본 연구는 8월에 한반도를 우회하며 동해상으로 빠져나간 2018년 제 19호 태풍 Soulik과 서해상으로 북진하여 통과한 2020년 제 8호 태풍 Bavi을 통해 태풍 유입 전‧후에 따른 한반도 해역별 수온 변동성을 분석하였다. 분석자료는 국립수산과학원 실시간 수온 자료와 수온관측소 근처 AWS의 바람자료 및 NOAA/AVHRR 위성 수온자료를 활용하였다. 분석 결과 이동경로가 다른 태풍이 한반도를 통과할때 동해에서는 풍속과 풍향에 따라 수온의 상승(북풍)과 하강(남풍)이 반복적으로 발생하였는데 특히 태풍 Soulik 유입 시 10 ℃ 안팎의 급격 한 수온 하강을 보였다. 서해는 태풍 Bavi의 중심부가 통과되면서 서해 일부 해역에서 수온이 상승되었고, 차가운 물덩어리가 존재했던 남 해 일부 해역에서도 태풍 Bavi의 이동으로 따뜻한 수온이 유입되어 평년 수온으로 회복된 것으로 나타났다. 또한 태풍 유입시 서해와 남해 는 지형적‧환경적 조건으로 인해 각 해역별 특성에 맞게 수온 변동이 다르게 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 태풍으로 인한 한반도 해역별 수 온 변동을 해석함으로써 이상기후에 따른 양식 생물의 부정적인 영향을 최소화하고 해역별 수산재해의 피해대응 전략을 수립하는데 기여 할 것으로 사료된다.

This study was designed to examine the immune response in Korean rockfish during water temperature fluctuation and to elucidate the factors contributing to streptococcal pathogenesis in cultured Korean rockfish, S. schlegeli. We investigated cumulative mortality against Streptococcus iniae (FP5228 strain) infection in the exposed Korean rockfish (39.7±5.8 g) to environmentally relevant temperature (Control, 23℃; High temperature, 28℃ and 23℃ and 28℃ with 12 hours interval exchange, 23↔28℃) for 48 hours. Also, the expression of the mRNA related to the immune response genes (heat shock protein 70, interleukin- 1β, lysozyme g-type and thioredoxin-like 1) were measured in spleen and head kidney by real-time PCR analysis in the exposed fish to thermal stress. In this study, the combined stress with bacterial challenge in fishes exposed to thermal stress lowered the survival rate than that of control (23℃). The cumulative mortality in the group of control, 28℃ and 23↔28℃ was 24%, 24% and 40% (P<0.05), respectively. Also, thermal stress modulated the mRNA level of immune related genes; heat shock protein 70, interleukin-1β, lysozyme g-type and thioredoxin-like 1 in Korean rockfish. The present study indicates that a high and sudden water temperature change affect immune responses and reduce the disease resistance in Korean rockfish.

충청남도농업기술원 화훼연구소에서 2021년에 개발된 ‘Pinky Lang’은 분홍색 홑꽃 타입의 스프레이 국화 신품종 이다. ‘Pinky Lang’은 2016년 10월에 육종 하우스 내에서 2016년에 순백색의 진한 녹심이 매력적인 품종으로써 선발 된 백색 홑꽃의 ‘Bodre’ 품종을 방임 수분하여 48개의 종자 를 채취했다. 채취한 종자를 2017년 파종한 뒤 우수개체로 선발되어 2017년부터 2020년까지 4년간 촉성, 억제, 자연개 화 작형별 주년생산성 검정을 수행하여 선발된 우수계통을 ‘SP17-425-01’이라 계통명을 부여하였다. 2020년 최종적으 로 우수한 계통으로써 평가 및 심의를 받은 뒤 ‘충남SP-68 호’로 명명하였고, 당해 년도 12월 직무육성 신품종 선정위원 회를 통과하여 품종명은 ‘Pinky Lang’으로 하였다. ‘Pinky Lang’은 고온기에 화색이 변하지 않고 녹심이 매우 진하며 줄 기가 튼튼한 품종이다. 여름철 흰녹병에도 강하여 고온기 수출 품종으로 적합하다고 판단되었다. ‘Pinky Lang’은 연중 3 작기 재배테스트에서 단일처리 후 개화소요일수는 자연개화 작형 52일, 촉성작형 49일, 억제작형 50일이었고, ‘Yes Luna’ 는 각각 51일, 52일, 52일로 전반적으로 개화소요일수가 짧 았다. ‘Pinky Lang’의 절화장과 줄기굵기는 각각 104.5cm, 4.71mm으로 ‘Yes Luna’가 109.5cm, 4.25mm인 것에 비 해 5cm정도 짧았고 줄기굵기는 0.46mm 더 굵었다. ‘Pinky Lang’의 꽃 크기는 5.6cm이고 ‘Yes Luna’는 6.8cm로 1.2cm 작았다. ‘Pinky Lang’의 한 줄기에 달리는 꽃의 수와 한 송이 당 꽃잎수는 각각 27.7개, 30.9매였고, ‘Yes Luna’ 는 각각 18.0개, 37.0매인 것으로 착화수는 9.7개 많았고 꽃 잎수는 6.1매 적었다. 여름철 재배테스트를 통해 확인해본 결 과 흰녹병 저항성이 높은 경향을 확인하지만, 1~10% 정도의 병반을 보여 완전저항성을 가지진 못하는 것으로 사료된다. 자연개화 작형에서 절화수명의 경우는 24.5일로 ‘Yes Luna’ 에 비해 2.1일 길었다. ‘Pinky Lang’은 과습한 경우 줄기가 연약해질 수 있기 때문에 생장억제제인 Daminozide를 처리 하여 줄기를 강건하게 하고 절화 품질의 균일도를 높여 고온 기 재배에 안정적인 생산이 가능하여 수출할 수 있다.

PURPOSES : The current research aims to evaluate the impact of coating materials and temperature on the percentage of bead loss in pavement markings. METHODS : Five mixtures with varying numbers of coating layers (C0, C1, C2, C3, and C4) were prepared to assess the effect of coating layers on bead loss. The effect of stripping was simulated using a modified Hamburg Wheel Tracking test. Furthermore, the influence of temperature and coating material on bead loss was examined using control mixture (without coating), YR, and SY coating mixtures. The percentage bead loss was evaluated by a developed image analysis program. RESULTS : The results demonstrated a substantial reduction in bead loss as the number of coating layers increased, with the C4 mixture showing an impressive 4.3% bead loss after 500 HWT braking cycles compared to 27.4% for the C0 mixture. Higher testing temperatures resulted in increased bead loss, with the control mixture exhibiting the highest percentage loss at 7,500 HWT rolling cycles. Conversely, the YR and SY coating mixtures displayed superior resistance to bead loss. Statistical analysis confirmed the significance of coating layers in reducing bead loss, further supporting the effectiveness of coatings in preserving bead adhesion during HWT cycles. CONCLUSIONS : The findings highlight the potential of coating materials as a key protective measure for enhancing the longevity and performance of pavement markings.

Korea's facility horticultural heating costs account for a high proportion. Therefore, it is the most important factor to consider in greenhouse construction. It is important to assess the heating load of greenhouses. But there is not much data from the weather station. This study determined the heating load for each segmented area using the spatial correction method. The heating degeneration calculated from standard weather data (AHDH and BHDH) and total weather data (CHDH and DHDH) is consistent. However, there was a big difference between AHDH and DHDH. Therefore, the updated heating load data for each region is needed. Each of the four types of set temperatures (8℃, 12℃, 16℃, 20℃) was provided, and the heating temperature setpoint (℃) for each region of 168 cities and counties was presented. As a result of the analysis, the reliability of about 99% was confirmed in most of the regions suggested in this study. By using the calculated heating load for each region, it is possible to predict and utilize energy consumption and management costs.

For the Floating Photovoltaic development project, economic analysis is conducted by predicting the amount of power generation in consideration of climate factors. Among the climate factors, the outside temperature increases the temperature of the module. As a result, the efficiency of the module is reduced. Due to global warming, the outside temperature is rising every year, when estimating the amount of power generation over the next 20 years, a more accurate prediction will be possible only when considering the temperature rise.

The sintering shrinkage behaviors of low temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) and resistors were compared using commercial LTCC and thick-film resistor pastes, and factors influencing the camber of cofired resistor/LTCC bi-layers were also investigated. The onset of sintering shrinkage of the resistor occurred earlier than that of LTCC in all resistors, but the end of sintering shrinkage of the resistor occurred earlier or later than that of LTCC depending on the composition of the resistor. The sintering shrinkage end temperature and the sintering shrinkage temperature interval of the resistor increased as the RuO2/glass volume ratio of the resistor increased. The camber of cofired resistor/LTCC bi-layers was obtained using three different methods, all of which showed nearly identical trends. The camber of cofired resistor/LTCC bi-layers was not affected by either the difference in linear shrinkage strain after sintering between LTCC and resistors or the similarity of sintering shrinkage temperature ranges of LTCC and resistors. However, it was strongly affected by the RuO2/glass volume ratio of the resistor. The content of Ag and Pd had no effect on the sintering shrinkage end temperature or sintering shrinkage temperature interval of the resistor, or on the camber of cofired resistor/LTCC bi-layers.

Microplastics and nanoplastics (NMPs) are considered one of hazardous contaminants in marine ecosystems due to their toxic effects, such as reproduction disorder and oxidative stress, on marine organisms. Although water temperature is rising due to global climate change, little information on the toxicological interaction between NMPs and temperature is available. Therefore, in this study, we confirmed the toxicity of NMPs (polystyrene [PS] beads; 0.05- and 6-μm) on brackish water fleas (Diaphanosoma celebensis) depending on increased temperature (30°C and 35°C) at individual and molecular levels. In the chronic toxicity test, the group exposed to high temperatures showed an earlier first reproduction time compared to the normal temperatures group, but it was delayed by co-exposure to NMPs at 35°C. Notably, the total reproduction decreased significantly only after 0.05-μm PS beads exposure at 30°C. Interaction analysis showed that first reproduction time, modulation of the antioxidantrelated gene (GSTS1), heat shock gene (Hsp70), and ecdysteroid pathway-related genes (EcR_A, EcR_B, and CYP314A1) were closely related to temperature and PS beads size. These results indicate that microplastics have size-dependent toxicity, and their toxicity can be enhanced at high temperatures. In addition, higher temperatures and PS beads exposure may have negative effects on reproduction. This study suggests that various factors such as water temperature should be considered when evaluating the toxicity of microplastics in marine ecosystems, and provides an understanding of the complex toxic interaction between water temperature and microplastics for marine zooplankton.

매미나방(Lymantria dispar)은 나비목(Lepidoptera) 독나방과(Lymantriidae)에 속하는 해충으로 매미나방은 한국, 일본, 시베리아, 유 럽, 북아메리카 등에 분포하며, 주로 배나무, 사과나무, 블루베리 등의 식물을 가해하는 광식성 해충이다. 매미나방은 수목해충으로 관리되어 왔 으나 최근 산림 발생지 인접 농경지로 유입 빈도가 높아지면서 방제 대책이 수립되지 않은 농작물에 피해가 심하다. 본 연구는 매미나방(L. dispar)의 방제기술의 일환으로 매미나방 발육에 미치는 온도의 영향을 알아보기 위해 2021년 전라남도 장흥군 황금측백나무에서 채집한 알집을 이용해 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33°C (14L:10D, 상대습도 60±5%) 항온조건에서 온도별, 발육단계별 발육기간을 조사하였다. 매미나방 유충의 발 육속도는 온도가 높을수록 빨라졌으나, 매미나방 유충의 생존율이 33°C에서 가장 낮게 나타났다. 따라서 발육적온은 30°C였으며, 30°C에서 총 발육기간은 암컷 43.8일, 수컷 42.5일 소요되었다. 암컷과 수컷 발육영점온도는 각각 13.1°C, 12.5°C, 유효적산온도는 각각 641.1 DD, 657.8 DD였다.

In this study, the performances of H2S, NH3, and HCl sensors for real-time monitoring in small emission facilities (4, 5 grades in Korea) were evaluated at high concentration conditions of those gases. And the proper approach for the collection of reliable measurement data by sensors was suggested through finding out the effect on sensor performances according to changes in temperature and humidity (relative humidity, RH) settings. In addition, an assessment on sensor data correction considering the effects produced by environmental settings was conducted. The effects were tested in four different conditions of temperature and humidity. The sensor performances (reproducibility, precision, lower detection limit (LDL), and linearity) were good for all three sensors. The intercept (ADC0) values for all three sensors were good for the changes of temperature and humidity conditions. The variation in the slope value of the NH3 sensor showed the highest value, and this was followed by the HCl, H2S sensors. The results of this study can be helpful for data collection by enabling the more reliable and precise measurements of concentrations measured by sensors.

좁은가슴잎벌레는 십자화과작물을 가해하는 해충으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 온도가 좁은가슴잎벌레의 발육단계별 발육기간, 성충의 수 명과 산란특성에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 성충 전 발육단계는 15, 20, 25, 27.5°C에서, 성충은 10, 15, 20, 25, 27.5°C 항온조건에서 조사하였 다. 알과 유충은 항온조건에서 다음 발육 단계로 성공적으로 발육하였다. 알, 유충, 번데기의 발육기간은 온도가 상승할수록 짧아지는 경향을 보 였다. 좁은가슴잎벌레의 발육영점온도, 유효적산온일도는 선형회귀분석을 통해 추정하였으며 알에서 성충출현까지 발육영점온도와 유효적산온 일도는 8.7°C와 344.73DD였다. 좁은가슴잎벌레 발육단계별 최저, 최고 온도의 한계는 Briere함수를 이용하여 추정하였으며 알에서 성충출현 까지 최저, 최고한계는 5.3°C와 40.4°C였다. 성충은 10°C와 27.5°C 범위에서 산란이 가능하였고 21.7°C에서 최대 약 627.5개의 알을 낳는 것 으로 추정되었다. 노화율, 나이별 생존율, 나이별 누적산란율, 온도의존 산란수와 관련된 성충모델들을 작성하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 온도발육 모형과 성충산란모형은 좁은가슴잎벌레 개체군동태를 이해하는데 유용할 것이며 십자화과작물의 종합적 해충군관리체계를 마련하는데 기초자 료로 활용될것으로 기대된다.

화학 반응의 수율 향상을 위해 부산물을 제거하는 다양한 방법이 연구되고 있다. 특히 산업적으로 중요한 반응에 서 주로 부산물로 물이 생성되기 때문에 넓은 범위의 온도에서 안정적으로 물을 분리하는 기술이 필요하다. 흡수제의 사용, 탈수 반응의 도입 등 다양한 방법이 제안되었으나 추가적인 에너지 및 시간 소요, 전환율의 지속 가능성 등의 문제로 한계를 가지고 있다. 그에 반해 운전 및 설치가 용이하고, 낮은 유지비용 등의 장점을 가지고 있는 분리막 기술은 다양한 촉매 반응 에 도입되었을 때 안정적으로 부산물을 제거할 수 있어 반응의 효율을 향상시킬 수 있는 좋은 방안이다. 따라서 본 총설에서 는 분리막을 이용한 부산물 제거 및 이를 통한 효과에 대해 논의하였다.

This study was conducted to identify the optimal root zone temperature for paprika cultivation, with an aim to increase the heating and cooling energy efficiency and prepare for extreme weather conditions. The greenhouse air temperature was maintained at 20oC and 25oC during the daytime (12 hours) and at 18oC during the nighttime (12 hours). The plant height did not show any significant differences between the treatment with air temperature and root zone temperature. The root length was highest under an air temperature of 25oC with root zone temperatures of 25oC and 30oC, and it was the lowest at 15oC. The leaf number was the highest when the root zone temperature was adjusted to 25oC and 30oC across all air temperatures. The leaf area increased with higher root zone temperatures, but considering the compactness of the seedlings, a root zone temperature of 25oC was found to be the most effective. The fresh and dry weight of the shoot increased with higher root zone temperatures at an air temperature of 25oC, while the fresh and dry weight of the roots tended to be higher when the root zone temperature was adjusted to 25oC and 30oC across all air temperatures. The compactness was most effective when the root zone temperature was adjusted to 20oC and 25oCC across all air temperatures. Based on the above results, adjusting the root zone temperature to 25oC at an air temperature of 25oC was found to be effective for the early growth of Paprika. The results of this study suggest that not only can growth be promoted through the regulation of root zone temperature, but it also contribute to the establishment of root zone temperature control technology, which can prevent an excessive drop and rise in the root zone temperature.

European and Turkish rice varieties were analysed to identify the traits associated with low-temperature germination. The aim of the study is to develop new rice varieties that can use these traits to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in rice fields. The average low temperature germination ratio (GR) in the European and Turkish rice varieties was 89.0±14.1%. The speed of the germination rate (SG) in Korean early maturing varieties, ‘Jopyeong’ and ‘Baekilmi’ was 1.3 and 3.5, respectively, whereas the European and Turkish varieties had a SG of 6.6. In terms of germination energy (GE) by the date, the European and Turkish varieties started germination within 4 days, while ‘Jopyeong’ and ‘Baekilmi’ began to germinate after 8 and 10 days, respectively. The mean germination time (MGT) for the European and Turkish varieties was 9.9±1.2 days. Between 4 to 10 days after inoculation, the germination velocity coefficient (GVC) for the European and Turkish varieties increased moderately from 2.6 to 5.3. After 10 days, the GVC rose rapidly from 7.0 to 12.0. ‘Jopyeong’ and ‘Baekilmi’ had slower germination rates compared to the European and Turkish varieties, in which the GVC increased moderately to 3.2 and 2.3, respectively, between 7 and 9 days after inoculation. The average mesocotyl elongation ability was 4.0±0.4 cm, with a range from 1.3 cm to 7.3 cm.

This study was performed to investigate immune changes by comparing the proportion and function of immune cells in the blood under high-temperature period and convalescence temperature period in Holstein dairy cows. The experiment was conducted using Holstein dairy cows of five animals per group (60 ± 20 months old, 175 ± 78 non-day) from the National Institute of Animal Science at high-temperature period (THI: 76 ± 1.2) and convalescence temperature period (THI: 66 ± 1.3). Complete blood count results showed no change in the number of immune cells between groups. In the analysis using Flow Cytometry of PBMCs, no significant differences were observed among B cells, Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and γδ T cells between groups. However, there was an increase in Th17 cells producing IL-17a, while Th1 cells decreased during the convalescence temperature period. The results of gene expression analysis using qRT-PCR in PBMCs revealed an increase in IL-10 during the convalescence temperature period, while a decrease in HSP70 and HSP90 was observed. In conclusion, the increased expression of IL-10 and the decrease in HSP expression suggest the possibility of a weak recovery from heat stress. However, the lack of observed changes in B cells, T cells, and other immune cells indicates incomplete recovery from heat stress during the convalescence temperature period.

PURPOSES : In this study, heating concrete is developed using heating artificial binder, which is more conductive and less expensive than ordinary Portland cement, and the heating effect is verified through laboratory tests and numerical analysis. METHODS : Based on the test results, the range of heat influence of the Heating concrete is calculated through numerical analysis. As a result of the laboratory test, the temperature rises to 58℃ after 10 minutes when heat generation started at the outdoor temperature of 12℃ and the initial temperature of the concrete specimen of 19.1℃. RESULTS : The heating effect is up to 50 cm in width and 90 cm in height centered on the heating concrete through numerical analysis to analyze the influence range of the Heating concrete based on the laboratory test results. However, when the distance from the heating concrete is greater than about 20 cm, the influence becomes very small, and the rate of temperature decrease drops significantly. CONCLUSIONS : From the test and numerical analysis, it can be used as an eco-friendly heating material suitable for concrete pavements.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of amino acid complex additives, such as protected vitamin C (VC) or detoxified sulfur (DS), on the growth and metabolism of Hanwoo cattle under high-temperature conditions. Accordingly, farms in Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) regions ranging from 78 to 89 for over 100 days were selected. The experimental groups were control, T1 (lysine + methionine + VC, 50 g/head/day), and T2 (lysine + methionine + DS, 50 g/head/day) with 70, 77, and 71 animals each. The range of the THI for 115 days was 78-89, and this occurred in most of the experiment days. The results showed that there was no significant difference in rectal temperature among the groups. The body weight increased to 786.4 and 809.0kg in the T1 and T2 groups, respectively, compared to the control group (p<0.05). Linoleic acid showed a high result of 2.01% in the T1 group compared to the control group (p<0.05). Unsaturated fatty acids were higher at 55.70 and 56.54% in the T1 and T2 groups, respectively, compared to the control group (p<0.05), and the omega 6/3 ratio was reduced to 20.10% (p<0.05). These findings indicate that T1 has a positive impact on growth, meat quality, and fatty acid composition compared to the control group. In conclusion, amino acid complex with VC improved the body weight of Hanwoo steers and the unsaturated fatty acids and essential amino acids of their meat; however, further research is needed to clarify this impact on carcass performance.

PURPOSES : The number of snowfall and the amount of snowfall are gradually increasing, and due to the characteristics of Seoul, which has a lot of traffic, it is difficult to respond quickly with a snow removal method that relies on snow removal vehicles. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an IoT based eco-friendly snow removal system that can respond to unexpected heavy snow in winter. In this study, the low temperature operation and snow removal performance of the IoT road condition snow removal detector and the snow removal system using CNT and PCM are evaluated in the climatic environment chamber. METHODS : To make artificial snow, it consists of an climatic environment chamber that can simulate a low temperature environment and equipment that can supply compressed air and cold water. Depending on the usage characteristics of the climatic environment chamber, use an air-water type snow maker. In order to make artificial snow, wet temperature, which takes into account the actual air temperature and the amount of moisture in the air, acts as the most important variable and is suitable for making snow, below –1.5 ℃. The lower the water temperature, the easier it is to freeze, so the water source was continuously supplied at 0 ℃ to 4 ℃. One of the two different pipes is connected to the water tank to supply water, and the other pipe is connected to the compressor to supply high-pressure air. Water is dispersed by compressed air in the form of many small droplets. The sprayed microscopic water particles freeze quickly in the low temperature environmental climatic chamber air and naturally fall to the floor, forming snow. Based on the KS C IEC 60068-2-1 cold resistance test standard, an integrated environmental test procedure was prepared to apply to IoT-based snow removal systems and performance evaluation was performed accordingly. The IoT based eco-friendly snow removal system is needed to in winter, so visual check and inspect the operation at the climatic chamber before setting up it to the actual site. In addition, grid type equipment was manufactured for consistent and reliable snow removal performance evaluation under controlled environmental conditions. RESULTS : The IoT-based eco-friendly snow removal system normally carried out the task of acquiring data and images without damaging the appearance or freezing in a low temperature environment. It showed clear snow removal performance in areas where PCM and CNT heating technology were applied to the concrete slab. This experiment shows that normal snow removal tasks can be carried out in low temperature environments in winter. CONCLUSIONS : The integrated environmental test procedures and grid type evaluation equipment are applied to low temperature operation and snow removal performance evaluation of snow removal systems. In the climatic environment chamber, where low temperature environments can be simulated, artificial snow is created regardless of the season to derive quantitative experimental results on snow removal performance. PCM and CNT heating technology showed high snow removal performance. The system is expected to be applied to road site situations to preemptively respond to unexpected heavy snow in winter.

In this study, changes in the quality and headspace O2/CO2 concentrations of cubed radish (Raphanus sativus L.) kimchi (CR-kimchi) packaged using multilayer airtight film (MAF), half-area breathable film (HABF), partial area breathable film (PABF), and one-way degassing valve-mounted film (ODVF) were investigated during storage under altering temperature conditions. The total lactic acid bacteria count in CR-kimchi samples stored for 6 days at 0℃, followed by 8 days at 6oC, increased to 7.8-7.9 log CFU/g, regardless of the packaging. The titratable acidity of the CR-kimchi samples increased to 0.6-0.7% during storage at 0oC for 6 days and then at 6oC for 8 days; it was maintained at 0.6-0.8% for 32 days of storage at 3oC. After 46 days of storage, the reduced sugar content of CR-kimchi packaged using MAF, HABF, PABF, and ODVF decreased to 26.8-30.3 mg/g, indicating no significant (p>0.05) differences. However, during storage, headspace CO2 concentration and film volume were lower in the HABF treatment than in the control, PABF, and ODVF treatments, indicating that HABF packaging combined with supercooled (3oC) storage can extend the optimal ripening period of CR-kimchi without packaging expansion during storage.