Foreign materials with a variety of types and sizes are found in food; thus, extraordinary efforts and various analytical methods are required to identify the types of foreign materials and to find out accurate causes of how they unintentionally enter food. In this study, human, cow, pig, mouse, duck, goose, dog, and cat were chosen as various types of animal hairs because they can be frequently incorporated into food during its production or consumption step. We morphologically analyzed them using stereoscopic, optical, SUMP method, and scanning electron microscopes, showing differences in each type. In addition, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) was used to analysis chemical compositions (11Na~92U, Mass%) of samples. As a result, we observed that mammalian hairs were mainly composed of sulfur. Organic compounds of samples were further analyzed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) that can compare spectra of given materials; however, this method did not show significant differences in each sample. In this study, we suggest a rapid method for the identification of the causes and types of foreign materials in food.

Phytoplankton community is one of the important factors for the management of aquatic environment due to generation of varying toxins by harmful algal species. This study was performed to examine the phytoplankton community structure (PCS) in the midstream of Geum River (GR) from January 2014 to December 2015. The water sampling was performed in five stations on 2014, and three stations on 2015. Subsequently, the morphological identification was performed by microscopic observation in laboratory condition. As results, total 265 species were identified and it was comprised of 40.8% of Bacillariophyceae, 9.1% of Cyanophyceae, 44.5% of Chlorophyceae, and the others (4.9%). During the investigation period, total average standing crop of phytoplankton was 12,948 cells mL-1, and it was comprised of 7,702 cells mL-1 of Bacillariophyceae, 2,821 cells mL-1 of Cyanophyceae, 2,121 cells mL-1 of Chlorophyceae, and 305 cells mL-1 of others. To verify which tributaries of upstream area influence on PCS of midstream of GR, the phytoplankton standing crops of two stations including Mihocheon (MH) and Gapcheon (GC) were examined on 2014, and compared to result of on 2015. The results were shown that the MH station had more similar phytoplankton standing crops with midstream of GR than GC station. The relationship between environmental parameters and phytoplankton dynamics was studied at the investigated station. As results, whereas water temperature and total phosphorus were represented the positive correlation, N/P ratio was remarkably exhibited negative correlation. From the results, it is suggested that the PCS of midstream of GR was more affected by MH station than GC station, and the changes of temperature, phosphorus concentration, and N/P ratio may be important factors on the PCS formation of midstream of GR.

Objective of this study was to evaluate the carbon budget on 40 years old pear orchard at Naju. For carbon budget assessment, we measured the soil respiration, net ecosystem productivity of herbs, pear biomass and net ecosystem exchange. In 2015, pear orchard released about 25.6 ton CO2 ha-1 by soil respiration. And 27.9 ton CO2 ha-1 was sequestrated by biomass growth. Also about 12.6 ton CO2 ha-1 was stored at pruning branches and about 5.2 ton CO2 ha-1 for photosynthesis of herbs. As a result, 25.6 ton of CO2 per ha is annually released to atmosphere. At the same time about 45.7 ton of CO2 was sequestrated from atmosphere. When it sum up the amount of CO2 release and sequestration, approximately 20.1 ton CO2 ha-1 was sequestrated by pear orchard in 2015, and it showed no significant differences with net ecosystem exchanges (17.8 ton CO2 ha-1 yr-1) by eddy covariance method with the same period. Continuous research using various techniques will help the understanding of CO2 dynamics in agroecosystem and it can be able to present a new methodology for assessment of carbon budget in woody crop field. Futhermore, it is expected that the this study can be used as the basic data to be recognized as a carbon sink.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop a faculty development program for nursing simulation educators. Methods: This study developed one-day education program based on the ADDIE model. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires to investigate learners’ needs and participants’ evaluation of the pilot program. The data were analyzed using EXCEL with descriptive statistics. Results: The participants’ satisfaction with the program showed an overall high level of satisfaction. Two types of faculty development were developed based on the needs assessment. In addition, a review of the existing programs, namely, basic and advanced courses, were conducted based on the learning needs hierarchy. Conclusion: The development and pilot testing of a faculty development program for nursing simulation educators are feasible. Further research should focus on the short- or long-term evaluation of the program using the experimental research design.

The physiochemical properties of dried yam (Dioscorea batatas) by freeze dryer, cold-air dryer or hot-air dryer were examined for chromaticity, water absorption index (WAI), water soluble index (WSI), rehydration, viscosity properties and pasting properties. Freeze dried yam was maintained higher degree of lightness and higher WAI and WSI than those of cold-air or hot air dried one. In the case of rehydration, freeze dried yam was restored within one hour. The viscosity properties of freeze dried yam were the highest viscosity in all shear rates. Freeze dried yam was milled by roll mill (RM), pin mill (PM) or jet mill (JM) to evaluate for particle size, starch damage, pasting property and microstructure. Particle size was JM < PM < RM as 13.85~112.50 μm. In the result of starch damage, it was the highest value as 8.83 in JM, was the lowest value as 7.47 in RM. In pasting property, JM had relatively low viscosity at all shear rates. In the Microstructure by measuring scanning electron microscope, JM particle surfaces were rough with high starch damage, and particle size was confirmed fine particles in JM.

새로운 알루미나 (Al2O3)와 실리카(SiO2)로 이루어진 규산알루미나질 납석광물을 적용하여 세라믹 지지체를 개발하고 수처리 적용가능성을 평가하였다. 납석 세라믹 지지체의 순수투과도는 약 1370 L/m2.hr.bar 였으며 지표수의 탁도 및 유기물의 제거율은 각각 98 %와 75 %였다. 실 하수처리장 MBR의 MLSS를 취수하여 실험한 결과 완벽한 SS 제거효율을 나타내었다. 모듈간격에 따른 납석지 지체 파울링 현상을 관찰한 결과 모듈간격이 증가할수록 파울링은 감소하였으나 일정 모듈간격(3.5 cm)이상인 경우 파울링은 증가하였고 이는 공기 폭기량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다.

지리산국립공원 반달가슴곰은 2004년부터 러시아 연해주, 북한, 중국 동북부 일대와 서식지외 보전기관인 서울대공 원에서의 재도입을 통해 복원사업을 진행하고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 배설물을 통해 식이물을 분석하여 반달가슴곰의 먹이습성, 지리산국립공원에서의 먹이 자원 환경을 파악하기 위함이다. 2005년부터 2013년 사이에 무선 위치 모니터링 이 가능한 반달가슴곰 배설물 78점을 채집하여 먹이원을 분석한 결과 상대출현빈도는 식물이 77%로 가장 높게 나타났 고, 곤충 12.8%, 포유류 5.6%, 기타 3.6%, 조류 0.5%, 절지동물문 0.5%의 순이었다. 또한 수집한 배설물 중 건중량을 측정한 52점 대상으로 먹이 비(ratio)를 분석한 결과 식물이 91.2%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 포유류 3.6%, 곤충류 1.0%, 기타 4.2%의 순이었다. 배설물을 통한 먹이원 분석 연구 결과 지리산에 서식하는 반달가슴곰은 잡식성이며, 동물성 먹이보다 식물성 먹이가 주 먹이원인 것으로 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구는 울산광역시의 태화강을 포함한 하구역에 서식하는 대형저서동물의 군집구조를 파악하기 위하여 2012년 2월부터 동년 11월까지 총 4회에 걸쳐 현장조사를 실시하였다. 태화강 하구역에서는 총 176종/9.6㎡ 과 1,992개체/㎡ 의 대형저서동물이 출현하였고, 가장 우점한 동물군은 다모류로 출현 종수와 평균 서식밀도는 각각 91종과 1,463개체/㎡ 이었다. 태화강 하구역의 주요 우점종은 다모류의 Minuspio japonica(609±1,221개체/㎡ ), 참갯지렁이(Hediste japonica, 174±318개체/㎡ ), Tharyx sp.1(106±283개체/㎡ ), 긴자락송곳갯지렁이(Lumbrineris longifolia, 79±207개체/㎡ ), 이매패류의 아기반투명조개(Theora fragilis, 114±272개체/㎡ ) 및 단각류의 발성육질꼬리옆새우(Grandidierella japonica, 88±223개체/㎡ )등이었다. 출현 종과 개체수의 자료를 근거로 대형저서동물의 군집구조를 파악한 결과, 대형저서동물 군집은 크게 3개로 구분되었다. 그룹 Ⅰ (조립질 퇴적물)과 Ⅲ (세립질 퇴적물)은 각각 담수 및 해수우세 환경의 군집으로, 그룹 Ⅱ (혼합질 퇴적물)는 2개 환경이 혼합되는 추이대로 고려할 수 있었다. 결국 태화강 하구역에 서식하는 대형저서동물 군집은 염분농도의 구배와 퇴적상에 따라 구조를 달리함을 알 수 있었다.

The aim of this paper is to consider the effect of the manufacturing processes on corrosion and centerline cracking of ancient bronze spoons. The ancient bronze spoons in question were made by several steps of forging, in reheated condition with cast ingots. The manufacturing method is similar to that of the modern spoons. The investigations include observations from light and scanning electron microscopes of the microstructure in terms of the crack propagation. Cracks in the centerline are caused by solute segregation in the center-line region; this solute is solidified in the final stage of bronze spoon manufacture. Centerline cracking is also caused by α phase segregation, accompanied by forged overlapping along the longitudinal direction of the spoons. A vertical stripe with cracks along the centerline of the spoon’s width is formed by folding in the wrought process. The overlapping area causes crack propagation with severe corrosion on the spoon surfaces over a period of a thousand years. The failure mechanisms of ancient bronze spoons may be similar to that of modern spoons, and the estimation of the failure mechanisms of ancient spoons can be appropriate to determine failure causes for such modern spoons.

본 조사는 월악산국립공원 2015년도 자연자원조사의 일환으로 국립공원내에 서식하는 거미류의 종조성과 분포도 를 분석하여 월악산국립공원의 생물자원을 보전하고 관리하는데 필요한 기초자료를 확보하기 위해 실시하였다. 월악산국립공원은 충청북도 제천시의 한수면, 덕산면, 수산면; 충주시의 살미면, 수안보면, 단양군의 적성면, 단성면, 대강면; 경상북도 문경시의 문경읍, 동로면에 동서로 걸쳐 있으며, 조사기간은 4월부터 10월까지 7개월간 총 9회에 걸쳐 83개 지점에서 실시하였다. 채집방법으로는 쓸어잡기, 털어잡기, 진동잡기 등을 실시하였다. 채집된 개체들은 현장 기록 후 96% 에탄올에 넣어 보관하였고, 실험실에서 현미경을 이용하여 동정을 실시하였다. 조사결과 월악산국립 공원에 서식하는 거미류는 모두 30과 11속 174종으로 확인되었다. 월악산국립공원에서 서식하는 거미류 중 종구성이 풍부한 과 우점순위는 깡충거미과 28종(16.1%), 꼬마거미과 25종(14.4%), 왕거미과 21종(12.1%)의 순으로 나타났다. 생태적 분포로는 범세계종(Cosmopolitan spp.)이 3종, 구북계(Palearctic spp.)가 13종, 전북계(Holarctic spp.)이 6종으로 조사되었다.

제주 감귤원에 피해를 주는 볼록총채벌레의 유입원 및 감귤원의 발생밀도와의 관계를 구명하기 위해 1차 기주식물 이면서 제주도내에 넓은 면적으로 재배되는 키위(품종 : 제스프리골드키위)와 망고(품종 : 애플망고)의 볼록총채벌레 발생 양상을 조사하였다. 서귀포시 신례리 키위과원 1곳, 동홍동 망고과원 1곳의 생육시기별 볼록총채벌레 발생밀도를 끈끈이트랩을 이용하여 조사하였다. 키위과원의 경우 8월 16일 여름순 전정을 실시하였고 이시기부터 인접감귤원의 볼록총채벌레 발생량이 급증하였다. 망고과원의 경우도 8월 16일 전정을 실시하였으며 망고 또한 이시기부터 볼록총채 벌레 밀도가 증가하였다. 망고과원의 경우 순이 굳는 1달 뒤부터 발생량이 줄어들기 시작하였다. 인접한 감귤원에서도 밀도조사를 실시하였는데 전정 후 밀도가 증가하는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며 이는 1차 기주식물과원의 밀도증가가 인접 감귤원의 밀도에 직접적인 영향을 끼치는 것을 단편적으로 보여주는 것이라 할 수 있다.

귤굴나방(Citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella)은 체장 약 2.4mm, 개장 5~6mm의 소형 나방으로 은백색의 인편으로 덮혀있고, 날개에는 담갈색의 조문이나 선단에 대형의 무늬가 있다. 유충은 담황백색으로 편평하고 반투명하며 노숙하면 체장은 약 4mm가 된다. 알은 0.3mm 정도로 눈에 거의 보이지 않는다. 연 5~7세대를 경과하며 잎 뒷면의 가장자리를 말아서 그 속에서 번데기로 월동한다. 세대별 발육기간은 17~23일이 소요되며, 성충수명은 6~11일 정도이며, 1마리의 암성충이 산란할 수 있는 양은 31~56개로 계절에 따라 변이가 있다. 감귤의 여름가지 발생시기에 귤굴나방을 방제하지 않을 경우 거의 모든 가지가 피해를 받으므로 방제가 필수적이다. 또한 알에서 깨어난 애벌레가 새잎 속으로 뚫고 들어간 후에는 방제가 어려우므로 발생초기부터 방제를 하여야 한다. 귤굴나방 (Citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella)을 예찰, 방제하기 위하여 귤굴나방의 성페로몬인 (7Z,11Z)-헥사데카디엔알 [(7Z,11Z)-Hexadecadienal]을 새로운 방법으로 제조를 하였고, 이 성페로몬을 감귤연구소에서 농도별 야외시험을 하여 좋은 효과를 나타내었다.

전국 과채류 시설재배지의 뿌리혹선충을 발생 현황을 2013년 부터 2015년에 조사한 결과 2,074개 포장중 42%의 검출율을 보였다. 작물별 뿌리혹선충의 검출율은 박과작물인 오이 44%, 수박 45%, 참외 42%, 멜론 31%, 가지과인 토마토 40%, 고추 41%, 장미과인 딸기 46%를 보였다. 지역별 시설재배지 뿌리혹선충 발생 현황은 중부지역은 184개 포장중 48.4%, 호남지역은 638개 포장중 30.3%, 영남지역은 1,252개 포장중 47.1%의 검출율을 보였다. 뿌리혹선 충이 감염된 토양중 132점 시료에 대하여 분자생물학적 방법을 이용하여 분류 진단한 결과 M. incognita 36.4%, M. arenaria 15.1%, M. hapla 46.2%, M. javanica 2.3%를 보였다.

The object of this study conducted to investigate the effect of paddy-upland rotation cropping system on soil properties and crop productivity in newly reclaimed tidal land. Five types of paddyupland rotation cropping system were evaluated : Rice-Rice (RR) Rice-Maize (RM), Mize-Maize (MM), Rice-Soybean (RS), Soybean-Soybean (SS). The soil bulk density was the lowest RM treatment, and soil pH was a tendency to be lower in all treatments of the paddy-upland rotation cropping system. RM treatment showed a higher moisture content and lower Electrical conductivity than RR treatment. Results of maize productivity in paddy-upland rotation cropping system, Except for the stem diameter growth, RM treatment showed good growth and productivity than MM treatment. Soybean growth and yield increased in the rotated upland cultivation from rice-paddy field compared to the SS treatment. But, overall treatments indicated poor growth and yield. In this study, we offer the effects of paddyupland rotation cropping system on the soil properties and upland crop growth and yield, and also out results can be provide supporting basic data that introduced paddy-upland rotation in reclaimed tidal land.

The objective of this study is to explore the preference differences of experience programs in rural areas according to socio-demographic characteristics. For this purpose, data were collected from a total of 481 adults visited in rural social enterprises in 2015, using self-administered questionnaire survey. Twenty-six items for evaluating the preference of experience program were measured using 5 score Likert scale and were extracted to 6 factors such as physical, ecological, historical culture, recreational and healing, watching show, and rural life experience. The results were as follows: first, visitors preferred the ecological experience the most and in order of recreational and healing, rural life, physical activity, historical culture, and watching show. Secondly, physical activity were preferred by young people, the unmarried, and student. Ecological, historical culture, recreational and healing, rural life experience were preferred by higher income earner or highly educated. Based on these results, implications for developing customized consumer’s experience program for rural social enterprises will be suggested.

The Korean native cattle, Hanwoo, is the most popular breed of beef cattle in Korea. However, the reproductive performance data are limited although reproduction is one of the most economically and biologically important in beef production. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate reproductive performance parameters including calving interval, parity for life time production. Data collected from 206,827 calvings were analyzed. There were no significant differences in calving interval and gestation days as parity increased from 2nd and 13rd parity cow, from spring to winter. However, we found a dramatic increase in calving interval after year 2000. About 1 month were increased per year ( y = 30.578x + 344.45 R² = 0.9157). Interestingly, we observed that parities for life time can be affected by birth weight. Calves with 23 kg at birth showed highest parities, 3.4±2.0 times. In summary, this study provides valuable data on reproductive performance of Hanwoo and the data presented here can be used as a standard target for optimising and enhancing reproductive performance.

Wholesale beef price is the critical factor for determining Korean native cattle, Hanwoo, farm’s income in short-term. Wholesale beef price has seasonality due to high demand in Korean traditional holidays such as Korean thanksgiving day and lunar new year’s day. Therefore, it is important to make reproduction and marketing plans for Korean Hanwoo farmers, in order to increase their farm income. However, there is no study available on changes in the expected farm income depending on reproduction and marketing schedules. This study analyzed the expected farm income per head depending on the monthly-based marketing schedules. The analysis was conducted based on the seasonality of wholesale beef price, reproduction efficiency, operating costs, relationship between carcass grade and slaughter age. The result shows that slaughter Hanwoo at the age of 29 months-old in August and January generating the highest expected farm income per head.

The objective of this study was to assess RF-EMF exposure levels in indoor daycare centers in a Metropolitan city. RF-EMF measurements were collected and surveyed from 50 volunteer daycare centers in the Korea between October 2013 and October 2014. Through our research, it was found that the main exposure source for indoor daycare centers is the frequency bands for TV and Radio broadcasting (FM: 88.1~107.9 MHz), mobile phone (869~894 MHz, 1840~1870 MHz, 1885~2170 MHz), wireless LAN and home electronics, etc., including TRS, Wireless Data Communication. The RF-EMF exposure levels for all daycare centers were far below the recommended standards of EMF Guideline Korea and international reference levels proposed by ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection). However, in terms of long term health effects some uncertainty exists, and thus minimizing exposure may reduce this uncertainty. The data we collected will be useful data for determining RF-EMF management and risk communication at daycare centers.