본 연구는 2019년 5월부터 2021년 5월까지 무인센서카메라를 이용하여 설악산과 지리산 국립공원에 서식하는 다람 쥐(Tamias sibiricus)의 연중 관찰 양상과 행동 패턴을 파악하기 위해 실시하였다. 주차별 관찰빈도를 지표로 하여 관찰빈도의 연중 변화를 파악하였고 봄과 여름, 가을의 시간별 관찰빈도를 이용하여 계절별 일일 행동 패턴을 분석하였 다. 다람쥐의 일일 행동 패턴은 지역 및 계절에 따른 차이 없이 주행성인 것으로 나타났다. 두 지역에 서식하는 다람쥐는 연중 관찰 기간에 차이가 있었다. 설악산에서 18~45주차에, 지리산에서는 7~48주차에 다람쥐가 관찰되었으며, 이는 동면시기에 영향을 받은 것으로 판단된다. 두 지역에서 다람쥐는 가을에 가장 많이 관찰되었다. 계절에 따른 다람쥐의 개체군 동태 및 활동량 변화가 무인센서카메라 관찰빈도에 반영되는 것으로 판단된다. 무인센서카메라의 관찰빈도는 간접적인 지표로서 대상종의 서식 밀도와 활동량을 구분해낼 수 없다는 한계점이 존재하지만, 방법이 쉽고 조사자에 따른 편차가 적어 효율적인 모니터링 방법으로 제시될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구에서는 경기도내 유통매장 및 온라인에서 유통 중인 과일류 18품목과 박과과채류 2품목 114건의 시료를 구입하였다. 과피와 과육을 분리한 후 GC-NPD, GC-ECD, GC-MSMS, LC-MSMS를 이용하여 341종 잔류농약 분석 을 진행했다. 과일 전체(과피+과육)를 분석했을 때 48건의 시료에서 검출이 되었고 부적합은 없었으며 0.0025- 0.1663 mg/kg의 검출범위를 나타냈다. 과피에서는 85건에 서 0.0026-4.7185 mg/kg의 검출범위를 보이며 분리 전과 비교했을 때 높은 검출량을 보였다. 과육에서는 8건의 검 출이 있었으며 검출범위는 0.0021-0.0993 mg/kg 로 나타났 다. 대부분의 과피에서 농산물의 잔류허용기준 이하의 농 약이 검출되었고 키위 과피에서 기준 0.05 mg/kg인 deltamethrin이 0.1020 mg/kg의 검출량을 보였다. 잔류허용 기준은 과일 전체에 대한 기준이기 때문에 섭취에 부적합 한 것은 아니지만 더욱 안전하고 건강한 과피 섭취를 위 해 세척 후 과일 그대로를 섭취할 것을 권장하며 과피와 과육에 대한 지속적인 모니터링이 필요한 것으로 보여진다

The consumption of Flammulina velutipes mushroom imported from Korea has been associated with the cases of listeriosis in the United States, Canada, and Australia. We investigated the effect of sanitizing the plastic wrapper (used in packaging F. velutipes) with slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) and ultraviolet C waterproof light-emitting diode (UVC-WLED) on reducing the Listeria monocytogenes. Further, the effect of UVC-LED on L. monocytogenes growth in F. velutipes at different storage temperatures (2, 4, and 10oC) was determined. The combined (SAEW+UVC-W-LED) treatment for 5–10 min reduced 99.9% of bacterial population from the contaminated plastic wrapper. In addition, the UVC-LED treatment for 3 min reduced the L. monocytogenes concentration in F. velutipes by 0.47 log CFU/g. Moreover, the growth of L. monocytogenes in the treated mushrooms was slower than that of the untreated (control) ones. L. monocytogenes concentration in F. velutipes increased over 3 log CFU/g at 2oC and 10oC for 60 and 10 days, respectively. The growth of L. monocytogenes at the bottom of mushrooms was faster than that at the top at both the temperatures. These results indicate that the combined SAEW+UVC-WLED treatment of plastic wrappers and the UVC-LED treatment of mushrooms can be used as potential hurdle technologies to control the risk of L. monocytogenes in mushrooms prior to packaging at farms.

본 연구는 동물교감활동 프로그램을 시행하면서 대학생과 동물 간의 유대감을 형성시 킴으로써 우울과 스트레스를 감소 시키는 것에 목적으로 두었다. 본 연구는 대학생을 대 상으로 아론 벡의 우울척도, 스트레스 인지 검사, 빗속의 사람 그림검사 방법을 사용하여 동물교감활동 프로그램을 진행한 후 우울, 스트레스의 변화에 대해서 살펴보았다. 본 연 구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 동물교감활동이 대학생의 우울감을 낮추는 데 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 둘째, 동물교감활동이 대학생의 스트레스를 낮추는 데 유의한 효과를 보 였다. 본 연구는 대학생을 대상으로 한 동물교감활동의 효과성을 검증함으로써 동물교감 활동의 연구에 기여한 것에 의의가 있다.

대왕자바리의 대량생산을 위한 적정 염분을 구명하였다. 각 염분별 노출시킨 대왕자바리의 생 존율은 0 psu에서 노출 4일째 모두 폐사하였으며, 염분 5 psu 이상에서 생존율은 100%였다. 성 장률은 염분 5 psu 이상에서 염분 상승에 따라 체중과 체장은 모두 증가하였으며, 염분 30 psu (대조구)에서 성장률은 가장 높았다. 먹이섭취량은 염분이 하강함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 보 였다. 염분 3 psu에서 먹이섭취는 없었으며, 염분 20, 25 및 30 psu 간에 유의한 차이는 없었다. 염분별 혈액 삼투질농도는 염분 5~30 psu에서 341~368 mg Osmol/㎏였다. 염분변화에 따른 산소소비율은 30 psu(대조구)에서 163.6±22.3 mg O2/㎏ fish/h으로 유의하게 높았다. 염분변화 에 따른 SOD, CAT 및 GSH-PX는 염분 15 psu에서 가장 높았다. 따라서 대왕자바리 생존 최저 임계염분은 5 psu이며, 양성을 위한 적정 염분은 20~30 psu으로 추정된다.

국내에서 한시적 식용 곤충으로 등록된 아메리카왕거저리의 사육에 적합한 온도를 규명하고자 온도별 발육특성을 조사하였다. 25°C, 27°C, 30°C, 33°C 등 4개의 온도(9L/15D, 65% R.H., 1330-1800 lux 조건)에서 1-18령까지 발육기간은 30°C가 120.0 ±5.8일로 가장 짧았 고, 그 다음이 33°C (132.6±10.7일), 27°C (136.5±9.2일), 25°C (156.7±7.5일) 순이었다. 30°C는 25°C보다 36.7일나 단축되었다. 33°C의 경 우, 25°C, 27°C, 30°C에 비해서 폐사율이 2.7-3.3배나 높았다. 33°C를 제외하고 온도가 높을수록 발육기간이 단축되는 경향이었으며, 온도별 발육기간은 고도의 통계적 유의성을 나타내었다. 체중의 경우, 30°C가 가장 무거웠고 그 다음은 27°C, 33°C, 25°C 순이었다. 두폭, 체폭, 체장 도 체중과 같은 경향을 보여, 온도 간에 발육의 차이가 확인되었다. 온도와 발육기간, 체중, 체장에 대한 회귀분석 결과, 29-30°C가 가장 적합한 온도이었다. 온도별 전용율은 17령이 43.1%로 가장 높았고, 18령(30.3%), 16령(15.4%), 19령(7.1%), 20령(1.9%)순으로 88.8%가 16령-18령 사이에 전용이 되었다. 전용기간(15-20령)은 27°C와 30°C가 각각 18.8±1.9일, 18.8±2.3일이었고, 그 다음이 33°C (23.0±2.4일), 25°C (23.1±2.9일) 순으로 온도가 낮을수록 늦어지는 경향이었다. 번데기기간 또한 온도가 높을수록 짧아지는 경향을 나타내었다. 암수 간의 번데기 기간은 각각 11.1±2.2일, 11.6±2.4일로 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과들로 볼 때 아메리카왕거저리의 발육에 적합한 온도는 30°C로 판단된다.

Fisheries is known as a high-risk industry in Korea, and various efforts have been made to reduce occupational accidents. Trap fisheries represent crustacean production, accounting for 4.7% of total fisheries production and 10.7% of its production value, which is classified as a relatively high-risk industry. With the disaster insurance payment data of the National Federation of Fisheries Cooperatives (NFFC) from 2016 to 2020, the accident rate of the entire fishery, the accident rate of trap fisheries, and the type of disasters in the past five years were analyzed. As a result, the average fishery accident rate for the past five years was 5.31%, but it was high at 6.15% for coastal trap fisheries and 5.59% for offshore trap fisheries. Slips and trips, struck by objects and contact with machinery were the most common types of the accident according to the characteristics of the work, and hand injuries were analyzed the most. Additional efforts, including education for accident prevention, development of personal protective equipment and improvement of the working environment, are needed to prevent accidents caused by repeated types of disasters.

진동은 농업용 트랙터 운전자의 쾌적한 작업 환경 조성을 방해하고, 건강을 위협하는 요소이다. 본 연구에서는 국제 표준안(ISO 2631-1)에 따라 트랙터 운전자의 전신 진동을 평가하였다. 진동 시험은 재현성과 반복성이 뛰어난 four-post road simulator 상에서 6가지 노면 조건을 적용하여 수행하였다. 취득한 진동 신호의 파고율, 최대 진동 진폭, 피폭 진동 누적량, 실효치 등을 이용하여 진동 특성을 분석하였다. 최종적으로 건강 지도 위험 수준과 안락도에 대한 반응도를 평가 방법에 따른 실효치와 피폭 진동 누적량에 적용하여 농업용 트랙터의 운전자 전신 진동을 정량적으로 평가하였다.

The purpose of this study is to monitor the pesticide residues in frozen fruits and vegetables distributed and sold in online and offline markets in Korea. For the study, 107 samples of 34 types of frozen fruits and vegetables were examined, and a total of 341 pesticide residues were analyzed by using multiclass pesticide multiresidue methods of the Korean Food Code. As a result, pesticide residues were detected from 16 of 64 frozen fruits samples and 15 of 43 frozen vegetables samples. Conclusively, residues were detected from 31 samples in total, showing a detection rate of 29.0%. Specifically, pyridaben exceeded the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) based on the Positive list system (PLS) in one of the frozen radish leaves, and the violation rate was 0.9%. Detection on frozen fruits and vegetables was made 23 times for 11 types and 36 times for 21 types. In total, 28 types of pesticide residues were detected 59 times. Fungicides were detected the most in frozen fruits, while insecticides were detected the most in frozen vegetables. The most detected pesticides were the insecticide, acaricide chlorfenapyr (5) and the fungicide boscalid (5). Chlorfenapyr was detected only in frozen vegetables, and boscalid was detected in frozen fruits except one.

The Bayesian algorithm model is a model algorithm that calculates probabilities based on input data and is mainly used for complex disasters, water quality management, the ecological structure between living things or living-non-living factors. In this study, we analyzed the main factors affected Korean Estuary Trophic Diatom Index (KETDI) change based on the Bayesian network analysis using the diatom community and physicochemical factors in the domestic estuarine aquatic ecosystem. For Bayesian analysis, estuarine diatom habitat data and estuarine aquatic diatom health (2008~2019) data were used. Data were classified into habitat, physical, chemical, and biological factors. Each data was input to the Bayesian network model (GeNIE model) and performed estuary aquatic network analysis along with the nationwide and each coast. From 2008 to 2019, a total of 625 taxa of diatoms were identified, consisting of 2 orders, 5 suborders, 18 families, 141 genera, 595 species, 29 varieties, and 1 species. Nitzschia inconspicua had the highest cumulative cell density, followed by Nitzschia palea, Pseudostaurosira elliptica and Achnanthidium minutissimum. As a result of analyzing the ecological network of diatom health assessment in the estuary ecosystem using the Bayesian network model, the biological factor was the most sensitive factor influencing the health assessment score was. In contrast, the habitat and physicochemical factors had relatively low sensitivity. The most sensitive taxa of diatoms to the assessment of estuarine aquatic health were Nitzschia inconspicua, N. fonticola, Achnanthes convergens, and Pseudostaurosira elliptica. In addition, the ratio of industrial area and cattle shed near the habitat was sensitively linked to the health assessment. The major taxa sensitive to diatom health evaluation differed according to coast. Bayesian network analysis was useful to identify major variables including diatom taxa affecting aquatic health even in complex ecological structures such as estuary ecosystems. In addition, it is possible to identify the restoration target accurately when restoring the consequently damaged estuary aquatic ecosystem.

Fish assemblage of total 325 of Korean peninsula estuaries were surveyed to analyze the characteristics of community structure and diversity by sea areas for three years from 2016 to 2018. The scale (stream width) of Korean estuaries were various (14~3,356 m), and 68.9% of all estuaries showed salinity of less than 2 psu. Total 149 species classified into 52 families of fish were identified, and the dominant and sub-dominant species were Tribolodon hakonensis (relative abundance, RA, 12.5%) and Mugil cephalus (RA, 9.5%), respectively. The estuary of the Korean Peninsula had different physical and chemical habitat environments depending on the sea area, and accordingly, fish community structure also showed statistically significant differences (PERMANOVA, Pseudo-F=26.69, P=0.001). In addition, the NMDS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) results showed the patterns that indicating fish community difference by sea areas, even though low community similarity within sea area (SIMPER, 21.79~26.39%). The estuaries of east sea areas were distinguished from the others in the aspects of which, the higher importance of migratory fishes and endangered species, and that of brackish species were characterized at south sea estuaries. However, the estuaries of west sea showed higher importance of species that have a relation with freshwater (primary freshwater species, exotic species), which is the result that associating with the lower salinity of west sea estuaries because of the high ratio of closed estuaries (78.2%). The SIMPER analysis, scoring the contribution rates of species to community similarity, also showed results corresponding to the tendency of different fish community structures according to each sea area. So far, In Korea, most studies on fish communities in estuaries have been conducted in a single estuary unit, which made it difficult to understand the characteristics of estuaries at the national level, which are prerequisite for policy establishment. In present study, we are providing fish community structure characteristics of Korean estuaries in a national scale, including diversity index, habitat salinity ranges of major species, distribution of migratory species. We are expecting that our results could be utilized as baseline information for establishing management policies or further study of Korean estuaries.

본 연구는 초등학생의 골연령에 따라 군집화 시켜 각 군집 그룹의 체격, 체력 및 골성숙도를 분석하고 자료 분석을 통해 초등학생들의 균형적인 발달을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는 데 있다. 연구대상은 8세∼13세에 해당하는 2243명을 대상으로 하였으며 골성숙도 산출을 위해 X-ray필름을 촬영한 후 TW3 방법 점수 환산표에 적용시켜 골성숙도를 산출했다. 신장계(Hanebio, Korea, 2021)와 Inbody 270 (Biospace, Korea, 2019)를 사용하여 총 2개의 체격 요소를 측정하였으며, 체력은 근력(악력), 평형성(외발 서기), 민첩성(플랫테핑), 순발력(제자리멀리뛰기), 유연성(좌전굴), 근지구력(윗몸일으키기), 심폐지구력(셔 틀런)으로 총 7개 체력 요소의 종목을 측정하였다. 자료처리 방법은 SPSS PC/Program(Version 26.0)과 Britics Studio Tool을 이용하여 K-Means 클러스터링 기법, 교차분석, 일원변량분석(One-Way ANOVA) 을 실시하였으며, p< .05 수준에서 유의한 것으로 간주하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 미숙, 보통, 조숙의 3가지 골성숙도를 사용하여 군집화한 결과, 군집 1(미숙)은 근력, 평형성, 민첩성에서 높게 나 타났다. 군집 2(보통)는 유연성에서 낮게 나타났으며, 군집 3(조숙)은 근력에서 높게 나타났다. 둘째, 초등 학생의 개인특성별 군집화에 따른 체격 차이를 분석한 결과, 신장, 체중, 체지방률 모두 군집 3(조숙)이 높 게 나타났다. 셋째, 초등학생의 개인특성별 군집화에 따른 체력 차이를 분석한 결과, 악력검사(좌, 우)는 군 집 3(조숙)이 높게 나타났고 외발서기의 경우 군집 1(미숙)이 높게 나타났으며, 제자리멀리뛰기의 경우 군 집 3(조숙)이 높게 나타났다.

In the 16～17th centuries, the construction of T-shaped pavilion in Gyeongsangbuk-do was centered on the families of the Goseong-Lee clan and Andong-Kwon clan, who had a lot of exchanges with each other near Andong. It can be presumed that the complex structure of the T-shaped pavilion was intended to represent the technology, economic power, and social influence of the clan. After the 18th century, construction areas spread and construction subjects were diversified, but the number of new constructions decreased. It can be seen that T-shaped pavilion was erected and used for public purposes rather than personal reasons in terms of layout or flat scale. The roof of the T-shaped pavilion is very diverse depending on the wooden structure, the height of the roof and the configuration of the apex. The T-shaped pavilion, which combines two parts, has been developed in a way that strengthens not only the appearance but also the structural bonding force. The bonding strength is strengthened through the process of “roof aligning”, “roof bonding”, “structure connection”, and “structure integration”, which shows a similar tendency to the age of actual cases.

Agar, a heterogeneous polymer of galactose, is the main component of the cell wall of marine red algae. It is well established as a safe, non-digestible carbohydrate in oriental countries. Neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOs) prepared by hydrolyzing agar by microbial β-agarase have been reported to show safety. However, their immunological effects have not been reported yet. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate immune enhancing effects of neoagarooligosaccharides (NAOs) from marine red algae Gelidium elegans in mice by performing ex vivo experiments. Six-week-old mice were fed ad libitum. NAOs were orally administrated at three different concentrations (100, 500, and 2,500 mg/kg B.W./day) twice a week for four weeks. The group fed with NAOs at 2,500 mg/kg showed the highest proliferation of splenocytes and production levels of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) in the ex vivo experiment. In conclusion, NAOs can enhance immune function, increase proliferation of splenocytes, and increase cytokine production by activating macrophages in mice.

Fishery sea anchor is widely used for many fishing vessels. However, standardization of the dimension and terminology of the fishery sea anchor has not been achieved, reducing the reliability of the performance and safety of the fishery sea anchor. Therefore, this study researches the reality of usage of fishery sea anchor and then attempts to suggest the development direction of the standard draft as basic data. As a result of the survey on the reality of usage show that various terms were used for each part of the fishery sea anchor (including the incorrect form of non-standard words derived from Japanese) and that the production of this product in the fishery sea anchor market was concentrated on one specific manufacturer. In addition, the main specifications of the fishery sea anchor are set and manufactured based on conventional experience without standards. In the field, there was no standardized drawing for fishery sea anchor and users had low awareness of the main specifications of fishery sea anchor. Therefore, this study suggested the following regarding the fishery sea anchor: standard terms for each part including Korean and English names and standard drawing of sea anchor. It is hoped that this study will contribute to research for the standardization of fishery sea anchor, which will increase in reliability and lead to increased interest in standardization in the fishery field.