The purpose of this study is to produce the auxiliary fuel additives that will improve the heat value and reduce the odor of dried sewage sludge, an auxiliary fuel for power plants using process by-products. Through an odor analysis prior to the production of auxiliary fuel additives, it was confirmed that the main odor materials are Methylmercaptan, Acetaldehyde and Trimethylamine. Based on this, we measured the heating value on various processes by-products such as by-products of thermal power generation and by-products of refinery. In addition, the adsorption performance in the major odor material was evaluated. However, for Trimethylamine, it is very difficult to secure the reproducibility of the concentration of the standard materials as the standard material is liquid. Therefore, it was used Ammonia, which has basic property, to replace Trimethyamine. In the evaluation of various process by-products, the highest heating value in heavy oil fly ash was 5,575 kcal/kg, while in the adsorption performance evaluation, FCC was shown as having the best performance in adsorption, as it could adsorb 100% of Methylmercaptan, 47% of Acetaldehyde and 76% of Ammonia. We conducted an adsorption experiment after supporting a transition metal on the FCC in order to improve the adsorption capacity. As a result, it was confirmed the best efficiency when supporting the copper nitrate 0.5% on the FCC. Based on this result, the experiment was conducted to determine the optimal mixing ratio with a high heating value and odor reducing function using Heavy oil fly ash and FCC. The optimal mixing ratio was 90% of Heavy oil fly ash and 10% of FCC. Furthermore, it was found that the most economical performance and highest odor reducing efficiency was achieved when the mixing ratio was 90% of dried sewage sludge and 10% of auxiliary fuel additives.

The hydrogen embrittlement of two austenitic high-manganese steels was investigated using tensile testing under high-pressure gaseous hydrogen. The test results were compared with those of different kinds of austenitic alloys containing Ni, Mn, and N in terms of stress and ductility. It was found that the ultimate tensile stress and ductility were more remarkably decreased under high-pressure gaseous hydrogen than under high-pressure gaseous argon, unlike the yield stress. In the specimens tested under high-pressure gaseous hydrogen, transgranular fractures were usually observed together with intergranular cracking near the fracture surface, whereas in those samples tested under high-pressure gaseous argon, ductile fractures mostly occurred. The austenitic high-manganese steels showed a relatively lower resistance to hydrogen embrittlement than did those with larger amounts of Ni because the formation of deformation twins or microbands in austenitic highmanganese steels probably promoted planar slip, which is associated with localized deformation due to gaseous hydrogen.

The purpose of this study was to formulate the optimal ratio of tofu ice cream made with crushed tofu and soybean milk. Also, to compare characteristics of tofu ice cream and soybean ice cream. Mix viscosity, overrun and melting down are measured as characteristics of ice cream. The optimal mixing ratio of tofu ice cream was determined by response surface methodology based on overall quality. As a result of optimization, tofu ice cream was made with 65.90% tofu cream (9% solid contents), 4.35% whipping cream, 14.35% canola oil, 15.00% sugar, 0.2% emulsifier and 0.2% guar gum. Soybean ice cream made with three different treated (blanched, steamed, roasted) soybean and each preprocess are treated for 0-20 min. Mix viscosity was enhanced preprocessing time increasing. Also, overrun and melting down was decline preprocessing time increased. As a result of comparison of ice cream overall quality, 15 min roasted soybean ice cream was shown the best quality.

본 연구는 제 3차 전국자연환경조사 결과를 토대로 흰물떼새(Charadrius alexandrinus)의 시·공간적 분포현황과 흰물떼새가 선호하는 서식지 유형을 분석하였다. 2006년부터 2012년까지 흰물떼새는 전국 824 도엽 중 97개 도엽 (약 11.8%)에서 기록되었고 주로 서해안과 남해안의 해안선을 따라 집중 분포하였다. 또한, 일부 동해안과 내륙의 주요 강(한강, 금강, 낙동강, 섬진강, 영산강) 주변, 제주도의 동쪽과 서쪽 해안선 일대와 대청도에서 관찰되었다. 주요 관찰된 시기는 봄철 이동시기와 번식기, 가을철 이동시기이며 환경부 중분류 토지피복 분석 결과 수역과 습지의 넓이가 흰물떼새의 서식에 유의한 영향을 미쳤다. 환경부 세분류 토지피복의 연안습지 면적 분석 결과 흰물떼새가 관찰된 도엽의 대부분(약 90%)에는 연안습지가 형성되어 있었고, 연안습지의 형성여부가 흰물떼새의 분포에 통계적으로 유의 한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 흰물떼새는 서식지의 변화에 따라 번식지를 이동하며, 서식지 환경변화에 민감한 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 흰물떼새는 생물지표 기준으로서 연안습지 지역의 서식지 환경의 변화와 관련이 있고 시기별 개체수 산정이 가능하기 때문에 우리나라 조간대 연안의 생태적 가치를 판단하는 지표종으로 활용할 만한 가치가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 국내 최대 자생지인 덕유산국립공원 내 광릉요강꽃의 환경적 특성 규명을 통해 지속적으로 감소하고 있는 광릉요강꽃의 결실률을 증대하여 자생지 확산을 유도하기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 조 사기간은 2015년 4월부터 2015년 10월까지이며 조사지역은 덕유산국립공원 특별보호구역으로 지정된 광릉요강꽃 자생지 2개 지역을 대상으로 실시하였다. 미기상 자료분석을 위해 2010년 1월 1일부터 2014년 12월 31일까지 자생지 내 온도와 습도를 분석한 결과 연평균 온도는 8.0℃, 평균 상대 습도는 82.8%로 높은 습도를 나타내었다. 광릉요강꽃 개화기간 내 자생지 주변 개화식물을 조사한 결과, 15과 19속 20종이 개화하였으며 주요식물은 고추나무, 바위말발도리, 노루삼, 백작약 등으로 나타났다. 광릉 요강꽃의 개엽 및 개화조사 결과, 자생지별 고도차이로 온도에 의한 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 수 분에 따른 결실률 조사 결과, 자연수분은 65.6%, 인공수분은 100.0%로 나타났고, 수정개체의 열매 특 성조사 결과, 열매가 성숙될수록 열매의 폭은 비대생장으로 증가하였으며, 열매의 길이는 큰 차이가 없 는 것으로 나타났다. 개화기 방문 곤충 정밀조사 결과, 총 6목 18과 22종의 곤충이 방문하였고 파리매 류, 노랑줄어리병대벌레, 집파리류가 최다출현종으로 나타났으나 열매결실에 직접적 영향을 주는 곤충 은 벌목, 파리목 등으로 나타났다.

Super alloys, which can be divided into three categories, i.e. Ni-base, Co-base, and Fe-base alloys, are widely used for high temperature applications. Since superalloys contain many alloying elements and precipitates, their chemistry and processing parameters need to be carefully designed. In this study, we designed a new Ni alloy to prevent corrosion due to water vapor and gases at high temperatures. The new alloy was designed using the theoretical value of the resulting energy electronic state calculation(DV-Xα method). The components that were finally used were Cr, Mo, and Ti, with Ni as a base. For these alloys, elements were selected in order to compare their values with that of the average theoretical basis for an Inconel 625 alloy. Finally, two kinds of Ni alloy were designed: Ni-28Cr-4Mo-2Ti and Ni-20Cr-10Mo-1Ti.

vThis study analyzed the coat color-related genes of MC1R, ASIP, ECA3-inversion, and STX17 of 1,462 Jeju horses administered by the Jeju Special Self-Governing Province. This was done to investigate the distributional characteristics of coat color-related genes in the Jeju horse group and the changes of its coat color-related genes by generation. The genotype frequency of the MC1R gene of E+/E+ and E+/Ee related to black coat color was 0.122 and 0.447, respectively, while Ee/Ee of the chestnut genotype was 0.429. The genotype frequency of the ASIP gene of AA/AA, AA/Aa, and Aa/Aa was 0.46, 0.448, and 0.091, respectively, where the genotype frequency of Aa/Aa turned out to be relatively low. The To/To and +/To genotype that manifests the Tobiano shape was 0.001 and 0.119, respectively, with the share of Tobiano shape around 12%. The genotype frequency of G/G and G/g of STX17 related to grey coat color was 0.002 and 0.680, respectively, with the share of grey horses among the Jeju horse group at 68.2%. As for the change of coat color genes by generation, no large changes were observed in the MC1R and ASIP genes. In ECA3-inversion, the To allele that manifests Tobiano significantly decreased following the generational change (p<0.05), while the STX17 G allele related to grey coat color significantly increased following the generational change (p<0.05). It will be necessary to examine the coat color genes when selecting breeding horses so that the diversity of coat colors among the Jeju horse group can be maintained.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the SDAR (solvent deasphaltene residue), which is obtained from the solvent deasphalting (SDA) process, as a pavement material. METHODS : The physical properties of the SDAR were evaluated based on its chemical composition, and asphalt mixtures with the SDAR were fabricated and used for the evaluation of mechanical properties. Firstly, the chemical composition of SARA (saturate, aromatic, resin and asphaltene) was analyzed using the TLC-FID (thin-layer chromatography-flame ionization detector). Moreover, the basic material properties of the asphalt binder with the SDAR were evaluated by the penetration test, softening point test, ductility test, and PG (performance grade) grade test. The rheological properties of the asphalt binder with the SDAR were evaluated by the dynamic shear modulus (G*) obtained using the time-temperature superposition (TTS) principle. Secondly, the mechanical properties of the asphalt mixtures with the SDAR were evaluated. The compactibility was evaluated using the gyratory compacter. Moreover, the tensile strength ratio (TSR) was used for evaluating the moisture susceptibility of the asphalt mixtures (i.e., susceptibility to pothole damage). The dynamic modulus E*, which is a fundamental property of the asphalt mixture, obtained at different temperatures and loading cycles, was used to evaluate the mechanical properties of the asphalt mixtures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION : The SDAR shows stiffer and more brittle behavior than the conventional asphalt binder. As the application of the SDAR directly in the field may cause early failures, such as cracks on pavements, it should be applied with modifiers that can favorably modify the brittleness property of the SDAR. Therefore, if appropriate additives are applied on the SDAR, it can be used as a pavement material because of its low cost and strong resistance to rutting.

순환식 수막시스템의 적정 수온을 결정하는데 필요한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 딸기를 토경재배하고 있는 실험온실에서 외부온도, 수막용수의 수온 및 야간시간대에 따른 처리방식별 온실 내부 환경변화를 비교 분석하였다. 대조구는 무수막 온실이고, 처리구는 수온이 10oC, 15oC로 각각 설정된 순환식 수막온실로서 모두 무가온 및 추가적인 보온자재의 투입이 없는 상태를 말한다. 수막이 직접 살수되는 2중 비닐하우스는 폭 5.5m, 길이 55m이고, 분당 살수되는 평균 수막유량은 38.5~44.5L로 나타났다. 3가지 처리조건 모두에서 외부온도와 내부온도는 양의 선형관련성이 매우 높게 나타났으며 처리구 (10, 15oC)의 외부온도에 대한 상관성은 유사한 수준으로 분석되었다. 보온효과는 수온 15oC 처리구가 수온 10oC 처리구보다 1.3oC 정도 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 외부온도가 약 -8.1~8.6oC 범위에서 변화할 때, 처리조건 별 최저온도는 무처리구, 수온 10oC 처리구, 수온 15oC 처리구가 외부에 비해 각각 6.4, 11.0, 12.3oC 정도 높게 유지되는 것으로 나타났다. 평균 온도는 무처리구, 수온 10oC 처리구, 수온 15oC 처리구의 순으로 높아지고 온도변화폭은 오히려 작아지는 경향을 보였다. 외부 최저 온도가 -1.3oC, 평균온도가 1.5oC인 날은 수막시스템의 수온을 10oC로, 외부 최저온도가 -4.7oC, 평균온도가 -0.2oC 인 날은 수온을 15oC로 설정해도 온실의 목표온도(5oC) 유지가 가능한 것으로 나타났다. 처리조건별 야간시간대( 일몰 후, 자정, 일출 전, 일출 후)에 따른 온실 내부와 외부의 온도는 전반적으로 일몰직후가 가장 높고, 이후 서서히 감소하여 일출직전이 가장 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 온실의 목표온도 유지를 위해서는 일출직전 시간대에 특히 집중적인 관리가 필요하며, 순환식 수막 시스템의 수온을 획일적으로 15oC 이상으로 결정하기 보다는 외부온도 변화, 야간시간대, 재배작물에 따라 다르게 결정하는 것이 타당한 것으로 판단된다.

This study was conducted to evaluate the chemical composition and physico-chemical meat quality properties for Jeju-horse (Jeju-horse×Thoroughbred) with different fattening periods (4-, 8- and 13.5-month). In chemical composition, the moisture contents were decreased as the fattening periods increased. The fat contents were 3.78% at 4-months and they were decreased such as 70∼76% at 13.5-months whereas the protein contents increased as the fattening period increased. The cooking loss was highest (33.41%) at 4-months group and decreased after that periods, however, there was no significant difference among 3 fattening period groups. The Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) values were lowest at 4-months group and tended to increase as the fattening period increased. In mineral contents, the contents of Fe, Na, Zn were significantly higher for 4-month group than 8- and 13.5-month group whereas the contents of Mg were significantly lower for 4-month group than 8- and 13.5-month group (p＜0.05). The results of the amino acid composition analysis showed that cystein, methionine, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, alanine, valine, lysine, histidine, arginine contents were significantly increased and tyrosine contents were significantly decreased as the fattening period increased (p<0.05). The contents of palmitic acid (C16:0) were highest at 4-month group and they decreased as the fattening period increased (p＜0.05). The contents of oleic acid (C18:ln9) were highest at 8-month group and they were lowest at 13.5-month group. The total contents of unsaturated fatty acids were significantly higher for 13.5-month group than those for 4-month groups (p＜0.05). In conclusions, the fat contents were decreased whereas the protein, Fe, Mg contents and WHC increased as the fattening periods increased. Overall contents of amino acids increased only except several amino acids. The total contents of unsaturated fatty acids were increased as the fattening period increased, however they were not significantly different when those were fattened more than 8-month. These results indicated that longer fattening period could be more effective to enhance horse meat quality.

Raising replacement heifers is important aspect of dairy farm management that can be characterized as a long-term performance and high-cost production period. This study was investigated the effect of month of age at the first pregnancy on calving difficulty of Holstein heifers. Heifers was inseminated with semen of easy-calving sire and the reproductive performance was compared for the effect of first pregnancy at 12-14 months of age (12 month old), 15-16 months of age (15 month old), 17-19 months of age (17 month old) and > 20 months of age (20 month old) in Holstein heifers. Holstein heifers showed different easy calving score (ECS) depending on their ages; frequency of ECS 1 was 55.2%, 64.9%, 59.4% and 52.0% at 12, 15, 17 and 20 month of age, respectively. Frequency of ECS 4 was 5.2%, 1.8%, 6.3% and 4.8% at 12, 15, 17 and 20 month of age, respectively. The rates of retained placenta postparturition in first pregnancy age category was 12.3% at 12 months of age, 5.3% at 15 months of age, 9.4% at 17 months of age and 19.0% at 20 months of age. When It was evaluated by present results, the reproductive performance like easy calving score (ECS), retained placenta rates, and abortion and stillbirth rates of heifers which was inseminated at 14 months old or less and at 17 months old or more was reduced. Therefore, the first pregnancy age for optimum reproductive performance was 15-16 months.

Many polymers exhibits sufficient birefringence to be used as photoelastic specimen material. Common polymers as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) are often used as photoelastic specimen. In a photoelastic experiment, it is necessary to know the material fringe constant of the photoelastic specimen to determine the stresses from the measured isochromatic fringe orders. The material stress fringe constant is determined using the simple tension specimen. The stress fringe constant measured with this method is applied to obtain the stress distribution in a tensile plate with a circular hole. Photoelastic results using the measured material fringe constant are compared with FEM analysis. Two results are comparable, so it can be seen for the measured material fringe constant to be valid.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance properties of chip seals and fog seals with polymer-modified emulsions. METHODS : The performance of chip seals and fog seals was evaluated on the basis of common issues in surface treatments. Granite aggregate and four types of asphalt emulsions (one of the unmodified and three of the modified emulsions) were used considering the usage in field. A Vialit test was performed to determine the aggregate retention, and the MMLS3 (Third Scale Model Mobile Load Simulator) test was conducted to determine the aggregate retention, bleeding, and rutting. In addition, the fog seal specimens were tested by the BPT (British Pendulum Test) to evaluate skid resistance. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS : Overall, the polymer-modified emulsions (PMEs) showed better aggregate retention and bleeding resistance for both chip seals and fog seals. When comparing the performance of the PMEs, the difference was not considerable. In addition, PMEs present significantly better rutting resistance than unmodified emulsions. For skid resistance, if the recommended mix design is applied, the specimens do not cause issues with skid resistance. Although all of the fog seal specimens were over the criteria for skid resistance, the specimen fabricated by the high emulsion application rate (EAR) of the unmodified emulsion was nearly equivalent to the skid value criteria. Therefore, the use of an unmodified emulsion with a high EAR should be carefully applied in the field.

초기에 진단된 담낭암은 담낭 용종이나 담낭 결석 같은 다 른 양성 질환에 대한 치료 목적으로 담낭절제술을 시행한 이 후에 우연히 발견되는 경우가 대부분이다. 의료기술과 향상 에 따라 담낭 용종의 발생률이 증가했음에도 불구하고, 담낭 용종에서 악성을 시사하는 인자들에 대한 연구는 부족한 상 태이다. 본 연구에서는 437명의 환자 중, 담낭 용종으로 진단 된 첫 번째 군의 환자들은 359명이었고, 53명의 담낭선종, 25 명의 담낭암으로 진단된 환자들은 두번째 군에 분류하였다. 두번째 군의 환자들이 첫 번째 군의 환자들에 비해서 유의하 게 고령(50세 이상), 10 mm 이상의 크기, 담낭벽의 두께 증 가를 보였다. 담석 여부는 두 군간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 50세 이상, 크기 증가, 담낭벽의 두께 증가 등은 담낭 용종에서 담낭암 또는 전구 병변의 가능성을 시사할 수 있 다. 이런 인자들을 가지고 있는 담낭 용종 환자에서 담낭절 제술을 고려해야 한다.

새로운 농가 소득 작물로서 곰취 신품종 육성을 위한 기초자료를 얻기 위하여, 두 곰취(적곰취와 달곰)와 기존 재배종 곰취에 대한 향기 성분과 총페놀함량, DPPH 활 성, 비타민 C 함량을 분석하였다. 생체중 100g 당 총페 놀함량은 재배종(137.29mg) 보다 적곰취(158.40mg)와 달곰(180.82mg)에서 현저히 높았다. DPPH 활성은 재배 종(74.45%)과 적곰취(75.59%)보다 달곰(86.26%)에서 다소 높았다. 비타민 C 함량은 재배종과 적곰취 보다 달곰(1.81mg)에서 다소 높았다. 향기 성분인 정유 함량은 재배종에 비하여 적곰취(0.164%), 달곰(0.290%)에서 유의 하게 높았다. GC/MSD 분석의 결과 주요 물질은 재배종 곰취 43종, 적곰취 44종, 달곰 31종이 동정되었으며, N 함유 화합물은 달곰에서만 검출되었다. 향취를 나타내는 주요 6종의 향기 성분 (a-pinene, β-pinene, β-phellandrene, a-phellandrene, 3-carene, limonene) 함량은 재배종에 비하여 적곰취가 높았으며, 달곰은 상대적으로 낮았다. 특히 달곰은 총페놀함량, DPPH 활성, 비타민 C 함량, 정 유함량 등에서 재배종 및 적곰취보다 유의하게 높은 것으로 나타나, 우수한 특성을 기진 것으로 판단되었다.

본 연구는 한국 제조업 중소기업의 R&D 투자와 성과 간의 관계를 분 석하여 비선형 형태를 확인하고, 문턱값인 투자적정수준을 도출하였다. 기존 연구들 은 투자와 성과 간 시차를 고려하지 않거나, 투자와 성과 간 회귀모형에서 투자 변 수의 1차, 2차 항을 이용한 산술적 계산을 통하여 간접적으로 투자수준을 결정하였 는데, 본 연구에서는 이를 극복하기 위해 2년의 시차를 가정한 문턱회귀모형을 사용 하였다. 분석결과에 의하면, R&D 집중도 및 연구원비율과 이익률간의 관계는 S곡선 형 태를 보였고, 매출액 대비 R&D 투자액 기준으로 6.4%, 종업원수 대비 연구원수 기 준으로 13%가 R&D 투자의 적정수준으로 도출되었다. 연구로부터 도출된 투자 및 성과 간 관계 형태와 문턱값은 향후 기업의 R&D 투자 전략 및 정부 지원 정책의 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.