A wide spectral coverage from near-infrared (NIR) to far-infrared (FIR) of AKARI both for imaging and spectroscopy enables us to eciently study the emission from gas and dust in the interstellar medium (ISM). In particular, the Infrared Camera (IRC) onboard AKARI oers a unique opportunity to carry out sensitive spectroscopy in the NIR (2{5 m) for the rst time from a spaceborn telescope. This spectral range contains a number of important dust bands and gas lines, such as the aromatic and aliphatic emission bands at 3.3 and 3.4{3.5 m, H2O and CO2 ices at 3.0 and 4.3 m, CO, H2, and HI gas emission lines. In this paper we concentrate on the aromatic and aliphatic emission and ice absorption features. The balance between dust supply and destruction suggests signicant dust processing taking place as well as dust formation in the ISM. Detailed analysis of the aromatic and aliphatic bands of AKARI observations for a number of Hii regions and Hii region-like objects suggests processing of carbonaceous dust in the ISM. The ice formation process can also be studied with IRC NIR spectroscopy eciently. In this review, dust processing in the ISM divulged by recent analysis of AKARI data is discussed.

Smart Manufacturing Factory is a paradigm of the future lead to the fourth industrial revolution that led Germany and the United States. Now the automation of the production facility and won a certain degree, and through the process of integrating the entire process, including planning, design, distribution of information and communication technology products in emerging as a core competitiveness of the national economy. In particular, the company accelerated the smart factory building in order to improve the manufacturing industry, cost savings and productivity simply to incorporate internet of things(IoT),Robot, artificial intelligence, big data technology as a factory automation level of sophistication of the system and out to progress to the level that replaces human labor have. In this we should look at the trend of promoting domestic and foreign factories want to present these smart strategies for Korea.

This study aims to analyze the performance of the beneficiaries of the SMEs(Small and Medium Enterprises) support project that has been handled online on the 'BizOK System', which is the integrated support system for SMEs in Incheon, by comparing before and after receiving support. Various performance indicators can be used, but this study used the rate of increase in sales, exports and employed manpower collected by the 'BizOK System'. Moreover, to analyze the trend of business performance by corporate feature, this study grouped the businesses into 7 categories including sales, business history, number of employees and capital. The results of this study are expected to be used in drawing implications for business support policies by utilizing them as basic data for enhancing efficiency of the support project and establishing corporate policies.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the current status relating to food packaging and design for status of small and medium food enterprises. A company survey was conducted from June to October, 2015 and targeted 1300 small and medium domestic food enterprises. Finally, a total of 1300 (recovery rate 100%) useable data were selected. Statistical analyses were performed on the data utilizing the SPSS PASW Statistics 18.0 for Windows, such as descriptive statistics and frequency analysis. According to the results, awareness and importance of food labeling were high, but performance of English inscription of product name was relatively low. The most important reason for food labeling was ‘providing correct information on food’ 910 (72.8%). Accordingly, a system which can provide the latest information by continuously monitoring mandatory disclosure requirements for types of foods in individual countries is needed.

The purpose of the study was to simplify standard HACCP manual for improving the on-site applicability and increasing the implementation rate of HACCP program for small- and medium-sized dairy farms (SMDF). A survey was carried out in 32 SMDFs using a structured questionnaire. The results indicated that the number of workers had a positive correlation with HACCP certifications (p < 0.05). Most of HACCP non-certified farms (66.7%) were run by two workers with 40-60 cows and milking yields of 1,000-1,500 L per day. Major drawbacks for dairy farmers to implement current HACCP system were the difficulties in daily recording and facility management (40%). On the basis of the survey results, it was suggested that the development of on-site standard HACCP manual and user-friendly record chart with O/X checklist were the most urgent factors to increase HACCP implementation rate. In addition, the alternative third party service for microbial and chemical tests could also be accompanied for small-sized dairy farms.

The aim of this study was to identify the non-Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans bacteria grown on the tryptic soy-serum-bacitracin-vancomycin (TSBV) medium, an A. actinomycetemcomitans selective medium. A total of 82 unidentified bacterial isolates from the oral cavities of a Korean population were kindly provide by the Korean Collection for Oral Microbiology. All the clinical isolates were grown on TSBV medium and bacterial DNA purified from each isolate was subjected to PCR with universal primers specific for bacterial 16S rRNA genes (16S rDNAs) sequence. The each bacterial 16S rDNA was amplified by PCR and the nucleotide sequences of it was determined by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method. They were identified by 16S rDNA sequence comparison method at the specie-level. The data showed that Neisseria spp. (42 strains), Fusobacterium spp. (10 strains), Capnocytophaga spp. (8 strains), Propionibacterium acnes (5 strains), Aggregatibacter aprophilus (4 strains), Campylobacter spp. (5 strains), Veillonella dispar (3 strains), Streptococcus sp. (1 strain), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (1 strain), Leptotrichia wadei (1 strain), Morococcus sp./Neisseria sp. (1 strain), and Staphylococcus sp. (1 strain) were identified. These results could be used to develop a new A. actinomycetemcomitans-selective medium which is more effective than the TSBV medium in future studies.

단수수[Sorghum bicolor (L)]는 당류가 풍부한 사탕수수, 사탕무와 같은 주요 바이오연료 작물 중의 하나이다. 단수수 착즙액은 단수수 줄기를 압착하여 추출하며 주요 성분는 glucose와 fructose 그리고 sucrose로 구성되어 있다. 에탄올은 효모발효공정을 통하여 단수수 착즙액으로부터 쉽게 생산할 수 있다. 단수수 착즙액은 당류 뿐만 아니라 질소나 인산과 같은 다양한 무기영양원도 함유하고 있어 종균 배지로 활용성이 높다. 상업적인 에탄올 생산 공정에서 종균배양은 중요한 발효공정 중의 하나이며 공정비용 절감 을 위해 최적화된 배지가 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 섬유질계 바이오에탄올 생산을 위한 종균의 배지로서 단수수 착즙액의 특성을 평가하였다. 단수수착즙액의 발효기질 적합성을 평가하기 위해 YPD 및 억새 당화 액을 비교하여 실험하였으며, YPD배지 중 yeast extract 와 peptone은 각각 5 g/L의 농도로 사용하였다. 각각의 기질들은 당 농도가 2%, 5%, 10%가 함유되도록 제조하여 발효를 통한 균체농도를 측정하였다. 그 결과 YPD와 단수수착즙액을 배지로 사용하였을 때 발효 24시간 후에 최대 2.5 x 108 CFU/mL 이상의 균 체농도를 나타내었다. 결과적으로 단수수착즙액은 12시간 발효 후에 1.0 x 108 CFU/mL 균체를 생산하여 섬유질계 바이오에탄올 생산을 위한 종균 배지로서 YPD를 대체하여 사용할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

Medium pressure and mixed enzyme were used to hydrolyze raw anchovy under controlled conditions at a batchpilot plant-scale process for the production of anchovy protein hydrolysates (APH). Mass balance calculations were carried out so that the degree of protein solubilization and yields could be estimated. Almost complete hydrolysis could be achieved in 12 h, at 50oC and 75 MPa, with no pH adjustment, at 1% (10 g/kg) mixed enzyme using raw anchovy. This was achieved with the addition of water (1/2 raw anchovy/water). The degrees of protein solubilization and yield were 63.50% and 55.61%, respectively. Fractionation using UF/NF pilot scale systems was carried out for producing four different fractions on the APH. Successive fractionation on UF and NF membranes allowed the concentration of the peptides of selected sizes without, however, carrying out sharp separations, and with some MW classes being found in several fractions. Spray drying processes for 10 kDa permeate were described to increase their usability. The free amino acid profile of the fractions was identical to that of the APH.

본 연구에서는 경기서북지역의 중·소형주거지에 대한 검토를 통해 중·소형 주거지의 시간적인 위치와 변천과정을 검토하고, 주변 지역과의 비교를 통해 그 성격을 파악하였다. 중·소형주거지는 경기 서북지역 이외의 지역에서도 확인되고 있으나, 이 글에서는 경기서북지역에 해당하는 소지역권내의 세부양상을 분석하였다. 청동기시대 중·소형주거지는 일반적으로 늦은 시기의 역삼동 또는 송국리단계와 병행되는 주거형 태로 이해되며, 중부지역 중기의 시작은 송국리적 요소의 확인 또는 역삼동유형 자체 변화에 주목한 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 유적별 검토 결과 경기서북지역 중·소형주거지는 크게 세 시기로 구분할 수 있으며, 대략 BP 2850 이후부터 주거지의 소형화가 진행된 것으로 나타난다. 1기는 이중구연토기, 구 순각목+공렬, 구순각목, 공렬, 무문양 모두가 공반된 시기로, 장방형주거지가 높은 비중을 차지하며, 2 기는 1기의 세트관계에서 이중구연토기만이 탈락된 시기로, 중심기둥구조를 가진 방형주거지가 다양 화되면서 급증하며, 재지요소와 함께 송국리유형의 요소가 발현되기 시작한다. 따라서 이 시기를 경기 서북지역 청동기시대 중기의 시작으로 보았다. 3기는 2기의 세트관계에서 구순각목+공렬, 구순각목이 탈락된 시기로서 공렬, 무문양 일색의 공반 양상을 보인다. 주거지 형태의 가시적인 변화는 전기 중엽 이후에 해당하는 장방형계 주거지의 소형화를 시작으로 하여, 중기의 시작인 2기에 방형계 중심주공의 기둥구조를 비롯한 다양한 형식의 주거지 형태변이가 이루어지며, 중산동·도내동 유적과 같은 소형 주거지 중심 취락이 본격적으로 형성된다. 이후 이러한 주거지의 전개와 함께 토기상에서 공렬, 무문양의 양상이 두드러지고, 전기에 유행하던 면적 중·대형 의 세장방형, 장방형주거지는 개체수가 감소하며, 중·소형주거지와 공존한다. 주변 문화와의 관계는 송국리문화의 직·간접적인 유입과 서북한지역 석기상의 잔존으로 요약할 수 있다. 이러한 특징은 재지적 요소의 지속과 함께, 타문화의 중심 분포지와 거리가 있었던 경기서북지 역내에 각 문화의 요소들이 차별적이고 산발적으로 확인되는 양상이다. 이와 같이 경기서북지역의 청동기시대 중·소형 주거지는 전기 중엽 이후에 형성되어, 전기 문화의 지속과 함께 타지역 중기문화의 특징과 혼재되며, 단위 유적의 취락을 대표하는 주거 형태로 이해된다.

Oocytes from small antral follicles (< 3 mm in diameter; SAFO) show lower developmental competence compared to those from medium antral follicles (3-8 mm in diameter; MAFO) in pigs. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of various macromolecules such as fetal bovine serum (FBS), porcine follicular fluid (PFF), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in in vitro growth (IVG) medium on oocyte growth, maturation, and embryonic development after parthenogenesis (PA). The base medium for IVG was α-MEM supplemented with dibutyryl cyclic AMP, pyruvate, kanamycin, hormone. This medium was further supplemented with 10% FBS, 10% PFF, 0.4% BSA, or 0.1% PVA. The in vitro maturation (IVM) medium was medium-199 supplemented with 10% PFF, cysteine, pyruvate, epidermal growth factor, kanamycin, insulin, and hormones. SAFO were cultured for 2 days for IVG and then cultured for 44 h for IVM. After IVG, the mean diameter of SAFO treated with FBS, PVA, and no IVG-MAFO (114.1, 113.0, and 114.8 μm, respectively) was significantly larger (P<0.01) than that of no IVG-SAF (111.8 μm). Oocyte diameter after IVM was greater (P<0.01) in SAFO treated with FBS, BSA and PVA (112.8, 112.9 and 112.6 μm, respectively) than other groups (110.4, 109.6, and 109.8 μm for no IVG-MAFO, no IVG-SAFO and PFF, respectively). Intraoocyte GSH content was not influenced by the macromolecules in IVG medium (0.92, 0.93, 1.05, and 1.12 pixels/oocyte for FBS, PFF, BSA and PVA, respectively). The proportion of oocytes reached the metaphase II stage was higher in PFF (73.6%) than in BSA (43.5%) and PVA (53.7%) but not different from that of FBS treatment (61.5%). The cumulus expansion score of oocytes after IVG was significantly influenced (P<0.01) by the macromolecules (2.94, 2.24, 1.84, and 1.38 for PFF, FBS, PVA, and BSA treatments, respectively). Blastocyst formation of PA oocytes that were treated with FBS (51.8%), PFF (50.4%), and PVA (45.2%) during IVG was higher (P<0.05) than that of BSA-treated oocytes (20.6%) but was not significantly different from that (54.8%) of no IVG-MAFO oocytes. Our results demonstrated that growth, maturation, and embryonic development of SAFO are greatly influenced by macromolecules in IVG medium and that PFF or FBS can be replaced with a chemically defined synthetic macromolecule PVA.

The aim of this study was to improve dispersion stability of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles in aqueous medium using alkyl polyglucoside (APG). One hundred milligrams of CaCO3 nanoparticles was mixed with 30 mL of deionized water. Thereafter, APG was dissolved into the CaCO3 nanoparticle mixtures at approximate 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9%, and subsequently, pH was adjusted to 7.0 and 10.0. Afterward, all CaCO3 nanoparticle mixtures were dispersed by ultrasonic processing treatment for 10 min. Dispersion stability and physicochemical properties of the CaCO3 nanoparticle mixtures were observed by measuring the change of absorbance and mean diameter for 96 h as well as the initial zeta-potential. As results, initial zeta-potentials of the CaCO3 nanoparticles in deionized water at pH 7.0 and 10.0 showed approximately +20 and 0, respectively. The positive surface charge at pH 7.0 had unfavorable impact on the adsorption of APG onto CaCO3 nanoparticles in the aqueous suspensions because APG is nonionic surfactant. Among all samples at pH 10, CaCO3 nanoparticles in 0.5% APG aqueous solution showed the smallest initial mean diameter and the slowest increase in mean diameter and decrease in absorbance. In conclusion, the pH 10.0 and 0.5% APG concentration was the most desirable condition in order to improve dispersion stability of CaCO3 nanoparticles in an aqueous medium.

This study was conducted to examine the effects of medium composition on organogenesis towards in-vitro cultured diploid and tetraploid Codonopsis lanceolata and obtain in-vitro mass propagation of superior species of C. lanceolata. Regarding MS medium composition for each concentration, diploid C. lanceolata was found to be declined. However, shoot and adventitious root formation were suppressed with higher mineral salt concentration, and active growth of shootand adventitious root was exhibited as 4.9 cm and 3.2 cm respectively in 1/2 MS medium. While in tetraploid C. lanceolata, it showed 2.9 cm and 3.2 cm respectively in 1/4 MS medium. In the case of sucrose concentration, no consistent decrease was observed for growth of shoot and adventitious root of diploid both at high and low concentration. The growth of shoot (at 3% concentration) and adventitious root (at 7% concentration) was 2.3 cm and 2.0 cm respectively. Although there was no difference in shoot formation of tetraploid C. lanceolata in all concentrations with the range of 1.7 ~ 1.8, there was a slight decrease in shoot growth at high concentration. Results revealed that the adventitious root formation was suppressed at high concentration. Concentration of agar exhibited no significant difference in shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata at all concentrations. The highest result of adventitious growth (4.1 cm) was observed at 0.8% concentration. Slight inhibition of shoot formation and root formation of tetraploid C. lanceolata was observed at higher concentration. Shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata also exhibited inhibition at higher concentration. Shoot formation of diploid C. lanceolata was increased at lower pH and shoot growth was the highest (2.3 cm) at pH 3.8. Adventitious root formation was higher at lower pH. Although there was no difference in shoot formation of tetraploid C. lanceolata presenting 1.7 ~ 1.8 regardless of high and low pH, growth inhibition was showed at higher pH. Adventitious root formation and growth showed a little higher result at pH 5.8.

경남농업기술원 화훼육종연구소에서 1997년부터 교배조합 육성을 위하여 국내의 재배농가와 종묘업체로부터 유전자원 을 수집한 후, 핑크 중륜계 품종육성을 위해 2001년에 모본으 로 Phalaenopsis amabilis를, 부본으로는 Phalaenopsis ‘Happy Valentine’를 이용하여 교잡하였으며 후대를 획득하여 계통선 발육종을 하였다. 최종 선발된 우수계통은 2007년부터 2009 년까지 3회의 특성검정을 거쳐서 호접란 신품종 ‘스노우 핑크’ 를 육성하였다. ‘스노우 핑크’는 연한핑크색의 꽃을 가진 품종 이며 꽃잎 형태가 둥글고 안아피기 형태여서 대조품종에 비해 화형이 우수하였다. ‘스노우 핑크’ 꽃잎의 아래쪽 반은 흰색이 나 위쪽 반은 연한핑크색 무늬가 분포되어 있어 꽃잎 색의 다 른 분포가 대비를 이루어 소비자의 관심을 끌어낼 수 있으리 라 판단되었다. 또한 대조품종은 꽃 배열이 다소 흐트러진 반 면 ‘스노우 핑크’의 경우 꽃의 간격이 일정하고 가지런하게 배 열되어 대조품종에 비해 꽃 배열이 우수하며 꽃 수도 많은 편이다. 생육속도도 빠르고 재배하기가 용이하였으며 평균 꽃 수명 또한 55일 이상으로 길었다. 연한핑크계 중륜 품종으로 는 시장성이 높고 소비자기호도 평가에서 높은 점수를 받아 2010년 국립종자원에 품종 출원하여 2011년 12월에 품종등록 을 완료하였다.

To promote the efficiency of production process of small and medium sized company, government conducts production information business that collects and analyzes information of production field automatically and helps process' controlling and supervising by supporting costs of purchase, installment, etc. of hard-software and network related to middle and small sized company intending e-Manufacturing of production field with computer and information & communication network. As a result, the number of middle and small sized companies that introduce and manage production information system is increased. Therefore, the purposes of this research are to arrange contents of production information system introduced to solve current problems of middle and small sized companies and analyze effects of small and middle sized companies' introduction through example companies.

Carbon source, an essential nutrient for plant growth, mainly includes exogenous sugar and CO2 of the environment in vitro. Therefore, the exogenous sugar and CO2 of the environment make the important roles in tissue culture. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different sugar concentrations (0, 10, 15 and 30 g·L-1) on the growth of colored Zantedeschia in vitro under certain CO2 concentration and explore the optimal sugar concentration. The plantlets in vitro of colored Zantedeschia had the largest root number, root weight, and root vigor under 0 g·L-1 (sugar-free culture) treatment. And they had the largest plant height, leaf length and leaf chlorophyll content, but p oor r oot v igor under 3 0 g·L-1 sugar. This study indicated that the optimal condition for proliferation and seedling culture of colored Zantedeschia plantlets in vitro was MS medium with 30 g·L-1 sugar, and the suitable medium for rooting culture and transplanting of colored Zantedeschia was MS medium with sugar-free culture under CO2 enrichment condition.

Browning is one of the key factors that influenced the callus subculture of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.). Effects of medium composition and exogenous hormones: macro elements of Murashige and Skoog (MS salts) and iron salt (Fe2+), pH, agar and 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and kinetin (KT) on the callus browning of P. suffruticosa ‘Shan Hu Tai’ in vitro were studied in this paper. Results showed that the browning of P. suffruticosa callus were more sensitive to KT than 6-BA in different concentrations of 6-BA and KT separately with different concentrations of NAA, and reduced to the lowest (13.3%) under 0.5 mg·L-1 NAA plus 0.3 mg·L-1 KT. 1/4 × MS plus 1/4 × Fe2+ was the best basic medium in which the browning rate was only 18.2%. The browning rate of the callus was the lowest of 4.0% under pH 6.5 and the callus grew better in 7.0 g·L-1 agar than others. This study indicated that the best medium preventing P. suffruticosa callus in vitro from browning was: 1/4 × MS medium supplemented with 6.95 mg·L-1Fe2+, 0.3 mg·L-1 KT, 0.5 mg·L-1 NAA, 6.0 g·L-1 agar and 30 g·L-1 sucrose in pH 6.5.

This study was conducted for recycling the waste MDF(Medium-density fibreboard) to investigate the enzymatic saccharification characteristics using two enzymes Novozyme Cellic® CTec2 and HTec2 (Novozymes, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) after the delignification by pretreatment using sodium chlorite. The chemical composition of the waste MDF are lignin, holocellulose, ash, and other extracts 28.40, 60.20, 0.10, and 11.30%, after pretreatment with sodium chlorite were 5.20, 53.10, 0.03, and 41.67%. The Lignin interferes with enzymatic saccharification of 23.2% was removed, 7.1% of holocellulose was lost. The times of sodium chlorite pretreatment and saccharification of the waste MDF was finished between 48-72 hours, the saccharification speed was fast when the concentration of the enzyme by 10% and the HTec2 CTec2 ratio 9:1. Sugar ratio of the solid content of the waste MDF is the highest as 69.6% when it comes out of 8% and a viscosity was as high as 34.8% when the 12-FB%. Therefore, the pre-treatment with sodium chlorite is more advantageous when enzymatic saccharification to lignocellulosic biomass. The amount of the enzyme, the solid-liquid ratio, and the reaction time showed a proportional relationship with saccharification efficiency. The studies for increasing the solids content of waste MDF to improve the economic efficiency more than 12% should accompanied.