Dietary fiber plays a important role in improving gut micriobiome and reproductive performance in gestating sows. This study aimed to evaluate effects of dietary supplementation with domestically produced alfalfa, provided in pelleted or mashed form, on body weight, body condition, litter performance, fecal score and fecal microbiome in gestating sows. A total of nine crossbred F1 gilts (Yorkshire × Landrace) with an average body weight of 230.33 ± 12.63 kg at 50 days of gestation were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments (n = 3 per treatment): (1) control (CON, basal diet), (2) Pellet (basal diet + 10% pelleted alfalfa), and (3) Mash (basal diet + 10% mashed alfalfa). Results indicated that alfalfa supplementation had no significant effect on weight gain during gestation (p>0.05), although sows in both alfalfa-supplemented groups showed numerically reduced weight loss during lactation compared to the control. The mashed alfalfa improved average daily weight gain of piglets during lactation (p<0.05). Moreover, the pelleted alfalfa alleviated constipation and numerically increased the relative abundance of positive microbes such as Firmicutes (phylum level), Lactobacillaceae and Ruminococcaceae (family level), and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Lactobacillus, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_002 (genus level) (p<0.05). On the other hands, it numerically decreased the relative abundance of negative microbes such as Proteobacteria in phylum level and Escherichia_Shigella in genus level. These findings suggest that domestically grown alfalfa, particularly in pellet or mash form, may be a valuable dietary fiber source for gestating sows to support piglet performance, gut health, and welfare. However, further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to confirm these effects.

Sixty dried agricultural products were collected from February to July 2024. Among these, 16 samples were randomly purchased from large supermarkets and local markets in Gwangju, and 44 were obtained from online marketplaces. Only products labeled with phrases such as “No Food Additives” or “100% Raw Ingredients” were selected for analysis. The aims of this study were to determine the concentrations of sulfur dioxide, preservatives, artificial colorants, and toxic heavy metals (lead and cadmium) in dried agricultural products, assess their risk indices, and provide foundational data to establish relevant regulatory standards. The results revealed that sulfite compounds were detected in some samples, with the highest sulfur dioxide concentrations found in gourds (82.99- 1046.95 mg/kg), apricots (10.87-529.45 mg/kg), and konjac powder (23.59-475.92 mg/kg). The highest sulfur dioxide risk index was observed in persimmons, with values ranging from 4.74% to 16.61% for male and 6.26% to 26.84% for female consumers. Sweet potatoes followed, with risk index values of 6.87% and 11.29% for male and female consumers, respectively. All the samples exhibited sulfur dioxide risk indexes below 100%, indicating safety. No preservatives or artificial colorants were detected in any of the samples, suggesting that sulfites can be used as alternatives to preservatives in certain products. The concentrations of lead in dates (9.55-137.09 μg/kg) and gourds (10.76-49.14 μg/kg) and cadmium in gourds (16.36-51.76 μg/kg) were within safe limits, with risk indexes below 100%. This study provides crucial baseline data for evaluating the safety of dried agricultural products. Furthermore, it underscores the need for more comprehensive risk assessments that consider the interactions between sulfur dioxide, heavy metals, and consumption patterns. Lastly, it highlights the necessity of strengthening regulatory standards to better protect consumers.

Purpose: This study examines parental perceptions of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and identifies key educational components for effective prevention programs. Given the long-term impact of ACEs on child development and well-being, understanding parental perspectives is essential for designing targeted interventions. By identifying gaps in parental awareness, this study provides a foundation for structured, evidence-based interventions aimed at reducing ACEs and promoting child well-being. Methods: A qualitative content analysis was conducted using the data obtained from semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 12 mothers of preschool-aged children between January 3, 2022, and January 11, 2022. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling to ensure diversity in parenting backgrounds and exposure to ACE-related risk factors. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed until data saturation was reached, ensuring the identification of consistent patterns in parental perspectives and educational needs. Results: Five key themes emerged from the analysis. First, “Memories and emotions of ACEs” highlighted how past experiences of coercive parenting, neglect, and emotional detachment influenced current parenting practices, with many parents expressing a desire to break negative cycles. Second, “Long-term impacts of ACEs” revealed persistent psychological and emotional effects, including anxiety, low self-esteem, difficulties in emotional regulation, and struggles in forming secure attachments. Third, “Parent education needs for preventing ACEs” emphasized the need for structured training programs focusing on emotional regulation, stress management, positive discipline strategies, and effective communication skills to support healthy parent-child relationships. Fourth, “Social factors and family environment improvement” identified financial instability, limited access to community support, and social stigma as significant barriers to creating a safe and nurturing home environment. Finally, “Proposals for promoting healthy child development” included recommendations for increasing public awareness of ACEs, expanding accessible parenting education, and developing community-based initiatives to enhance family resilience and reduce ACE risk factors. Conclusion: The findings underscore the importance of comprehensive parent education programs that emphasize non-violent discipline, empathetic communication, and parental stress management. Additionally, integrating social support systems, advocating for public policies that strengthen family well-being, and raising awareness of ACEs can enhance preventive efforts. Future research should assess the effectiveness of such programs across diverse socio-economic and cultural backgrounds to develop sustainable ACE prevention strategies. Expanding access to evidence-based parenting programs and incorporating them into public health initiatives will be the key to ensuring long-term success, reducing ACE prevalence, and promoting healthier childhood environments.

Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease, with the reticular type being the most common among its subtypes, while the erosive type is known to have a relatively higher risk of malignant transformation. The reticular subtype of OLP has a low risk of malignancy, whereas the erosive subtype has a higher risk, leading to a debate on whether OLP should be considered a precancerous lesion. On the other hand, Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignant tumor occurring in the oral cavity. It often originates from precancerous lesions, and due to its often unclear early symptoms, there is a growing need for early diagnosis. This study aims to identify salivary biomarkers associated with malignant transformation from OLP to OSCC through a literature review. The review was conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, focusing on the last 20 years. The search keywords used were "Oral lichen planus reticular," "Oral lichen planus erosive," "Oral squamous cell carcinoma," and "Biomarker." Compared to healthy controls, a total of 48 biomarkers showed increased or decreased expression in OLP-reticular, 43 in OLP-erosive, and 54 in OSCC. There were 27 common biomarkers between OLP-reticular and OLP-erosive, and 11 common biomarkers between OLP-erosive and OSCC. Nine biomarkers were common across OLP-reticular, OLP-erosive, and OSCC. Among the 27 biomarkers showing a shift from OLP-reticular to OLP-erosive, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TBARS were observed to increase in expression as the condition progressed from OLP-reticular to OLP-erosive. The nine biomarkers involved in the transition from OLP-reticular to OLP-erosive and subsequently to OSCC were TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, CD44, MMP-9, Catalase, and Survivin. Notably, Survivin was found to decrease in expression in both OLP-reticular and OLP-erosive compared to healthy controls, but its expression increased in OSCC, making it the most noteworthy biomarker.

Acneiform eruptions are skin diseases that mimic acne vulgaris but lacking typical follicular blockage features. Acne vulgaris and some granulomatous variants of acneiform eruptions can involve Cutibacterium acnes, an anaerobic opportunistic bacterium; however, some cases remain resistant to standard antibiotics treatments. We report a 56-year-old male with facial acneiform granulomas unresponsive to long-term antibiotic and steroid treatments. The patient had no history of additional medications or other diseases, except symptomatic apical periodontitis in a molar toot. Both facial skin and dental lesions shared a key finding, intracellular infection of C. acnes within macrophages, despite differing histopathological features. The facial acneiform eruptions did not respond to initial minocycline treatment. However, following extraction of the infected tooth, the facial granuloma responded to the antibiotics and resolved without complications. PCR analysis confirmed C. acnes DNA in both the dental and skin biopsies. This case indicates the C. acnes-associated oral-skin-microbiome axis although a direct causal link between the distinct lesions could not be fully established. Odontogenic infection may act as reservoirs, impairing efficacy of antibiotic treatment. We recommend dental evaluation for case of facial acneiform granulomas that do not respond to antibiotics alone.

Steel moment frame connections are vital in moment frames designed to resist forces transferred from adjoining beams and columns. The welded unreinforced flange-welded web (WUF-W) connection is one of the pre-qualified connections used for steel special moment frames (SMFs). This study developed drift-based fragility functions for WUF-W connections based on test data of 35 WUF-W connection specimens from ten previous experimental studies. Four different damage states were defined to calculate the fragility: onset of yielding, local buckling, strength loss, and fracture. Fragility functions were derived assuming that lognormal distribution was validated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test. It was confirmed that fragility functions for WUF-W connections were accurately proposed within a specified confidence interval. The fragility functions proposed in this study exhibit smaller standard deviations compared to FEMA P58, thereby reducing the likelihood of overestimating or underestimating damage at specific drift ratios. Furthermore, these functions remain within the confidence intervals across all damage states, contributing to improved accuracy in damage analysis and loss estimation in performance-based earthquake engineering.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the psychoemotional changes experienced by mothers of children diagnosed prenatally with congenital heart disease. Methods: Data were collected from March 1 to November 3, 2022, through in-depth interviews with 10 mothers of babies diagnosed prenatally with congenital heart disease in a tertiary hospital. Data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis method. Results: The following four themes, with 16 subthemes, were identified: 1) Contemplating maintaining the pregnancy amidst grief and denial, 2) Actively protecting the baby, 3) Recognizing the reality of the disease progression while facing the baby, and 4) Finally becoming a mother. Conclusion: The findings suggest that medical staff should provide accurate information about any disease a baby is diagnosed with before childbirth, understand mothers’ psychoemotional changes, and effectively utilize prenatal counseling. This can be achieved by further expanding the existing patient- and family-centered nursing intervention program implemented by the hospital.

내시경 유두부괄약근 절개술 후 통상적인 내시경결석제거술로 제거가 어려운 거대총담관결석에 대한 치료로 일차적으로는 소절개 내시경 유두부괄약근 절개술 후 내시경 유두부 큰풍선 확장술을 권고한다. 내시경 유두부괄약근 절개술과 내시경 유두부 큰풍선확장술 후에도 제거가 어려운 거대총담관결석의 경우에는 담도내시경하 전기수압쇄석술 또는 레이저쇄석술을 고려해 볼 수 있으며 일시적 담관 스텐트 삽입술을 권고한다. Billroth-II 수술, Roux-en-Y 문합술 등 해부학적 변화로 내시경역행 담췌관조영술이 어려운 총담관결석 환자에서는 소장내시경 또는 경피경간적 담도내시경을 통한 담석제거술을 선택적으로 시행할 수 있으며, 초음파내시경 유도하 중재 시술도 최근 시행되고 있다. 재발성 총담관결석에 대한 일차 치료로는 내시경역행담췌관조영술이 추천된다.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to derive the factors that contribute to crash severity in mixed traffic situations and suggest policy implications for enhancing traffic safety related to these contributing factors. METHODS : California autonomous vehicle (AV) accident reports and Google Maps based on accident location were used to identify potential accident severity-contributing factors. A decision tree analysis was adopted to derive the crash severity analyses. The 24 candidate variables that affected crash severity were used as the decision tree input variables, with the output being the crash severity categorized as high, medium, and low. RESULTS : The crash severity contributing factor results showed that the number of lanes, speed limit, bus stop, AV traveling straight, AV turning left, rightmost dedicated lane, and nighttime conditions are variables that affect crash severity. In particular, the speed limit was found to be a factor that caused serious crashes, suggesting that the AV driving speed is closely related to crash severity. Therefore, a speed management strategy for mixed traffic situations is proposed to decrease crash severity and enhance traffic safety. CONCLUSIONS : This paper presents policy implications for reducing accidents caused by autonomous and manual vehicle interactions in terms of engineering, education, enforcement, and governance. The findings of this study are expected to serve as a basis for preparing preventive measures against AV-related accidents.

고려청자 문양 연구에서 그동안 모란과 작약, 훤화와 연화 문양의 세부 특징을 분석하지 않고, 훤화를 연화나 초화로 분류하거나 작약을 모두 모란으로 명명하는 경우가 대부분이었 다. 이러한 경향은 중국도 마찬가지이다. 본 논문에서는 중국 정요 자기의 영향을 받은 각 화목의 문양과 구성 요소를 비교 분석하여 문양을 분류하고 명칭 분류의 필요성을 제기하였 다. 대부분 모란으로 분류되었던 작약문의 존재를 확인하고, 작약이 중앙 관사인 중서성을 상징했던 사실도 문헌 기록을 통해 밝혔다. 또 정요 자기에서 연화문으로 분류되던 여러 형 식의 훤화문도 고려청자에 영향을 주었다. 정요 자기와 고려청자의 화훼절지문은 문양 구성이 유사하지만 시문 기법에서는 차이가 있다. 고려에서는 정요 자기의 음각과 유사한 획화 기법 대신에 성형과 시문이 동시에 가능 한 압출양각 기법을 선택하였다. 정요 양식의 화훼절지문 청자는 12세기 전반과 후반의 제 작 경향이 달랐다. 12세기 전반에는 압출양각과 함께 음각 기법도 구사하고, 백색내화토 빚 음이나 규석 받침이 품질 차이 없이 생산되었다. 정요 자기의 문양을 해체하여 재조합하거나 시문 기법을 바꾸는 등 외래 요소에 대한 적극적 변용도 행해졌다. 그러나 12세기 중반 이후 부터는 절요접시의 꺾임이 완만해지고, 모란절지문과 작약절지문만 압출양각 기법으로 13세기 초까지 생산되었다. 또한 선화봉사고려도경의 ‘定器制度’에 대해 연관된 여러 용어의 용례를 검토한 결과, 정요 자기의 크기, 형태, 규격 등을 의미한 것으로 파악하였다. 따라서 ‘정기제도’는 12세기 전반에 고려청자 제작에 정요 자기의 영향이 매우 컸던 상황을 충실하게 기술한 것으로 판단 된다.

This study was conducted to secure basic data for developing technologies to reduce the generation of odor substances by investigating the effects of environmental temperature on growth performance and the generation of odor substances from feces in growing pigs. A total of 16 pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, average body weight 56.49±0.47kg) were randomly assigned to two treatments: thermal-neutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions. The experiments were conducted for two weeks, with average temperature-humidity indices of 68.91±0.09 for TN and 85.98±0.08 for HS. The results showed that HS significantly decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI, 33.3%) and average daily gain (ADG, 25.8%) compared with TN (p<0.05). Non-esterified fatty acid in serum was lower (36.2%) in HS compared with TN (p<0.05). However, protein, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and IgG in serum showed no difference between HS and TN. Phenol (350.0%) and skatole (416.3%) were significantly higher in HS than in TN (p<0.05). The decrease in growth performance is attributed to reduction in ADFI. The increase in phenol and skatole in HS is presumed to be due to the effect of HS on the metabolism of intestinal microbial composition. Digestion rate, intestinal microbial composition, and urine emissions are known to affect odor substances. Further research on the content of odor substances in urine, nutrient digestion rate, and intestinal microbial composition is considered necessary to determine the exact associations.

본 연구는 유아교사의 건강이 유아의 건강을 위한 도구나 수단이 아닌 그 자체로 배려 받아야 한다는 필요성에 근거하여, 이를 나딩스의 배려 교육 관점에서 고찰해보았다. 이를 요약하자면, 첫째, 항상 배려자의 위 치에서 타인의 건강과 행복을 위해 전념하는 유아교사가 자신은 배려 받 고 있는지 되짚어볼 필요가 있다. 둘째, 유아교사의 건강 또한 피배려자 의 위치에서 유아, 부모, 원장, 그리고 사회의 배려를 받아야 하며, 유아 교사 스스로도 자신의 건강을 배려할 수 있어야 한다. 마지막으로, 유아 교육현장에서 건강한 배려의 관계가 성립되기 위해서는 나딩스가 말한 우정의 관계가 필요하며 이러한 관계 속에서 모두가 건강한 상호적인 행 복의 교육이 실현될 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구를 통해 유아교육현장에서 유아교사의 건강에 대한 새로운 시선과 관심 및 지원을 촉구하며, 이는 배려 중심의 상생적인 유아교육공동체를 위한 기초를 마련하는 데 기여 할 수 있을 것이다.

이 연구에서는 경기교육종단연구 초등학교 4학년 패널의 7차년도, 9차년도 데이터를 사용하여 일반계 고등학생의 진로성숙도 잠재집단을 유형화하고, 각 잠재집단 간 전이 양상을 확인하며, 전이 양상에 영향 을 미치는 요인을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구 목적에 따라 잠재프로파일분석(Latent Profile Analysis: LPA) 을 실시하여 고등학교 1학년(7차년도), 3학년(9차년도) 시기 진로성숙도 잠재집단을 유형화하고, 잠재전 이분석(Latent Transition Analysis: LTA)을 통해 전이 패턴을 분석하였다. 추가로 로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하여 전이패턴에 영향을 미치는 변인들을 분석하였다. 분석 결과 일반계 고등학생의 고1 시점(7차)에 서 3개의 잠재 집단(높은 진로성숙, 중간 진로성숙, 낮은 진로성숙)으로, 고3 시점(9차)에서 3개의 잠재 집단(높은 진로성숙, 중간 진로성숙, 낮은 진로성숙)으로 분류되었다. 두 시점의 잠재집단 간 전이확률 분 석 결과, 모든 잠재집단에서 절반가량의 학생들이 다른 잠재집단으로 전이하여 다양한 영향요인에 따른 진로성숙도 변화 가능성을 확인하였다. 집단 간 전이패턴은 전체 표본을 기준으로 􍾧중간 진로성숙􍾨 집단에 서 􍾧중간 진로성숙􍾨을 유지하는 경우가 31.1%로 가장 많았고, 다음으로 􍾧낮은 진로성숙􍾨 집단에서 􍾧낮은 진 로성숙􍾨을 유지하는 경우가 14.0% 순이었다. 전이 패턴을 􍾧상향􍾨, 􍾧유지􍾨, 􍾧하향􍾨으로 분석했을 때 유지 패턴 (57.5%)이 가장 많았았고 상향(22.5%) 패턴, 하향 패턴(20.0%) 순이었다. 학생의 개인적 특성, 진로활 동 도움 정도는 진로성숙도 잠재 집단 간 상향 및 하향 패턴에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 연 구 결과를 토대로 일반계고 진로교육을 위한 결론 및 시사점을 제시하였다.

이 연구의 목적은 중년기 성인의 노화불안이 인지적 유연성과 자기자비 의 수준을 감소시키는 순차매개효과를 통해서 심리적 안녕감에 부정적 영 향을 미친다는 가설을 경험적으로 검증하는 것이었다. 이를 위해, 40～64 세 연령의 중년기 성인 남녀 371명의 자기보고 자료를 수집하여 통계적으 로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 중년기 성인의 노화불안은 인지적 유연성, 자기 자비, 심리적 안녕감과 모두 통계적으로 유의미한 부적 상관관계를 나타냈 다. 또한 중년기 성인의 노화불안이 심리적 안녕감에 미치는 부정적 영향 을 인지적 유연성과 자기자비가 순차적으로 매개하는 것으로 밝혀져서, 이 연구의 가설이 검증되었다. 이것은 노화불안을 경험하고 있는 중년기 성인 의 심리적 안녕감을 향상시키는 데 인지적 유연성을 회복하고 자기자비를 함양하는 개입전략이 유익할 수 있음을 시사하는 결과였다. 마지막으로 이 러한 결과의 임상적 함의 및 연구의 한계를 논의하였다.

Odor is a type of air pollution where irritating substances enter through the olfactory system, causing discomfort. At present, the government is formulating various measures and policies to address this type of pollution. This paper seeks to analyze major research cases from both domestic and overseas settings in relation to odor management. In addition, it reviews the potential of addressing environmental issues using a living lab approach in conjunction with community mapping and citizen science. For example, in one domestic case, the Magok smart city living lab project, citizens’ data on community mapping of odor were collected for analysis using artificial intelligence (AI) to derive results. Additionally, in an overseas case in California, citizens directly participated in monitoring air quality using the Community-based monitoring (CBM) method, and both CBM and existing methods were used to assess the level of pollutants for effective data collection. In both of these cases, the potential to address environmental issues was seen to manifest through the development of citizens’ determination and ability to independently solve local problems. However, there are still problems in implementing citizen science, such as the lack of infrastructure and resources available, issues with data collection methodology, questions of objectivity regarding collected data, and concerns about sustainability and expertise in relation to civic participation. Addressing these problems would require an institutional foundation and systematic civic education. This study highlights the potential of addressing environmental problems inherent in the living lab system based on citizen science by analyzing two cases. In addition, this study suggests that if systematic civic education measures are introduced to address issues within existing citizen science research approaches, such measures would be valuable within the educational living lab framework in that they would become effective in tackling not only environmental problems but also social problems as well.