Oxygen consumption is a useful parameter for evaluating mammalian embryo quality, since individual bovine embryos was noninvasively quantified by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Recently, several approaches have been used to measure the oxygen consumption rates of individual embryos, but relationship between oxygen consumption and pregnancy rates of Hanwoo following embryo transfer has not yet been reported. In this study, we measured to investigate the correlation between oxygen consumption rate and pregnancy rates of Hanwoo embryo using a SECM. In addition to, the expression of pluripotent gene and anti-oxidant enzyme was determined using real-time PCR by extracting RNA according to the oxygen consumption of in vivo embryo. First, we found that the oxygen consumption significantly increased in blastocyst-stage embryos (blastocyst) compared to early blastocyst stage embryos, indicating that oxygen consumption reflects the embryo quality (Grade I). Oxygen consumption of blastocyst was measured using a SECM and total cell number of in vitro blastocyst was enumerated by counting cells stained by propidium iodide. The oxygen consumption or GI blastocysts were significantly higher than those of GII blastocysts (10.2 × 1015/mols—1 versus 6.4 × 1015/mols—1, p<0.05). Total cell numbers of in vitro blastocysts were 74.8, 90.7 and 110.2 in the oxygen consumption of below 10.0, 10.0∼12.0 and over 12.0∼1015/mols—1, respectively. Pregnant rate in recipient cow was 0, 60 and 80% in the transplantation of embryo with the oxygen consumption of below 10.0, 10.0∼12.0 and over 12.0 × 1015/mols—1, respectively. GPX1 and SOD1 were significantly increased in over —10.0 group than below 10.0 groups but in catalase gene, there was no significant difference. On the other hand, In OCT-4 and Sox2, pluripotent gene, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the below-10.0 (0.98 ± 0.1) and over 10.0 (1.79 ± 0.2). In conclusion, these results suggest that measurement of oxygen consumption maybe help increase the pregnant rate of Hanwoo embryos.

The anti-proliferative efficacy of t,t-conjugated linoleic acid (t,t-CLA), c9,t11-CLA, and t10,c12-CLA was compared in several human cancer cell lines. Gastric NCI-N87, liver Hep3B, pancreas Capan-2, and lung NCI-H522 cancer cells were incubated with 50 μM CLA isomers over a period of 6 days. The t,t-CLA inhibited the growth of all cancer cell lines to different extents, but c9,t11-CLA and t10,c12-CLA inhibited or stimulated the growth of the cancer cell lines. NCI-N87 cells were the most sensitive to growth inhibition and apoptosis from all CLA isomers tested. In NCI-N87 cells, CLA isomers reduced the release of arachidonic acid (AA) via the inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2 ) activity, consequently reducing the production of PGE2 through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The efficacies of CLA isomers were in the following order (from most to least effective): t,t-CLA, t10,c12-CLA and c9,t11-CLA. Overall, these results imply that the anti-proliferative efficacy of t,t-CLA on cancer cells, especially NCI-N87 cells, was greater than other CLA isomers due to its induction of apoptosis through the inhibition of cPLA2 and COX-2 activities.

본 시험은 육성기 흑염소에 있어서 조사료원이 볏짚 위 주일 때, 농후사료 급여 수준이 발육, 사료이용성 및 경제 성에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 실시하였다. 육성기 암 컷 흑염소 40두를 공시하여 농후사료 급여수준을 체중의 1.5% (T1), 1.8% (T2), 2.1% (T3) 및 자유채식구(T4)로 나누 어 급여 하였고 조사료원은 볏짚을 자유채식 하도록 하였 다. 그 결과, 일당 증체량은 T1 (1.5%), T2 (1.8%), T3 (2.1%) 및 T4(자유채식)구가 각각 50.23, 60.37, 71.46 및 98.90 g으로 농후사료의 급여 수준이 높아질수록 유의하게 높았으며(p<0.05), 조사료인 볏짚의 사료 섭취량은 농후사 료 급여수준이 증가 할수록 유의적으로 감소하는 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 경제성 분석에 있어서 육성기 흑염소 경영 비는 농후사료를 1.5%, 1.8%, 2.1% 및 자유 채식하였을 때 각각 46,704원, 49,998원, 54,701원 및 74,613원으로 농후사 료의 급여수준이 증가할수록 경영비는 증가하였다. 이는 증체량에 있어서 T4(자유채식)구가 가장 많이 증가하였지 만 T3 (2.1%)구보다 사료비에 있어서 두당 19,912원 더 많 이 들었다. 이상의 시험 결과를 종합하여 고려할 때, 육성 기 흑염소에 있어서 조사료 원이 볏짚 단용일 경우에는 농 후사료를 2.1% 수준으로 급여하는 것이 가장 바람직할 것 으로 사료 된다.

Low efficiency of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is attributed to incomplete reprogramming of transfered nu-clei into oocytes. Trichostatin A (TSA), histone deacetylase inhibitor and 5-aza-2’deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC), DNA methy-lation inhibitor has been used to enhance nuclear reprogramming following SCNT. However, it was not known molec-ular mechanism by which TSA and 5-aza-dC improve preimplantation embryo and fetal development following SCNT. The present study investigates embryo viability and gene expression of cloned porcine preimplantation embryos in the presence and absence of TSA and 5-aza-dC as compared to embryos produced by parthenogenetic activation. Our results indicated that TSA treatment significantly improved development. However 5-aza-dC did not improve development. Presence of TSA and 5-aza-dC significantly improved total cell number, and also decreased the apoptot-ic and autophagic index. Three apoptotic-related genes, Bak, Bcl-xL, and Caspase 3 (Casp3), and three autophagic-re-lated genes, ATG6, ATG8, and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2), were measured by real time RT-PCR. TSA and 5-aza-dC treatment resulted in high expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-xL and low pro-apoptotic gene Bak expression compared to untreated NT embryos or parthenotes. Furthermore, LC3 protein expression was lower in NT-TSA and NT-5-aza-dC embryos than those of NT and parthenotes. In addition, TSA and 5-aza-dC treated embryos displayed a global acetylated histone H3 at lysine 9 and methylated DNA H3 at lysine 9 profile similar to the parthenogenetic blastocysts. Finally, we determined that several DNA methyltransferase genes Dnmt1, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b. NT blastocysts showed higher levels Dnmt1 than those of the TSA and 5-aza-dC blastocysts. Dnmt3a is lower in 5-aza-dC than NT, NTTSA and parthenotes. However, Dnmt3b is higher in 5-aza-dC than NT and NTTSA. These results suggest that TSA and 5-aza-dC positively regulates nuclear reprogramming which result in modulation of apoptosis and autophagy related gene expression and then reduce apoptosis and autophagy. In addition, TSA and 5-aza-dC affects the acetylated and methylated status of the H3K9.

The objective of this study was to analyze the reproductive ability by strains and age in weeks of Korean native chicken and to compare the egg weight by body weight of Korean native chicken cock. Six strains (L=black, W=white, O=Ogol chicken, G=gray, R=red, and Y=brown) of Korea native chicken were used in this study. The fertility of strains W and Y were 89.6% and 86.3% respectively, and significantly higher than the other strains (p<0.05). Strains R and W showed high hatchability (90.7%, 89.6%, respectively) and strains L and O showed low rate (78.9%, 87.3%, respectively). There was no significant difference by weeks in each strain. The fertility was the highest at 28 weeks of age and the hatchability showed the highest value at 26 weeks of age. Egg weights of strains L and R were significantly high (p<0.05) but strains W and G were significantly low (p<0.05). Egg weight was higher in 1.65 ㎏ of Korea native chicken cock than in 2.00 ㎏ of Korea native chicken cock. These results suggest that the using average weight (1.65 ㎏) of Korea native chicken cocks could have an advantage for the feed cost savings and productivity improvement.

As a replication study of Hanaoka and Izumi (2012), the present research investigated the process of learners’ noticing of problems in their interlanguage (IL) while they were producing the second language (L2) and their process of relevant input provided in the form of two types of feedback (i.e., reformulation and a model text) in L2 writing. The data were collected from twenty-five university students in Korea, and they engaged in a four-staged picture description task consisting of the writing stage (Stage 1), the comparison stage (Stage 2), the immediate revision stage (Stage 3), and the delayed revision stage (Stage 4). It was found that output triggered learners’ noticing of problems; however, the problems did not always show up overtly in their writing. Some problems were manifested in writing (i.e., overt problems), while some were hidden (i.e., covert problems). A model text and reformulation played somewhat different roles in offering the solutions to the problems: a model text provided more solutions to covert problems while reformulation provided more solutions to overt problems. And, the extent of learners’ noticing was associated with the types of problems (overt vs. covert problems) and feedback (i.e., models vs. reformulation). However, the types of problems and feedback were not related to the rate of incorporation of feedback into subsequent writing.

The fact that flip-flops, one of many different types of unstable shoes, are light and relatively easy to put on, accounts for their popularity among people. But because flip-flops rely heavily on the support of a single thong between your first and second toes, they impose a huge amount of pressure onto lower leg. Thus in the following experiment we tried to examine the different effects of flip-flops and running shoes in terms of their effect on muscle activity and fatigue of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius during walking. In order to measure an electromyogram we used Free EMG system. 10 men and 10 women in running shoes ran on treadmills for 15 minutes at 4.8km/h, 2 days later the same experiment was carried out, but this time, in flip-flops. p value turned out to be greater than .05 and thus there was no considerable difference between the effects of flip-flops and running shoes on muscle activity and fatigue during walking. Therefore we conclude that despite the fact that flip-flops are considered unstable, their effects on muscle activity and fatigue of tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius are negligible.

Monochamus saltuarius, which mediates Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is one of the important vector of pine wilt disease recently. M. saltuarius showed difference with weight, growth, and oviposition according to species of trees. The most feeding amount and feeding area were determined in P. koraiensis. However, M. saltuarius almost did not feed and longevity was observed very short time only for 10 day in Sciadopitys verticillata. Weight, length and head width were measured the highest growth of M. saltuarius in P. koraiensis. Female of M. saltuarius was determined more growing than male of M. saltuarius in all species of trees. Tree preference for oviposition of M. saltuarius was the highest choice in P. densiflora. However, lots of scar for oviposition have observed but M. saltuarius laid less eggs in P. rigida. This result is related to bark thickness of trees. Ovipositional frequency has been consistently maintained to P. densiflora and P. koraiensis at 20 day intervals. In this study, physiological and ecological characteristic of M. saltuarius to preference of trees were researched could be helpful for managing of M. saltuarius.

목 적: 각막굴절교정수술을 받은 환자를 대상으로 비접촉식 안압계로 안압을 측정하고 측정안압에 영향을 주는 변수를 분석하고자 하였다. 방 법: LASIK 또는 LASEK 각막굴절교정수술을 받은 154명(261안)을 대상으로 하였다. 안압은 비접촉식 안압계(KT-800, KOWA, JAPAN)를 이용하여 측정하였고, 각막곡률, 각막지형도검사, 중심각막두께는 Orbscan(OrbscanⅡ, Bausch+Lomb, USA)을 이용하여 측정하였다. 수술 후 안압 변화량과 중심각막두께 변화량, 각막곡률 변화량 및 교정굴절력과의 상관성은 SPSS ver. 18.0(SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois)를 이용하여 분석하였으며 유의수준은 p

Despite a growing interest in the role of written corrective feedback (CF) in L2development, not enough research has examined how learners actually process and understand linguistic information delivered in CF. Acknowledging the importance and necessity of process-oriented research into written CF, the present study investigated the extent to which Korean learners of English understood written CF they received from the teacher in writing classes. In addition, the study looked into whether the presence and quality of understanding of CF was related to learners’immediate uptake and retention of CF. Two intact writing classes and one native English teacher participated in the present research. The study found that a third of CF targeting grammar errors and a half of CF targeting vocabulary errors were correctly understood. The quality of the learners’ understanding of CF was closely related to their immediate uptake in terms of grammar but not in vocabulary; and the quality of their understanding was strongly related to retention in grammar and vocabulary.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of high concentrations of glucose on porcine parthenotes developing in vitro. Addition of 55 mM glucose to the culture medium of embryos at the four-cell-stage significantly inhibited blastocyst formation, resulting in fewer cells in blastocyst-stage embryos and increased levels of apoptosis and autophagy compared to control. Quantitative reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR analysis revealed that the expression of pro-apoptotic genes (Caspase 3, Bax and Bak) and autophagy genes (Atg6 and Atg8/Lc3) were increased significantly by the addition of 55 mM glucose to the culture medium compared to control. MitoTracker Green fluorescence revealed a decrease in the overall mitochondrial mass compared to control. However, the addition of 55 mM glucose had no effect on mRNA expression of the nuclear DNA-encoded mitochondrial-related genes, cytochrome oxidase (Cox) 5a, Cox5b and Cox6b1. These results suggest that hyperglycemia reduced the mitochondrial content of porcine embryos developing in vitro and that this may hinder embryonic development to the blastocyst stage and embryo quality by increasing apoptosis and autophagy in these embryos.

Graphene, a carbon crystal sheet of molecular thickness, shows diverse and exceptional properties ranging from electrical and thermal conductivities, to optical and mechanical qualities. Thus, its potential applications include not only physicochemical materials but also extends to biological uses. Here, we review recent experimental studies about graphene for such bioapplications. As a prerequisite to the search to determine the potential of graphene for bioapplications, the essential qualities of graphene that support biocompatibility, were briefly summarized. Then, direct examples of tissue regeneration and tissue engineering utilizing graphenes, were discussed, including uses for cell scaffolds, cell modulating interfaces, drug delivery, and neural interfaces.

The study was conducted to investigate the comparison of pregnancy rate and transferable embryos produced by genetically superior Korean cows (Hanwoo) of livestock farms. Eighteen Hanwoo donors were superovulated with gonadotropin for 4 days combined with Progesterone Releasing Intravaginal. Embryos were recovered 7 days after the second insemination by flushing the uterus with embryo collection medium. No differences were observed in the efficiency of rate of superovulation in groups A (low nutrition) and B (highnutrition) it was observed to be 100.0% and 87.5%, respectively. The mean numbers of total embryos were 10.8±3.4 and 8.9±2.5, and transferable embryos were 7.5±3.3 and 4.0±1.5 in groups A and B, respectively. The pregnancy rates after embryo transfer were 23.5%, 20.0%, C 80.0% and 55.6% in farm A, B, C, and D, respectively. In conclusion, results suggest that superovulation could be used quite effectively to raise superior Hanwooembryos. However, physical and biological condition of recipients greatly affects the rate of pregnancy.

Experts of medicine, philosophy and psychology found that human somatotypes were related to personality or physical characteristics and classified somatotypes into various forms. This study explored the changes and types of somatotyping methods from Before Christ to present day and identified the status of studies of somatotypes in the area of physical therapy. This study covered the methods applied in various majors with a focus on those provided in books and papers of Heath BH. and Carter JEL. Based on the results, there are officially twelve assessment methods. Currently, the method of Heath & Carter is most widely applied. Somatotypes are studied in many areas. It is actively explored in the area of pain physical therapy, thermotherapy and integumentary physical therapy. Also, the soft tissue physical therapy area seeks interdisciplinary studies. This study found that there were various assessment methods in diverse areas. It is likely that continuous studies will develop new assessment methods. It is hoped that in the area of physical therapy, somatotypes shall be applied more amply.

Most patients with chronic low back pain experience functional disability of trunk muscle, and limitations in physical activity. While there are many types of exercise programs available, in recent years sling exercise has been emerging as the exercise program for spinal stabilization. It has been supported by a great amount of research with positive findings on its effectiveness. This research studies the effects of bridging exercise, conducted on a sling, on pain level and trunk muscle activation in supine, sidelying, and prone positions during a 4 weeks period. 10 healthy people(normal group, n=10) and 28 patients with low back pain participated in this study. 28 patients were divided into two groups; one group participated in exercise with the sling(experimental group, n=14) and the other group exercised without the sling(control group, n=14). They were asked to use the Numerical Rating Scale(NRS) to answer to the level of their pain they felt (no pain: 0 point, severe pain: 10 points). During sling bridging exercises, the muscle activity level in each muscle measured in each position was standardized as three seconds of EMG signals during five seconds MVIC. In conclusion, the experimental group with four weeks of sling bridging exercise experienced a statistically significant reduction in the pain level(p<.05) and increase in the muscle activities of erector spinae when in supine position, internal oblique when in sidelying position, and rectus abdominis in prone position(p<.05). Regular sling bridging exercise reduces the low back pain and enhances other trunk muscle activation, thereby positively affect spinal stabilization.

This study aims to address the effect of interferential current therapy and thereby to provide basic resources to physical therapies for internal medicine by identifying symptoms for functional dyspepsia and serum gastrin level that shows gastric motility. Following results were obtained by performing interferential current therapy to 16 subjects composed of 8 for functional dyspepsia group and 8 for control group for 20 minutes a day, 3 days a week, for 6 weeks. In control group, serum gastrin level was significantly( p<.01), lowered after the therapy whereas there was no significant difference observed in all questions from questionnaire for symptoms of functional dyspepsia between before and after the therapy. In functional dyspepsia group, serum gastrin level was significantly(p<.01), lowered after the therapy and there was also significant(p<.01) reduction in every question from questionnaire for symptoms of functional dyspepsia between before and after the therapy. There was more significant decrease in serum gastrin level and reduction in questionnaire for symptoms of functional dyspepsia in the functional dyspepsia group compared to the control group(p<.01). This study confirms the interferential current therapy as an effective therapeutic method for internal diseases including functional dyspepsia since it not only improves the symptoms of functional dyspepsia but also allows the gastric motility close to normal.

We previously reported Pear Pest Forecasting Management System (PPFMS) for the Improvement of pass ratio of Korean exporting pears. It is consisted of regular field forecasting by pear farmers, meteorological data obtained by automatic weather station (AWS), an internet web page (http://pearpest.jnu.ac.kr/) as information collecting and providing ground, and information providing service. Currently, we are expanding this system to the area, Cheonan and Ansung, where pear orchards are organized into exportation-specific group. Further, the information obtained from field forecasting and AWS were up-loaded to under-constructing upgraded webpage (http://www.kpear.kr), with several pest/disease-related information. We hope this pest forecasting management system increases the pass ratio of Korean exporting pears throughout establishment of farmer-oriented forecasting, inspiring farmers’ effort for the prevention and forecasting of diseases and pests occurring at pear orchards.

Body condition score (BCS) is a useful management tool for distinguishing differences in nutritional needs of cows in the herd. Although it is not always possible to quantify the nutrient content of the feed supplied to the donor cow, the nutritional status can be determined by the BCS. The objective of this study was to evaluate in vivo embryo production, return to estrous of donor and pregnancy rate of recipients following BCS in Hanwoo superovulation. Sixty nine Hanwoo donor cows were flushed on day 7 of estrus cycle with same FSH and artificial insemination by the same technicians. Embryos were recovered on 7 days after the third insemination by flushing the uterus with Embryo Collection Medium. The results obtained were as follows: No differences were observed in the efficiency of superovulation rates regardless of BCS (≦2.0, 2.5 to 3.0, and ≧3.5). The mean number of total embryos was each 5.20±0.86, 11.56±1.04, and 6.23±1.07. The mean number of transferable embryo from ≦2.0, 2.5 to 3.0, and ≧3.5 of BCS was 2.60±0.87, 7.94±0.89, and 4.75±1.32, respectively (p<0.05). Return to estrous regardless of donor BCS was no difference. The pregnancy rates of recipient were BCS ≦2.0 11.76%, 2.5 to 3.0 40.79%, and ≧3.5 11.11%, following transfer of fresh embryos produced in vivo, respectively. These results indicate that if the Hanwoo with BCS 2.5 to 3.3 are used for donor and recipient, the embryo production and the conception rate will be greater.