Background : Polygonatum is a perennial herbaceous crop that is further classified into P. falcatum A. Gray (wild vegetation of Jeju, Japan), P. sibiricum F. Delaroche (wild vegetation of Korea north, China, Russia, and Mongol), and P. stenophyllum MAx (wild vegetation of South of Danyang), with the herbal name of Rhizoma polygonati. Polygonatum is harvested after 5 - 6 years since planting, and the quality of the radicle is a major factor determining the quantity of harvest. This study presents the morphological characteristics to predict the later quantity of radicles when planting polygonatum, and develops the methods for the prediction. Methods and Results : This study investigated the ground-level growth and the quantity of radicles in underground in 5-years-old, 4-leaf, 5-leaf, and 6- or more leaved polygonatum planted in the Chungbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Services. According to the investigation on the ground-level growth by the number of leaves, the 5-leaved plant showed the best plant length and nodal leaf number; 171 ㎝ and 24/stock, respectively. On the other hand, the leaf number and leaf weight were as heavy as 85 leaves and 58.3 g/stock, respectively, in 6-leaved plants or plants with more leaves. The leaf area was as wide as 15.6 ㎠ with 5-leaved plant, and the chlorophyll was also high. The investigation on the underground growth showed the best results in 6-leaved plants or plants with more leaves: the root length was 23.8 ㎝, number of radicle node was 5.7, and root weight was 291 g. The quantity was highest at 2,148 ㎏/10 a with 6-leaved plants or plants with more leaves, and at the lowest at 907 ㎏/10 a in 4-leaved plants. The profit analysis showed a profit of 3,859,000 won/5 years in 6-leaved plants or plants with more leaves, which 86% higher than the 4-leaved plants. Conclusion : If plants with6-leaf or more leaves at the ground level are selected and used as radicles for new polygonatum packaging, the quantity of radicles has increased by 59% and the profit increased by 86%, compared to 4-leaved plants.

Background : Seed germination for Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. is not good when grown in direct seeding. This experiment was conducted to identify seedling box suitable for seedling transplantation and cultivation to improve farm income and public health. Methods and Result : To investigate the effect on growth, sizes of seedling box used were as follows (width × length × height, in ㎝); 2.5 × 2.5 × 4 (custom), 4 × 4 × 4, 4.5 × 4.5 × 6, 5.0 × 5 × 9.6, 5 × 5 × 11.2, 5 × 5 × 17, and for sowing in narrow strips; 33.5 × 55 × 13, 33.5 × 49 × 23, 33.5 × 49 × 30. The weight of the ground part decreased as box height became lower, highest at 17 ㎝ tall (0.65 g) and lowest at 4 ㎝ (0.23 g). In terms of root length of the seedlings, the longest was 9.0 - 9.3 ㎝ at box height of 17 ㎝ and decreased as height decreased. Root weight increased as box height decreased, the highest at 4 ㎝. After the seedlings were planted, more than 90% survived in seedling box compared to the 50% rooting rate on sown in narrow strips where root net formation did not occur. During harvesting period, plant height was 15.8 - 17.5 ㎝ with a shoot diameter of 13.3 - 20.7 ㎜, leaf length of 5.6 - 7.9 ㎝ and leaf numbers 15.6 - 22.3. Moreover, leaf width was the widest at 8.6 ㎝ at 6 ㎝ box height while dry weight was the most at 6.7 g at 11.2 ㎝. Survival rate and growth characteristics of the ground part were lower in seedling box for sowing in narrow strips. For the underground characteristics, root number increased as box height decreased while dry weight increased as box height increased, with 1.7 - 3.5 and 6.2 - 6.8 less in seedling box for sowing in narrow strips, respectively. The yield in a 17 ㎝ high seedling box was 152 ㎏ per 10 a, 16% higher than conventional level, and decreased as box height decreased. Conclusion : These results suggest that the optimum seedling box height is 11.2 - 17 ㎝ to have lower root numbers and higher dry weight and yield.

Background : The purpose to improved the quality of oriental medicinal herbs, contribute to the enlargement of farm’s income. The study is investigated the effect of high-quality stabilized production and reasonable drying methods, different storage conditions and package mediums for established GAP guide book in Angelica acutiloba Siebold & Zucc. Methods and Results : Loss rate of drying method checked into 2 treatment, natural drying (218 hr. by sunshine) and heating dryer for 24 - 53 hr with Angelica acutiloba root of two years. After cleaning, first drying days by temperature, After cutting, second drying days by temperature under 40℃, 50℃ and 60℃. Changes hunter color values and quality by different storage conditions 2 treatment were normal temperature by indoor 20℃ and low temperature under refrigerating, 4℃. Storage period for 60 days, 120 days and 180 days with package 3 mediums under PE (polyethylene package), PP (polypropylene gunny sack) and WP (woven net package). Conclusion : After first cleaning, reasonable hot air drying method in Angelica acutiloba root. Secondary drying oven after cutting, the temperature regulated in 40℃ and 50℃, the lowest loss rates. Packing material storage conditions are dry roots in the colorimetry that maintained at room temperature storage than PP packaging, cold storage for long-term stability to PE treatment.

Background: Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Regel) H. Hara shows vegetative growth with radical leaves during the first year and shows reproductive growth with cauline leaves and bolting during the second year. In addition, the shape of the plant varies within the same species. For this reason, there are limitations to classifying the species by visual examination. However, there is not sufficient genetic information or molecular tools to analyze the genetic diversity of the plant. Methods and Results: Approximately 34.59 Gbp of raw data containing 342,487,502 reads was obtained from next generation sequencing (NGS) and these reads were assembled into 357,211 scaffolds. A total of 84,106 simple sequence repeat (SSR) regions were identified and 14,133 primer sets were designed. From the designed primer sets, 95 were randomly selected and were applied to the genomic DNA which was extracted from five plants and pooled. Thirty-nine primer sets showing more than two bands were finally selected as SSR markers, and were used for the genetic relationship analysis. Conclusions: The 39 novel SSR markers developed in this study could be used for the genetic diversity analysis, variety identification, new variety development and molecular breeding of A. triphylla.

Background: The current regulations regarding the storage of medicinal herbs do not define the storage temperature; instead, but the only requirement is that the plastic bags used for storing the medicinal herbs should be tightly sealed during storage. The practice of storing medicinal herbs at room temperature (28℃), causes many problems, including growth of insect pests on the stored medicinal herbs. Thus, it is necessary to understand the effect of insect pests on the quality of medicinal herbs stored at room temperature (28℃) for the improving the relevant regulations. Methods and Results: Cnidium rhizome and Angelica radix were infested with Lasioderma serricorne F. adults and incubated at 28℃ for 2.5 and 5 months. The population of L. serricorne was established rapidly, and left many holes, cadavers, and feces on the stored medicinal herbs, thereby greatly damaging the product appearance and hygiene. In addition, active ingredients of the medicinal herbs were significantly decreased, probably reducing their medicinal quality as well. Conclusions: These results indicate that the current regulations are not sufficient to prevent the establishment of storage insect pests and guarantee the quality and hygiene of stored medicinal herbs. Therefore, it is necessary to devise proper storage protocols and upgrade the current relevant regulations to maintain the quality of medicinal herbs during storage.

이 연구는 도라지의 유기재배를 위하여 유기질비료와 화학비료 시용수준에 따른 도라지 뿌리의 생육특성 및 사포닌, 항산화 활성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시되었다. 뿌리의 길이와 직경은 50% 유기질비료 처리구와 50% 화학비료 처리구가 가장 길거나 굵게 나타 났으며, 지근의 수와 뿌리생체중은 50% 유기질비료 처리구에서 가장 많거나 무겁게 나타 났다. 사포닌 함량 plantycodin D3 함량에서는 100% 유기질비료 처리구에서 321.7 ㎎/100 g 으로 가장 높게 나타났으며, deapioplatycodin D 함량을 제외한 나머지 사포닌 함량에서 유 기질비료군에서 높은 함량을 나타났으며 특히, 유기질비료 시용량이 많을수록 고함량이 나 타났다. 사포닌 함량과 항산화성분 deapioplatycodin D와 polyphenol, flavonoid와의 상관관계 에서 고도 정의 상관관계를 보였고, 항산화활성인 ABTS 및 DPPH와의 상관관계에서도 고 도 정의 상관관계가 나타났다. 200% 화학비료 처리구(질소기준 3 ㎏/10a)에서는 고사되는 것으로 조사되었다

Background : The practice of keeping the medicinal herbs at room temperature causes many problems, but due to lack of sufficient field research and study, it is difficult to improve related regulations and safety management. Methods and Results : The Cnidium Rhizome and Angelica gigas Root were inoculated with Lasioderma serricorne F. and incubated at 28℃ for 2.5 months and 5 months. After five months, the number of Lasioderma serricorne F. in Cnidium Rhizome increased from 30 to 1,429 (about 47 times). In the same period, the number of insects in Angelica gigas Root increased from 30 to 663 (about 22 times). Due to the rapid increase in pest population, hygiene deteriorated, changes in the active ingredient and appearance quality of the herbal medicines, which greatly damaged the value of the herbal medicine. Conclusions : These results show that current regulation requiring only sealing and not specifying the storage temperature do not guarantee quality safety. Therefore, it is necessary to establish appropriate preservation standards and improve management regulations in order to preserve safety.

Background : This experiment was carried out to investigate the occurrence of disease and pest and the yield depending on cultivation methods in Cynanchum wilfordii. Methods and Results : There were damages by anthracnose, aphid, mite, thrips, Gastrophysa atrocyanea, Tropidothorax cruciger and Metcalfa pruinosa. In the case of anthracnose, the number of damaged leaf in the untreated control plot per counting area (67.5 ㎡) was 8.6 times higher than that of chemical treated plot. As a result of investigation of shoot damage and leaf juice damage by Tropidothorax cruciger, which made the most obvious damage symptom, showed the significantly lower degree of damage in the treatments of insecticides (abamectin, suloxac flour liquid wettable powder). In addition to the pest damage, the yield of roots was investigated. As a result, it was found that the yields were 3.8 ㎏, 2.6 ㎏, 1.7 ㎏ and 1.4 ㎏ per 8.5 ㎡ respectively in vine scheme cultivation with chemical control, vine scheme cultivation with non-chemical control, non-vine scheme cultivation with chemical control and non-vine scheme cultivation with non-chemical control. Conclusion : The yield per 1,000 ㎡ was 449 ㎏, which was 1.9 times higher than the national average of three years in vine scheme cultivation with chemical control.