variation of phytoplankton communities and its standing crops in accordance with environmental factors were investigated at Yeongrang-ho, Cheongcho-ho, Mae-ho and Hyang-ho which are located in the East coast of Korea during April to October 2011. High concentrations of T-N and T-P were observed in four lagoons due to the inflowing nutrients from farmlands and residential areas near lagoons. Nutrient salts mainly composed of nitrogen and phosphate caused the eutrophication of the lakes, leading to the robust growth of phytoplankton. During the period of investigation, 64 to 107 taxa of phytoplankton were observed in four lagoons. Diatoms were the most dominant species with high density. Non-point pollution source was estimated as the main cause of water pollution of lagoons. Trophic states of lagoons evaluated using the value of TSI and TSIKO indicated that all the investigated lagoons were in the eutrophication state.

‘유럽연합 품종보호에 관한 규정’(기본규정)에 근거하여 운영되는 유럽연합 품종보호제도는 1995년 도입되었으며, 유럽연합 품종보호사무소에 한 번의 출원으로 유럽연합(EU) 28개 회원국에서 품종보호 등록품종에 대한 배타적인 권리를 누릴 수 있는 효율적인 제도이다. 출원료는 650유로이고 연간 심사료는 작물 그룹별로 1,430∼3,210유로 범위이며연간 품종보호료는 작물에 상관없이 250유로이다. 2013년도 출원건수는 3,297건으로 제도 도입 후 최대 출원건수를 기록하였고 품종보호사무소 설립이후 50개국 이상으로부터 출원이 이루어졌으며, 거의 매년 1/3이상은 네덜란드(2013년 1,226건)에서 출원되고 있다. 2013년도 품종보호 등록건수는 2,706건으로 역대 최고 출원건수를 기록하였고 2013년말 현재 유지되고 있는 품종보호권은 21,576건이다. 기본규정은 UPOV의 1991협약을 반영하여 권리범위가 1978협약에 비해 확대되었으나 수확물에 대한 권리범위가 구체적으로 기술되지 않아 육종가 권리의 사각지대가 발생할 수 있다. 육종가 권리 예외 조항에 따라 농업인은 일부 농작물류에 대해 일반적인 로열티보다 적은 금액의 로열티로 자가채종 종자를 사용할 수 있다. 그러나 육종가는 자가채종 종자 사용에 대한 정보 획득의 어려움 등으로 로열티 징수에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 기본유래품종 조항은 육종가 예외조항에 의해 발생할 수 있는 유사·복제 품종 문제를 예방할 수 있지만 기본유래품종 여부를 판단하는 표준 프로토콜이나 임계치가 없는 실정이다. 유럽연합 역내에서 조화된 품종보호제도가 운영되고 있지만 육종가의 권리행사 여건은 유럽연합 회원국별로 차이가 큰 편이며 일부의 경우 권리침해 문제를 해결하기 위한 시스템이 제대로 작동하고 있지 않은 상황이다. 유럽연합 역내에서 범국가적으로 운영되고 있는 유럽연합 품종보호제도가 한층 더 발전하기 위해서는 이러한 문제들을 해결해야 할 것으로 보인다.

최근 건강을 생각하는 먹거리의 추세 변화가 양보다 질 위주의 유기농 및 친환경 등을 이용하여 재배하는 작물에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 이는 출처를 알 수 없는 불량식품 뿐만 아니라 국내 대기업 식품사들까 지 먹거리에 대한 불신을 야기 시킨 사례들로 인해 전체적인 불신으로 확대되어 사회적 관심사로 부각되고 있는 상황이다. 이러한 시점에서 먹거리에 대한 불신을 조금이나마 해소하려는 일환으로, 재배조건이 까다 롭지 않으며, 성장기간이 짧은 상추재배를 중심으로 가정용 수경식물 재배기기를 연구하였다. 식물과 식물 재배 그리고 수경식물 등을 고찰하여 이론적 배경으로 삼았으며, 식물재배에 관련된 현황과 기기에 대하여 정리 하였고, 실물 제작에 필요한 부품과 스팩에 관하여 시장조사 후 배치도 도면 및 모형을 진행 하였다. 정형화된 기기를 소비자가 직접 원하는 공간에 배치할 수 있는 심플하고 가벼운 외형과 직관적으로 사용할 수 있도록 한, 원 버튼 시스템화를 통하여 간편성을 부여하여 디자인하였다. 본 연구는 식물재배공장 형태 및 대형화의 모습을 띄고 있는 식물재배 산업을 통하여, 가정용 수경식물 재배기기의 조건을 찾아 프로토타 입 모델을 제시하였다. 이는 향 후 그 다양해 질 수 있는 연구 개발에 디자인 가이드라인으로 활용될 수 있 으며, 나아가 가정용 타 식물재배기기 디자인 개발 시 구조와 배치, 사양 등이 참고로 활용되길 기대한다.

The purpose of this study is to offer the flora data for conserving the biodiversity of Gyeongju National Park by objective surveying and analysing the flora distributed in Mt. Gumi District, Gyeongju National Park, South Korea. The flora of Mt. Gumi were surmmarized as 476 taxa including 97 families, 297 genera, 419 species, 3 subspecies, 46 varieties and 8 forms. The rare plants were 6 taxa such as Aristolochia contorta, Paeonia lactiflora var. trichocarpa, Potentilla discolor, Berchemia berchemiaefolia, Trigonotis icumae and Iris odaesanensis. The Korean endemic plants were 9 taxa such as Carpinus laxiflora, Pseudostellaria coreana, Philadelphus schrenkii, Indigofera koreana, Lespedeza maritima, Vicia chosenensis, Galium koreanum, Lonicera subsessilis and Weigela subsessilis. The specific plants by floristic region were 38 taxa such as Salix chaenomeloides (I), Hylomecon vernalis (I), Oxalis obtriangulata (I), Viola orientalis (II), Adoxa moschatellina (II), Cirsium chanroenicum (II), Vitex negundo var. incisa (III) and so forth. The naturalized plants were 36 taxa such as Fallopia dumetorum, Chenopodium album, Lepidium virginicum, Amorpha fruticosa, Euphorbia supina, Carduus crispus, Erigeron strigosus, Festuca myuros and so forth. The invasive aline plant was Aster pilosus. The target plants adaptable to climate change were 8 taxa such as Artemisia rubripes, Carpesium macrocephalum and so forth.

This study was carried out to inventory the vascular plant flora in Deokjeokdo and its adjacent regions (Mungapdo, Soyado), Ongjin-gun, South Korea, from April to October 2014. Based on the voucher specimens, vascular plants in this area consisted of 108 families, 362 genera, 578 species, 5 subspecies, 66 varieties and 4 forms, totally 653 taxa. In the flora of this area, 5 taxa of Korean endemic plants were found distributed in the sites, including Hepatica insularis Nakai and Asarum glabrata (C.S.Yook & J.G.Kim) B.U.Oh. Korean rare and endangered plants found in this area were 1 taxa of Critical Endangered Species (CR) and 5 taxa of Vulnerable Species (VU). The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 67 taxa comprising 3 taxa of grade V, 2 taxa of grade IV, 12 taxa of grade III, 3 taxa of grade II and 47 taxa of grade I. Naturalized plants consisted of 67 taxa, such as Chenopodium album L. and Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. were recognized widely distributed in the area.

This survey was conducted in order to investigate the vascular plants of Hak Reservoir Valley in the DMZ Area, Korea. The vascular plants were collected six times (from April 2014 to November 2014) and consisted a total of 238 taxa; 69 families, 172 genera, 206 species, 2 subspecies, 26 varieties and 4 forms. The observed rare plant species as designated by Korea Forest Service were 3 taxa including Carex capricornis Meinsh. ex Maxim., Acorus calamus L., Penthorum chinense Pursh. Endemic plant species were 2 taxa including Salix koriyanagi Kimura, Clematis brachyura Maxim. 17 taxa were listed as specific plant species based on phytogeographical in the investigated area. 25 taxa were recorded as naturalized plants, and their Naturalization Ratio and Urbanization Index were recorded as 10.46%, and 7.78%, respectively. Of the 238 taxa listed; 105 were pasturing plants, 92 edible plants, 76 medicinal plants, 24 ornamental plants, 6 stain plants, 4 timber plants, 2 fiber plants, 2 industrial plants and 55 unknown plants.

We have investigated the flora of Yeongheungdo Island in Ongjin-gun, Incheon. A total of 13 separate field trips were carried out from March 2012 to October 2013. As a result, 302 taxa including 80 families, 211 genera, 261 species, 6 subspecies, 31 varieties and 4 forms were identified. These include the following: 1 taxon protected under the Act on the Protection and Management of Wildlife, 3 Korean endemic taxa, 8 floristic indicator species including 2 taxa of grade V, 3 of grade II and 3 of grade I, 33 naturalized taxa with the naturalization rate of 10.9% and 1 northern taxon vulnerable to climate change.

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Byeollipsan (Ganghwa-gun). The vascular plants from 13 field surveys were revealed to total of 574 taxa; 116 families, 355 genera, 505 species, 8 subspecies, 52 varieties, 7 forms and 2 hybrids. A high plant diversity were Asteraceae (12.3%), Poaceae (10.6%), Cyperaceae (6.1%), Fabaceae (4.5%) and Rosaceae (4.2%) in regular order. The seven taxa of Korean endemic plants such as Clematis brachyura, Viola seoulensis, Populus × tomentiglandulosa, Salix koriyanagi, Ajuga multiflora f. rosea, Hemerocallis hakuunensis and Polygonatum infundiflorum were collected. The red data of vascular plants according to IUCN valuation basis were examined five taxa; Least Concern (LC) species of both Phacelurus latifolius and Belamcanda chinensis, Not Evaluate (NE) species of Lithospermum arvense, Scorzonera austriaca ssp. glabra and Polygonatum infundiflorum. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 34 taxa comprising one taxa of degree IV, six taxa of degree III, 11 taxa of degree II, and 16 taxa of degree I. In addition, the naturalized plants were identified as 46 taxa and the percent of naturalized index (NI) was 8.0%, Urbanization Index (UI) was 14.3%, respectively.